modern indian history tit bitsi - wikimediag.v.s. publications g. raj kumar 9666287439 g.v.s....

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar1

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h Ç~¡„¬ô# ƒÿOQê…˜ U*ÿO\˜ Qê,"³ò Î\÷ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ Qê =¼=‚¬ìiOz#k Ð qe†Ç°O Ì‚ì_³û‹¹‹²~Œ*˜ L^ñí…ì ùeÀ„~¡° Ð g°~Œû =°‚¬ìà £‚¬•wÁ ^Ë„²_™ [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1686Z=i Hê•O…Õ ‡é~Ÿ“ qe†Ç°O HË@ xià Ç"³°Ø#k ÐB~¡OQ®*èƒ˜1690…Õ H›•H› Œë „¬@“} x~Œà}O ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#kÐ*ìƒ˜ KŒ~ŒßH±‚¬•wÁ =^Îí WOwÁ+¬μ "Œi =~¡ëH› öHOã^ÎO <³•Hùeæ#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1682Pe„¦¬°~Ÿ ‹¬Ok• Ð ‹²~Œ*˜ L^ñí…ì, ~Œ|~Ÿ“ ïHáÁ"£‡•Á‹Ô †Çò ÎœO [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1757, E<£ 23ƒìHê•~Ÿ †Çò ÎœO…Õ D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h Ì‹á<Œ¼k•„¬u Ð"Í°[~Ÿ =°ã<ËƒìHê•~Ÿ †Çò ÎœO [iy# ‹¬O. Ð1764, JHË“|~Ÿ 221765 …Õ J•‚¬ðƒì £ ‹¬Ok• Ð J†³¶^Î¼ #"Œƒ˜, ï~O_Ë‘• P•"£°, D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„hƒÿOQê…˜ ~Œã+¬“O…Õ ÎÞO ÎÞ ‡••# J=°•°…Õ L#ß Hê•OÐ1765Ð1772"³ò Î\÷ =°~Œ~”¡ †Çò ÎœO [iy# Hê•O Ð 1775Ð1782ª•…èÄ ‹¬Ok• [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1782"³ò Î\÷ H›~Œâ@H› †Çò ÎœO D ‹¬Ok•`Ë =òy‹²Ok ÐZH±•…ì KŒÌ„…˜ ‹¬Ok1747 JO|¶~Ÿ †Çò ÎœO…Õ =°~¡}÷Oz# H›~Œâ@H› #"Œ|°Ð J#Þ~¡°nœ<£P~Œø\ =ò@“_•…Õ H©•H›‡•ã Ç =‚²ìOz#k Ð~Œ|~Ÿ“ïHáÁ"£=ü_È= H›~Œâ@H› †Çò ÎœO D ‹¬Ok•`Ë =òy‹²Ok Ð‡•i‹¹ ‹¬Ok"³ò Î\÷ =°‚¬ð~Œã+¬“ †Çò ÎœO D ‹¬Ok•`Ë =òy‹²OkÐª•…èÄ ‹¬Okƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O Ç¶~¡°æk‰×…Õ ãa\©+¬μ "Œ~¡° <³•Hùeæ#"³ò Î\÷ ö~=ô „¬@“}O Ð =°zb„¬@ßO1639 …Õ =°ã^¥‹¬°#° gi #°O_• ãa\©+¹ "Œ~¡°‡ÚO^¥~¡° Ð KÇOã Îyi ~ŒA

