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PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT IN EDUCATION

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Report in Philosophy of EducationBBTE 3-1Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Sto. Tomas Campus

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Page 1: Modern Philosophical

PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT IN

EDUCATION

Page 2: Modern Philosophical

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

Page 3: Modern Philosophical

IDEALISM• This school of thoughts holds that knowledge is

independent of sense perception or experience

• It lays stress on the mental idea, intrinsic or spiritual value rather than on physical fact or material value.

• On the other hand, idealist expects the teachers to be role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and vocational excellence to their students. They should teach by example.

Page 4: Modern Philosophical

PRAGMATISM• It is a doctrine that claims that the meaning of proposition

or idea lies in its practical consequences.

• It is derived from the Greek word “pragma” which means “a thing done or a fact that is practiced.”

• The aim of education, as for the pragmatist are concerned, is the total development of the child through experiencing or through self-activity or the “learning by doing” dictum postulated by John Dewey.

Page 5: Modern Philosophical

PROGRESSIVISM• It claims that the child’s growth and development as an individual depend

on his experiences and self-activity

• It adheres to the ideas that thinking and reasoning should be emphasized.

• It also recognizes the fact that no two individuals are exactly alike, the principle of individual differences.

• Therefore, the activities and experiences to be provided by the school should meet the needs and should be in accordance with the abilities of every child.

Page 6: Modern Philosophical

EXISTENTIALISM• It is a philosophical doctrine which emphasizes the freedom of human

beings to make choices

• Education to the existentialist should enable man to make choices for his life.

• They also believe that the teachers should only act as a guide, a resource person or facilitator of learning and must not interfere in the decision of the student.

• The teacher has “the right to teach his student how to think but not what to think.”

Page 7: Modern Philosophical

ESSENTIALISM• It is philosophical theory that ascribes ultimate

reality to essence embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses.

• In education, it is a philosophy holding that certain basic ideas and skills or disciplines essential to one’s culture can be formulated and should be taught to all alike by certain time-tested methods.

Page 8: Modern Philosophical

“Your Beliefs don’t make you a better person; your Behavior does”

-Sukhraj Dhillon

Page 9: Modern Philosophical

ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY

Page 10: Modern Philosophical

HINDUISM•Is the predominant religion of the peoples of India.•This religion has a triad of chief gods known as Trimurti.

Page 11: Modern Philosophical

•Brahma-the supreme spirit•Vishnu- the preserver•Krishna-the hero in the topic Mahabharata and Rama•Shiva- the destroyer

Caste System: •Brahmins or Brahmans-the priests•Kshatriyas-the nobles and the warriors•Vaisyas-the traders cultivators and peasants•Sudras-the servants

Page 12: Modern Philosophical

• Law of Karma-a process of series of birth and rebirth until one attains perfection and eventually reaches the place Nirvana

• Nirvana- a place of unending happiness and bliss• Veda-most sacred of all Hindu scriptures

Four main collections:• Rig Veda-hymns and praises• Yajur Veda-prayers and sacrificial formulas• Sama Veda- tunes and chants• Atharva Veda-magical formulas

Page 13: Modern Philosophical

Buddhism- “the enlightened one”

Four Noble Truths• The noble truth of suffering• The noble truth on the origin

of suffering• The noble truth on the

cessation of desire• The noble truth to the way of

the cessation of desire

• Siddharta Gautama (563-483 B.C.)

Page 14: Modern Philosophical

Confucianism• Is the body of beliefs and practices that are based on

the Chinese classics and are supported by the authority of Kung fu-tzu or Confucius.

Confucius-born in 551 B.C. in the city of Lu in Northern China and died round 551 B. C.

Page 15: Modern Philosophical

• Analects- a collection of discussion and sayings• Six Chinese Classics:• Shu ching-the book of history• Shi Ching-the book of Poetry• I Ching-the book of changes• Li Chi-the book of rites• Yue Ching-the book of music• Ch’un Chu-spring and autumn annals

Page 16: Modern Philosophical

TAOISM• The word tao literally means path or way. It may

denote a way of acting or a principle of teaching.• Te-means virtue or power through magic and rituals.• To follow the tao is to follow the

way of nature.

