modern surveying

infinity-project.orgThe Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

Engineering Education

for today’s classroom.

M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MODERN SURVEYING







SURVEYING

Surveying is the science and art of

determining the relative positions of points

above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and

locating the points in the field.







The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases

1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and

final point locations.

2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements

and recording data in the field.

3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing

calculations based upon the recorded data to

determine locations in a useable form.

4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to

produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.

5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or

stakes in the proper locations in the field.







Categories of Surveying

1. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference

base for fieldwork and computations are assumed to

be a flat horizontal surface.

2. Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to

determine relative positions of widely spaced points,

lengths, and directions which require the

consideration of the size and shape of the earth.

(Takes the earth’s curvature into account.)







Types of Surveys

1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.

2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners, boundaries, and areas of land parcels.

3. Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the building Civil Engineering projects

4. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations of points of the ground.

5. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long – narrow projects associated with Civil Engineering projects (Highways, railroads, pipelines)

6. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the bottom of bodies of water.







Brief History of Surveying

1. Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC

2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed Geometry

3. Romans: developed surveying into a science to create the

Roman roads, aqueducts, and land division systems.

4. Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.

5. 18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for mapping

and marking land claims caused extensive surveying,

especially by the English.

6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced, population

increased, and land value caused development of licensure for

surveyors in all countries







Old Equipments

• Chain.

• Ranging.

• Cross Staff.

• Steel band.

• Tape.

• Plane tables.

• Compass.

• Levelling.

• Theodolites. (Vernier &

Micrometer)

• Tacheometer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Table_of_Surveying,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.jpg







Modern Surveying

• By the 1970’s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use electronic distance measuring devices, called EDM’s were in use.

• The advance of technology and miniaturization of electronic components enabled the building of theodolites that measure angles electronically, called Electronic Theodolite

• Combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter, and software running on an external laptop computer known as a data collector, called Total Station

• The Global Positioning System (GPS) was designed for military applications. Its primary purpose was to allow soldiers to keep track of their position and to assist in guiding weapons to their targets

• A computerized data base management system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data, called GIS







Modern Surveying







Modern equipments

• Electronic Theodolite

• EDM – Electronic distance measurement eqp.

• Auto Level.

• Digital Level.

• Laser Level.

• Laser Distance meter

• Total station.

• GPS – global positioning system.







Modern equipments







Electronic Thoedolite

• For precise surveys the vernier theodolites are replaced by modern theodolites such as optical and electronic theodolites.

• The electronic theodolites have optical system to scan both horizontal and vertical circles and display them digitally on a screen







EDM (Electronic Distance meter)

1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter

2. Measurement of distance is done by a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal

3. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengthsto the target for each frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengths

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency







Auto Level

• Now most commonly used levelling instruments are - Auto level.

• Auto level, as name sounds it has a auto level compensator and corrects automatically if instrument goes out of level within it’s range.

• With auto level:-

1. Survey work can be done fast,

2. Less chances of error,

3. Magnification available is more,

4. Range is more,

5. Image is erect so less chances of error.







Digital Level

• They are not popular instead auto levels are more extensively used.

• The Trimble DiNi Digital Level :Determine accurate height information 60% faster than with automatic leveling

• Eliminate errors and reduce rework with digital readings

• Transfer data to the office easily

• Measure to a field of just 30 cm







Laser Level

• The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation and is the name applied to an intense beam of highly monochromatic, coherent light.

• Laser rangefinders use these relationships to calculate Distance

• Distance = speed of light * (time/2)

• The time refers to time of pulse to go from the instrument to the tree and back again







Laser Distance meter

• By using this Laser distance meter we can calculate the distance, area and volume accurately

• We can use this in night also







GPS – Global Positioning System.

What is GPS

• GPS, which stands for Global Positioning

System, is the only system today able to

show you your exact position on the Earth

anytime, in any weather, anywhere.

• Global Positioning System – A network

of satellites (24 total – 21 in use, 3 spares)

that continuously transmit coded information,

which makes it possible to precisely identify

locations on earth by measuring distance

from the satellites.







GPS – Global Positioning System.







EDM + Theodolite

• EDM is used to measure the horizontal distances.

• Some EDM are attached with electronics theodolite which has the adapter system.

• Some are advanced models which itself reads the distance without theodolite







Total Station

• A Total station integrates the functions of a Electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder

• Angles and distances, coordinates and height differences and many other items can be computed, displayed and stored into internal memory.