ãa\©+¹ "Œ~¡° 1611 …Õ Ç=° `ùe ‡¦•¼H›“sxÎH÷Æ}ì„¬ ŠÎO…Õ ZKÇ@ <³•Hù…ìæ~¡° Ð =°ã^¥‹¬°

`ŒOu†Ç¶ `ËÀ„ "³ò Î\÷ À„~¡° Ð ~Œ=°KÇOã Î‡•O_È°~¡OQ®qHË“i†Ç¶ =°‚¬ð~Œ}÷ ã„¬H›@##° KÇkq# ãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ°Ð …ì~ŸÛ HêxOQ·1857 uiQ®°ƒì@°#° *ìf†Ç° u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°QêJa•=iâOz#k Ð ƒÿO[q°<£ _•ãªÏe~¡-ìh• ‹¬Oª•Ö<Œxß U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ _È…ºÝ‹² ãa\÷+¹ª•ã=¶[¼O…Õ qb#O KÍ‹²Ok Ð1854~¡-ìh• •H©Æàƒ•ì†Ÿ° Ë Ç•„¬_•# ãa\©+¹ À‹<Œk•„¬uÐ[#~¡…˜ ‚¬ú¼~Ë*˜1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ J†³¶^•Î¼ ‡••ä›½~Œ•°ÐƒèQ®O ‚¬ì[~¡ Ÿ =°‚¬ì…˜*ÕY<£ƒìQ· ‚¬ì`Œ¼HêO_È [iy# ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð ~¡-ìh•1792 …Õ *Õ# Ç<£_•ÈOH›<£ ‹²‡¦•~¡‹¬° "Í°~¡ä›½ ‹¬O‹¬ø$ ÇH›ˆì‰§•#° <³•Hùeæ# ã„¬^Í‰×O Ð H›•H›`Œë"Œï~<£À‚ì‹²“OQ·• =ò‹²ÁO•…Õ J~¡aH±, ‡•~¡‹²H› ƒ•ì+¬•J^•Î¼†Ç°<Œxß ã‡é Ç•‚²ìOKÇ°@ä›½ H›•H› Œë =° Î~Œ•#°U~Œæ@° KÍ‹²# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð17811813 KŒ~¡“~Ÿ KÇ@“O ã„¬HŒ~¡O WO_•†Ç¶…Õ q^¥¼"Œ¼„²ëH÷öH\ì~òOz# "³ò ÇëO Ð 1 •H›Æ…ì~ŸÛ "³°Hê…è Ç# x"ÍkH›#° ‹¬=°iæOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ18351816 …Õ H›•H› Œë…Õ ‚²ìO Î¶ H› ì‰§• ª•Ö„¬#…Õ=òY¼‡•ã Ç ‡é+²Oz# POöQÁ†Çò_È° Ð_Íq_£ À‚ì~Ÿ1827 …Õ ƒçOƒì~ò…Õ <³•Hù•æ|_•# H› ì‰§• Ð U…˜„²<£ ‹¬“<£ H›ˆì‰§•1841 …Õ POã^•¥…Õx =°zb„¬@ßO…Õ<Ë|°…˜H›ˆì‰§•#° <³•Hùeæ#k Ð~Œ|~Ÿ“ <Ë|°…˜KŒï~Á‹¹ =ô_£ q^¥¼ x"ÍkH› ‹¬=°iæOz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1854‡•‰§ó Ç¼ q^¥¼"Œ¼„²ë…Õ =¶QêßHê~Œ“Qê ã„¬‹²kœ‡ÚOk#kÐ1854 KŒï~Á‹¹ =ô_£ x"ÍkH›