Page 17: Modern Philosophical

Shintoism Shinto was coined from the Chinese shen (god) and

tao (the way), when Buddhism first entered Japan. The intention was to distinguish the older religion –

“the way of the Kami” from the new Buddhism. Kami has no exact translation for it applies to

animal, plants, seas, mountains, all natural phenomena, and even to the ancestors.

Ancient Shinto combined the veneration of nature with rites of an ancient agricultural fertility cult the one of the foremost Kami, the Sun Goddess Amaterasu, at the famous shrine at Ise; at the pilgrimage to the summit of Mount Fuji; in planting and harvesting ceremonies; and the veneration of sacred trees

Page 18: Modern Philosophical

Zoroastrianism

Religion founded by Zoroaster or Zarathustra (ca. 700 B.C.).

Its theology is dualistic, the Good God Ahura Mazda or Ormuzd being opposed by the Evil God, Angra Mainyu or Ahriman.

A ceremony was devised for purifying and keeping clean both the soul and body.

The worship was at altars on which burnt the sacred fire and sacrifices are offered.

A priestly class was instituted and the dead were exposed to vultures.

Page 19: Modern Philosophical

Judaism The religion of Jewish people. The Jewish people trace their

history as told in the Hebrew Bible, in particular the Pentateuch – the first five books of the Bible also known as the Torah (law) from the Patriarchs – Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

The God of Israel, known as Yahweh revealed Himself as the God of history and not simply a tribal deity or nature spirit but the Creator of everything who is in total control of the world which He Himself has created in the beginning of time.

The Sacred scriptures of Judaism are: the Bible (Old Testament) – a collection of books written over a period of 1,000 years and written by different authors; the Torah (Law) – the first five books of the Bible attributed to Moses; the Mishnah (repetition) ethical and ritual teaching based on the Bible; Talmud study – based on the Mishnah with further reflections.

Page 20: Modern Philosophical

The key beliefs of the Jewish people are summarized as:

The existence of the Creator The unity of God

The incorpo reality of God (God is a spirit) The eternity of God

The obligation to serve and worship God alone

The existence of prophecyThe superiority of Moses to all the prophets

Page 21: Modern Philosophical

The revelation of the Law to Moses to all the prophets

The unchanging nature of the lawGod is omniscient (all knowing), omnipotent (all

powerful) and omnipresent (everywhere)Retribution in this world and the next

The coming of the MessiahThe resurrection of the dead

Page 22: Modern Philosophical

Christianity

Page 23: Modern Philosophical

Christians take their name from Jesus Christ. Jesus was born in Judea, sometime between 6 and 4 B.C., to a devout Jewish couple named Mary and Joseph, descendants of King David. He grew up in Nazareth, in Galilee, and at the age of 30 was baptized in the River Jordan by a prophet named John the Baptist. John had been preaching and baptizing people, as a mark of repentance for sins. He heralded the coming of one greater than himself.After his baptism, Jesus gathered round him a band of twelve disciples, and went about the countryside preaching, teaching and healing the sick. He announced the coming of God’s rule and declared the need for people to repent of their sins and believe the Good News of God’s kingdom. At the age of 33, Jesus was arrested, tortured and put to death by the Roman authorities, with the collaboration of the Jewish secular and religious leaders, probably about A.D. 29-30. He died by crucifixion, a common but very painful method of execution.

Page 24: Modern Philosophical

But he rose from the dead three days later, appeared to some women followers and His disciples, and a number of occasions during the next forty days, and then returned to His Father in heaven. Christians therefore believe in a living Christ not a dead hero. The crucifix and the cross have become the symbols of the suffering Savior and the risen Lord.