Features of Total Station

• Total solution for surveying work,

• Most accurate and user friendly,

• Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t.

known point (base point),

• Compatibility with computers,

• Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,

• Auto level compensator is available,

• Can work in lesser visibility also,

• Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances,

• Is water proof,

• On board software are available,

• Can be used for curve layout after feeding data







Features of Total Station

• New total stations have atmospheric correction, and auto-focus.

• In addition, these series incorporates a quick distance measuring mode and a high data storage capacity for increased productivity.

• The new Total station gives the unique opportunity for long range distance monitoring of up to 9000m to a single prism.

• Using the scan functionality of software allows fully automated monitoring of the prism in direction of the line of sight.







Parts of Total Station







Accessories of Total Station







Total Station Companies

• Sokkia

• Leica

• Trimble

• Pentax

• Topcon

• Nikon

• Sanding

• Focus

• GeoMax Positioning

• Kolida

• CST

• South

• Ruide







Normal Accuracy and ranges of total stations

Angular accuracy up to 1”

Distance measured with laser up to 2 KM

Distance measured with infrared rays up to 4

KM.( with single prism)

Capable of storing up to 20,000 points.







Basic Principle of Total Stations

1. These instruments are measuring the distances of prism

poles mounted with prisms with the help of Laser beam or

Infrared rays.

2. These signals are emitted by the instrument EDM and

reflected back to instruments by the prism mounted on the

prism poles.

3. The time interval between emission and reception helps

to calculate the distance as the speed of these signals are

precisely known. D = (t/2) x v

D-Distance, t-Total time taken, v-Velocity







Inside Total Station







Setting up of Total Station

Centering:

• Place the legs at equal intervals and the

head is approximately level

• Fix the tripod shoes in the ground

• Place the instrument on the tripod stand

• Supporting the instrument with one hand,

tighten the centering screw on the

bottom of the unit

• Looking through the optical plummet eye

piece

• focus on the Surveying point








Levelling:

• Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying

• point in the optical plummet reticule

• Center the bubble in the circular level by shortening or by lengthening the tripod leg

• Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is centered in the center circle

• Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of the instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line between leveling foot screws A & B

• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A & Bsimultaneously

• Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900

• The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws A & B

• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C








Levelling the Screen:

• Press [ON] to power on

• Press [TILT] in the second page of

Meas mode to display the circular level on the screen

• Center the bubble in the circular level

• Set the tilt angle to 00 using foot screws

A & B

• for the X direction and leveling screw C for Y direction








Focusing and Target Sighting

• Look through the telescope eyepiece at a

• bright background

• Turn the eyepiece clockwise, anticlockwise little by

• little until just before the reticle image becomes

• focused

• Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps, then use

• the peep sight to bring the target in to the field of view.

• Tight both clamps

• Turn the telescope focusing ring to focus on the target

• Turn the vertical and horizontal and vertical fine motion screws to align the target with the reticle

• Readjust the focus with the focusing ring until there is no parallax between the target image and the reticle








Eliminating parallax

• This is the relative displacement of the target image with respect to the reticle when the observer’s head is moved slightly before the eyepiece.

• Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle







Format of Storage in Total Station

1. Point Id

2. Easting (x – Coordinate)

3. Northing (y – Coordinate)

4. Elevation (z-Coordinate)

5. Point code [String like

TR for tree CW for

compound wall etc]







Format of Storage in Total Station

The format of storage followed by the Instrument is as follows

Point ID (May be Number or String), Easting (X_Coordinate), Northing (Y_Coordinate), Elevation (Z_Coordinate), Point Code (‘TR’ for Tree, etc,.)







Soft key Allocation of Total Station







Setting Horizontal Angle to a Required

Value (Horizontal Angle Hold)

Procedure

1. Sight the first target

2. Select (H.Angle) from (Meas) Mode

3. Press (H.Angle) select Angle

4. Enter the required angle then

press OK

1. The input value is displayed

2. Sight the second target

3. The horizontal angle from the value

set to the second target is displayed







Distance and Angle Measurement

By using (DIST) function angle, distance can be measured

Procedure

1. Sight the target

2. In the first page of Meas mode, press (DIST)

to start distance measurement

3. When measurement starts, EDM information

(distance mode, prism constant correction value,

atmospheric correction factor) is represented by

a flashing light.