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY TIT BITSI

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar2

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

‹¬~Ÿ qe†Ç°O ‚¬ìO@~Ÿ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç# q^¥¼ ‹¬O„¦¬¶xßx†Ç°q°Oz# ãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð…ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£1902 ‹¬O.…Õ q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç° H›g°+¬<£ #° U~Œæ@°KÍ‹²#k Ð …ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£WO_•†Ç°<£ †Çüx=i•\©• KÇ\ì“xß ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz#kÐ…ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£ï~O_È= ã„¬„¬OKÇ †Çò Îœ Hê•O…Õ ãa\©+¹ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞOWO_•†Ç¶…Õ q^¥¼a•=$kœ HË‹¬O ª•Ö„²Oz# H›q°\©Ðª•~¡ûO\ H›q°\©ª•^•¥~¡} q Î¼†Í° ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° „¬ô#~¡°rû=<ŒxH÷ ‹¬~¡Þ~ËQ®x"Œ~¡}÷ Jx À„~ùø#ßk Ðqe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H±q`ÇO`Ç° q"Œ‚¬ð•° KÇ@“|^Îí"³°Ø#qQê ã„¬H›\÷Oz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1856Pb„¦¬°~Ÿ …Õ POQËÁFi†Ç°O@…˜ H› ì‰§• ª•Ö„¬# Ð1877H÷Þ\ WO_•†Ç¶ L Î¼=° Hê•O…Õ HêOãïQ‹¹ ö~_•†³¶ ZKÇ@#°O_• ~¡‚¬ì‹¬¼ "Œ~¡ë•#° ã„¬ª•~¡O KÍ‹²#k Ð ƒçOƒì~òHêOãïQ‹¹ ö~_•†³¶ ^¥Þ~Œ Ç# ƒ•ì"Œ•#° ã„¬H›\÷Oz#=òY¼ <Í Ç Ð ~ŒO=°<Ë‚¬ì~Ÿ …Õ‚²ì†Ç¶H÷Þ\ WO_•†Ç¶ L Î¼=°Hê•O…Õ QêOn•rx MÿánQêx~¡Ä•OkOz# JQêMì<£ ‡•¼…ÿ‹¹ ZKÇ@ H›• Î° Ð „¬î}ÿWO_•†Ç°<£ q°•ã\© JHê_Èg° P„¦¹ _³ã‚¬ì_È¶<£ <³•Hù•æ|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1932H›•H›`Œë, ƒçOƒì~ò, =°ã^¥‹¬°•…Õ Ì‚áìHË~¡°“•°<³•Hù•æ|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1861…ì‚¬ìÙ~Ÿ, ~¡OQ®¶<£, ‡•\ìß •…Õ Ì‚áìHË~¡°“•°<³•Hù•æ|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1911U+²†Ç¶\÷H± ªÚÌ‹á\© P„¦¹ ƒÿOQê…˜ #° H›•H› Œë…Õ<³•Hùeæ# ãa\©+¹ Jk•Hêi Ð qe†Ç°O *Õ<£•ï~O_Ë "³°Ø‹¬¶~Ÿ †Çò ÎœO (1780Ð84) D ‹¬Ok`Ë=òy‹²#k Ð=°OQ® × ~Ÿ ‹¬OkN~¡OQ® „¬@ßO ‹¬Ok Ð 1792<Œ•¾= "³°Ø‹¬¶~Ÿ †Çò ÎœO =òy‹²# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1799öH~¡ ×=~¡à u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°#° J}z"Í†Ç°_¨xH÷x†Ç°q° Ç°_³á# ãa\©+¹ Ì‹á<Œ¼k•„¬u Ð P~¡Ö~Ÿ "³•Á‹ÔÁu~¡°"Œ#¶ø~Ÿ "Í•° ÇO„² u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy#‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1809

"Í³•° ÇO„² ‰×"Œxß Li=¶#°ä›½ ã"Í…ì_È n‹² |‚²ì~¡OQ®ã„¬ Î~¡Å# KÍ‹²# ãa\©+¹ Jk•Hêi Ð…ì~ŸÛ _È…ºÝ‹²ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ‹¬<Œ¼‹¬°• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° "³ò@“"³ò Î@[iy# ~Œã+¬“O Ð ƒÿOQê…˜Xiª•• ‡•~òä›½• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Ð[Q®|O Î°a ¥¼ •Î~¡ =°‚¬ð‡•ã ÇQ®_¨øs u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1844"³•¶Á~¡° u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1806"³•¶Á~¡° u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Ð À+H± =°‚¬ìà £ƒ•ì~¡H±„¬î~Ÿ u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ18241857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° <Œ†Ç°ä›½•…Õ <Í‡•…˜ ä›½‡•i‡é~ò#k Ð <Œ<Œ ª•Ì‚ìƒ1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° Hê•O…Õ ~Œ[ª•Ö<£…Õ ã„¬=òYu~¡°Q®°ƒì@° öHOã ÎO Ð Prà~Ÿ1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ‹¬O Î~¡Ä•O…Õ Hê#¶æ~Ÿ …Õ [iy#‚²ìOª•HêO_Èä›½ ƒì^•Î°¼•° Ð <Œ<Œª•Ì‚ìƒ Ì‹á<Œ¼•°ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ ª•†Ç°OHê•„¬ô k#„¬ãuH›Ð=°ã^¥‹¹ "³°~ò…˜ƒ•ì~¡ Ç*ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ J#° À„~¡°#° ‹¬¶zOz#kÐ^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ërƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×„¬ô q„¬Á"ŒxH÷ =° Î~Ÿ Ð "Í°_ÈO Hê=¶z\ì“QêOQ· P†Çò^•Î H›~ŒàQê~¡O Ì„á ¥_•H÷ã„¬†Ç°ußOz#k Ð ‹¬¶~¡¼À‹<£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰§xH÷ ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼O, Í‰× qƒ•’[##° ã„¬H›\÷‹¬¶ë…ì~ŸÛ =°¿O\˜ ƒì@<£ *ìs KÍ‹²# ã„¬H›@# ÐE<£ 3‡•Á<£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç*ìf†Ç° Ì‹á#¼O…Õ Q®• <Œ•°Q®° ãaöQ_£ • À„~¡°ÁÐ QêOn•, P*ì £, <³ã‚¬ú, ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×OÌ„á ãa\©+¹ ‡••# ‹¬=¶„¬ë=°=ô Ç°#ß@°ÁQêãa\©+¹ ã„¬ •¥x J\÷Á U ~ËA# ã„¬H›\÷OKŒ_È°Ð1947„¦²ã|=i 20ƒì~ËÛb ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO#° ‹¬~ŒÖ~Ÿ =•Áƒ•ì†Ÿ° „¬>è…˜x~¡Þ‚²ìOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1928=ò‹ÔÁO *ìf†Ç°<Œ†Ç°ä›½_³á# =°¿…ì<Œ J|°…˜ H›…ìOP*ì £ [xàOz# ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð=°Hêø