The Christians believe that Jesus Christ is both Son of God and Son of Man – fully human and fully divine and without sin. In Him, One God, Creator of the heavens and the earth, came down to men, in order to raise men to be with God. This is the incarnation, achieved through his birth of a virgin mother, conceived by the Holy Spirit. Jesus on himself the limitations of human nature. He also took responsibility for the sins of the human race, reconciling God with men and men with God. This is the atonement, achieved through his death. But he died only to rise again to new life. This is the resurrection.

Page 25: Modern Philosophical

Those who believe in Jesus are not only saved from their sins but will be raised to new life when Jesus comes again. Meanwhile, through the Spirit of God living in them, they are guided and strengthened in their pilgrimage on earth.

The Christian canon of scripture, known as the Bible, was finally agreed on between A.D. 170 and 220. It contains 39 books of Jewish scriptures (the Old Testament) and 27 books of Christian scriptures (The New Testament). Some people add to these the Apocrypha, a collection Jewish writings which formed part of the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures, but which were excluded from the accepted Hebrew canon.

The New Testament consists of four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles or the Letters of Paul, the General Letters and the Revelation to St. John. The Christians believe that the Bible is the written Word of God, which bears witness to Jesus, the Living Word or Logos.

Page 26: Modern Philosophical

Islam

Page 27: Modern Philosophical

Islam which literally means submission to God is one of the three monotheistic religions in the world. Its followers, the Muslims are those who commit themselves in the surrender to the will of God (Allah).

Islam traces its origin to the prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca, Arabia, about A.D. 571, the time where a power vacuum existed between two great empires of East and West – Persia and Byzantine. Muhammad, who was orphaned at an early age was looked upon by his relatives until a rich uncle sent him on trading expeditions to the north where it is reported that he met Christians. At the age of 25, a rich forty year-old widow named Khadija proposed to him and eventually bore him three daughters but no son.

Page 28: Modern Philosophical

In middle life, Muhammad began to show mystical traits and developed the habit of withdrawing to the hills for contemplation. On one such occasion, at the age of forty, he received a revelation calling him to denounce the paganism and polytheism of Mecca and preach the existence of one God-Allah. Then in 622, at the request of the people of Medina, he left Mecca for Medina accompanied by his followers.. This is known as the celebration of hijra or emigration –the event from which the Muslim calendar begins. Meanwhile Muhammad had expelled most of the Jewish Tribes of Western and Central Arabia into the Muslim community. In 630, he attacked Mecca and captured it. Muhammad immediately set about eliminating the polytheists and rededicated the ancient sanctuary of the Kaaba to Allah , making it the central shrine of pilgrimage for Muslims. In 632, Muhammad died without naming a successor. He was succeeded by a series of Caliphs (successors), the first being Abu Bakr and Umar.

Page 29: Modern Philosophical

The Islamic faith is centered on the Five Pillars of Islam:

1.) Shahada ( confession of faith ) – There is no other God but Allah and Muhammad as is his prophet.

2.) Salat ( prayer ) – Muslims pray five times daily facing Mecca – at daybreak, noon, mid-afternoon, after sunset and early in the night. They also go to the Mosques during Fridays.

3.) Zakat ( Almsgiving ) – Muslims give ½ percent of their income and other properties to charity.

4.) Ramadan ( Fasting ) – during this period the Muslims do not eat, drink, smoke or engage in sex between dawn and sunset.

5.) Hajj ( Pilgrimage ) – A Muslim is required to go to Mecca at least once in his lifetime.

Page 30: Modern Philosophical

“Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life”

-Confucius

Page 31: Modern Philosophical

“Happiness does no depend on what you have or who you are. It solely relies on what you think.”

-Buddha

Page 32: Modern Philosophical

“Your birth is a mistake you’ll spend your whole life trying to correct.”

-Lord Krishna

Page 33: Modern Philosophical

“Education breeds confidence. Confidence breeds hope. Hope

breeds peace.”-Confucius

Page 34: Modern Philosophical

“APPLY YOURSELF. GET ALL THE EDUCATION YOU CAN, BUT THEN, BY GOD, DO SOMETHING. DON’T

JUST STAND THERE, MAKE IT HAPPEN.”