4. A short beep sounds, and the measured

distance data (S), vertical angle (ZA) and horizontal

angle (HAR) are displayed

5. Press (STOP) to quit distance measurement.

6. Press (<SHV) S (slope dist.), H (horizontal dist.),

V (ht diff) are displayed







Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)

An REM is a function used to measure the height to a point where a target cannot be directly installed such as power lines, overhead cables etc.,







Missing Line Measurement (MLM)

Missing line measurement is used to measure the

slope distance, horizontal distance, and horizontal angle

from the target whish is the reference (starting point)

without moving the instrument. It is possible to change

the last measured point to the next starting position.

Measurement result can be displayed as the gradient between two points.







Co-ordinate Measurement (COORD)

By performing coordinate measurements it

is possible to find the 3-dimensional coordinates of

the target based on station point coordinates,

instrument height, target height, and azimuth angles of

the backsight which are entered in advance







Resection Measurement

Resection is used to determine the coordinates of an instrument station by performing multiple measurements of points whose values are known.

Registered coordinate data can be recalled and set as known point data.







Setting – Out Measurement

Setting out measurement is used to set out the required point

The horizontal angle difference and distance difference are calculated

and displayed using the following formulae.

Horizontal angle difference

dHA = Horizontal angle of setting–out data–measured horizontal angle

Distance difference

Sdist : S-O S = measured slope distance–

slope distance of setting–out data

Hdist : S-O H = measured horizontal distance-

horizontal distance of S-O data

Vdist : S-O V = measured height difference-

height difference of S-O data







Setting-Out Line

Setting out line is used for setting out a required

point at a designated distance from the baseline and

for finding the distance from the baseline to a

measured point.







Setting – Out Arc

This mode allows us to define an arc from

various arc parameters, such as From Pt

coordinates, and set out this arc as well as points

(offsets) along







Offset Measurement

Offset measurements are performed in order to

find a point where a target cannot be installed

directly or to find the distance and angle to a point

which cannot be sighted







Surface Area Calculation

This function can calculate the area of land enclosed by

three or more known points on a line by inputting the coordinates

of the points. Surface area is calculated by measuring the points

on a line enclosing an area in order or reading in the previously

registered coordinates in order







Hard wares

Total station with inbuilt programmes.

Tribrach with adopter to hold prism.

[Optional]

Prism pole, prism and target.

Mini prism for setting out.

Down loading cable.

Plotter [A0]







Downloading Total station data by Sokkia Link Software to PC

It is possible to output data within a JOB to a host

Computer or Printer







Plotting Software's

Plotting software’s are capable of making

• Contour

• Layout

• LS & CS

• Road estimator

• Volume cutting

• Volume Embankment







Plotting Software's

• Autoplotter

• Pythagoras

• AutoCAD Civil 3D

• Foresight

• CDS

• Survey PRO







What way it is different from conventional methods?

These instruments have detachable bases, which help to setup quickly over station.

Stand leg heights to be adjusted while setting up.

Prism pole with prism in place of leveling staff or ranging rod.

No need for manual measurement except the measurement of height of instrument.

Battery operated (Lasts up to 7 hours)

Up to 4 Km measurement with single prism.

Latitude and longitudes are considered for any survey in the name of easting and northings.







What way it is different from conventional methods?

Each point will be named with its Id/Code.

No paper work, as calculations are performed automatically.

Combines the use of leveling instrument , Theodolite compass

etc. and does boundless operations.

Surveying can be done during night hours also if the prism pole

is illuminated for emergency.

More costly and self lubricated.

Needs one surveyor and other two persons to hold prism.

Person handling these instruments need not be conversant with

survey theory but essentially a computer literate and must possess

sufficient aptitude.







Refractorless Total Station

For those targets such as wire

pole, wire, cliff, hill,earth,timber pile,

etc which are not easy or even

impossible to reach, reflectorless

distance measurement can complete

the measurement task easily







Robotic Total Station

The SRX from Sokkia is a fully-

robotic, fully-tracking and auto-

pointing robotic total station, with on-

demand target reacquisition

Sokkia’s SRX has Bluetooth wireless

technology for cable-free use,

making this single-operator total

station even more convenient.







Robotic Total Station

Allow 1-person operation

- follows prism automatically,

controlled from the pole







Smart Station







Smart Station

Recent developments

include a GPS unit with the

total station

Fully integrated data storage

and data processing, Bluetooth

data transfer or GPRS







Smart Station

No need for control points,

long traverses or resections. Just set up

SmartStation and let GPS determine the

position.Then measure and stake out

with the total station.

SmartStation’s modular design gives you

all the options.

Undertake any type of job.

Save time and money.

Increase your productivity

and profits.

modern surveying

Engineering

engineering surveying

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orgthe caruth institute

todays classroom

developed surveying

topographic surveying

boundary surveying

recorded data