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar3

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

qHË“i†Ç¶ =°‚¬ð~Œ}÷ À„~¡°# _••bÁ Î~ŒÄ~Ÿ #°x~¡Þ‚²ìOz# ãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð…ì~ŸÛ e@“<£‹¬Oª•Ö# ‹¬O|O^•¥•Ì„á 1927 …Õ ãa\©+¹ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞOx†Ç°q°Oz# H›q°\© Ð |@Á~Ÿ H›g°+¬< £QêOn•r ‡•…ç¾#ß ï~O_È= ~ÒO_£ >è|°… ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O•O_È<£…Õ [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1931<Í\ì… WO_•†Ç°<£ HêOãïQ‹¹ #° QêOn•r ÎH÷Æ}ìã„¦²Hê…Õ<³•Hùeæ# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1894QêOn•r ~¡zOz# ‚²ìO Î¶‹¬Þ~Œ* U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ~Œ†Ç°|_•#k Ð1908Mè_¨ L Î¼=°O…Õ QêOn•r H÷ JO_ÈQê xez#kÐ‹¬~Œœ~Ÿ=•Áƒ•ì†Ÿ° „¬>è…~Ò• Ÿ KÇ\ì“xH÷ =¼uö~H›OQê ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ì ‹¬ƒ•’#°x~¡Þ‚²ìOz# <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° ÐQêOn•rÎH÷Æ} Í‰×„¬ô =°‚¬ð"Í°^•¥q Jx H©iëO„¬|_•# <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È°Ð

‹².q[†Ç°~Œ„¦¬°"ŒKŒiƒ•ì~¡ Ç ‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‡é~Œ@ Hê•O…Õ q^¥¼~¡°Ö•°`ùeª•iQê ‡•…ç¾#ß L Î¼=°O Ð =O Í=¶ Ç~¡ L Î¼=°O#¶¼ ƒÿOQê…˜ L Î¼=° ƒ•ì"Œ•#° ã„¬KŒ~¡O KÍ‹²# „¬ãuH›ÐƒÿOQê…˜ Ì‹æöH“@~Ÿ|‚²ì+¬ø$ Çƒ•ì~¡ Ÿ J#° „¬ãuH›#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ða.P~Ÿ.JOƒè Îø~Ÿ1932 …Õ Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ‚¬ìi[# ‹¬O„¦¬°O#°<³•Hùeæ#k Ð QêOn•rk=¼*ìý# ‹¬=¶[O `ùeöHOã ÎO Ð #¶¼†Ç¶~Ÿø"Í ¥•ä›½ Ç~¡e‡éO_• J#ß x<Œ^¥xß Wzó# "Í°^•¥qÐ Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu‰×Ãkí L Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu=°‚¬ð~Œã+¬“…Õ ã‡•~¡Ö<Œ ‹¬=¶[O#° ª•Ö„²Oz#k ÐP`Œà~Œ"£° ‡•O_È°~¡OQêª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‡é~Œ@ Hê•O…Õ ï~á ŒOQ® ‚¬ìä›½ø• ~¡H›Æ}HË‹¬O q~Ëz ÇOQê ‡é~Œ_• Ç# rq`Œ<Íß `Œ¼Q®O KÍ‹²#Qù„¬æ ã‹Ôë Ðg~¡ Q®°#ß=°à*ì\˜ ³Q®ä›½ À„Á\ÕQê Q®°iëO„¬ô ‡ÚOk# *ì\± <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È°Ð‹¬¶~¡*˜ =°…˜"³áHË"£° ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ðxß x~¡Þ‚²ìOz#k Ð öH~¡ × HêOãïQ‹¹

