Modernism

Modernity

Modernisation

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Johannes Gutenberg

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The Enlightenment

the ideology of rationalism

Hall & Gieben(1992) Formations of Modernity

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The Ideology of Rational Political Practice

Emmet Kennedy quoted in Bauman: Ideology was understood as the first science,

since all sciences consisted of different combinations of ideas..especially the basis of grammar or the science of communicating ideas, logic or the science of combining them and reaching new truths, education, or the science of forming men, morality or the regulation of desires, and finally ‘the greatest of arts, for the success of which all others must cooperate, that of regulating society..

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Diego Velazquez portrait of King Philip IV of Spain in 1656

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Our Key Words

• Ideology

• Hegemony

• Imperialism

• Aesthetics

• Romanticism

• Modernism

MODERNITY10

René Descartes (1596-1650)

"Cogito ergo sum.”

“I think therefore I am”

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Les Philosophes

John Locke (1632-1704)

Essay Concerning Human Understanding:

His Tabula Rasa dogma: there are no innate ideas; all knowledge is derived from experience 12

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

David Hume (1711-1776)

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Voltaire (1694-1778)

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

Baron Motesquieu (1689-1755)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Wealth of Nations The Social Contract

The Encyclopedie Principia Mathematica

The Spirit of the Laws Candide

A Treatise on Human Nature13

The Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 178914

Washington crossing the Delaware: December 25, 1776

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Secular Nation States Established in Western Europe: defining social structure of Modernity and engine of Modernisation: the Industrial Revolution

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Rational Rationalism

Scientific Scientisim

Empirical Empiricism

Secular Secularism

Didactic Didacticism

Bourgeois Ideology

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The Rise of Bourgeois Culture & Aesthetic

Aesthetics: the institutionalisation of Bourgeois taste

The expansion of the media

The Daily Courant (1702-1735)

Tattler

Spectator

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Culture a metaphor for the Class System

Mathew Arnold in the 19c:

Culture = “The best that has been thought and said”

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Pierre Antoine BaudouinMorning

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William Hogarth (1697-1764)

Joshua Reynolds on Hogarth:

“The painters who have applied themselves more particularly to low and vulgar characters, and who express with precision the various shades of passion, as they are exhibited by vulgar minds, (such as we see in the works of Hogarth), deserve great praise; but as their genius has been employed on low and confined subjects, the praise we give must be as limited as its object”.

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Intimations of a Consumer Society26

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Marimba Ani (1994) Urugu:One of the most prevalent uses of popular art as it collectivises

the individual European psyche is in design

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Rousseau’s Critique

Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1749):

Rousseau challenges basic Enlightenment tenet and argues that apparent cultural and social progress has led only to our real moral degradation. All our arts and sciences have been formed out of idleness and are fed of luxury.

Discourse on the Origins of Inequlity (1755):

Here he adopts an almost proto- Marxian view and traces the roots of poverty to private property and the envy it generates.

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William Hogarth

Gin Lane

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William Hogarth

Before

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William Hogarth

After

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John Clare

“The Lament of Swordy Well”

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Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811)

Captain Cook (1728-79)

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Francisco Goya: Disasters of War 1810-20

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Francisco Goya: French Execution- Castration

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Francisco Goya: French Execution- mutilated man impaled on tree

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Francisco Goya: The Third of May 180841

“Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”Walter Benjamin

The uniqueness of a work of art is embedded in tradition: when authenticity ceases to be applicable to artistic production the total function of art is reversed and instead of being based on ritual it begins to be based on politics

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Atget- “Pantheon”

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Baudelaire

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Emile Zola and his father

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SummaryEnlightenment

•scientific rationalism helps design modern state

•bourgeois ideology and culture, are established as the guiding principle and the hegemony of modernity

both society and art becomes more secular and their spiritual aspects are diminished

it defines a Euro-centric vision of the world and of experience

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Michel Foucault in an interview “Space, Knowledge and Power”:

“The central issue of philosophy and critical thought since the 18th century has always been….what is this reason that we use? What are its historical effects? What are its limits and what are its dangers?”

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Francisco Goya"Los Caprichos" (1799) - "The Sleep of Reason produces Monsters"

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