"³áHË"£° ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO`Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO Q®• <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° ÐW.q. ~Œ=°ª•Þq°<Œ†Ç°H›~Ÿ, öH‰×=g°#<£‚¬ìi[#°•#° Í"Œ•†Ç°O…ÕH÷ JãQ®=~Œâ•`Ë ‹¬=¶#OQêã„¬"Í‰×O H›eæOKŒ•x ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# Q®°~¡°"Œ†Çü~Ÿ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ì <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Ð ïH.öH•„¬æ<£1932 …Õ QêOn•r <³•Hùeæ# ‚¬ìi[# À‹=H± ‹¬O„¦¬°OJ^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð l._•.a~ŒÁQêOn•r Pk"Œ‹Ô• L Îœ~¡}HË‹¬O KÍ„¬\÷“#Hê~¡¼ãH›=¶•#° J=°•°[i„²#k Ð @H›ø~Ÿ ƒìƒìä›½+¬μ“ ~ËQ®°• À‹= HË‹¬O QêOn•r <³•Hùeæ# Pã‰×=°öHOã Îª•Ö#O Ð "Œ~ŒœQêOn•r Ç# ‹¬°ã„¬‹² Îœ •Î~¡àH›~¡ë$ ÇÞ ‹² ¥œO`Œxß~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1942QêOn•r ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# ^•Î~¡àH›~¡ë$ ÇÞ ‹² ¥œO`ŒxH÷ ‹¬¶æiëÐJ<£ @° k …ì‹¹“k ‚ÔìO Î¶ ‡•ã\÷†Ç¶~Ÿ“ „¬ãuH› Z_•@~Ÿ Ð‚¬ìs+¹KÇOã Î=òYsûD‹²“O_•†Ç¶ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ #° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ër=°ã^¥‹¬° <Í\÷"£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ #° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k ÐQêA• •H÷Æà #~¡‹¬° ‰Ü\÷“#¶¼ WO_•†Ç¶ „¬ãuH›#° ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜~Œ=°H›$+¬â q°+¬<£ ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1887†ÇòQ®O Î~Ÿ „¬ãuHê ‹¬O‡• Îä›½_È° Ð ã|‚¬ìà|O^•Î°L‡• •¥¼†Ç°W•Ä~Ÿ“ a•°Á q"Œ ÎO`Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO =ô#ß "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛi„¬æ<£=ò‹²ÁO•ä›½ ã„¬`Í¼H› x†³¶[H›=~Œ¾•° H›eæOz# KÇ@“O Ð1909q‰×Þƒ•ì~¡f q‰×Þ q^¥¼•†Ç°O#° ~¡gOã Î<Œ Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1922ƒÿOQê…˜ qƒ•’[##° ~¡ Î°œ KÍ‹²# ãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð…ì~ŸÛ‚¬ðiÛO*˜~¡Ol Ÿ ‹²OQ· Hê•O…Õ ‹²ä›½ø• ~Œ[^•¥x Ð…ì‚¬ìÙ~Ÿƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ãïHá‹¬ë==° Ç "Œ¼„²ë HË‹¬O q°+¬#s•ä›½J#°=°uzó# KÇ@“O Ð1813 KŒ~¡“~Ÿ KÇ@“O

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar4

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

DKÇ@“O`Ë WO_•†Ç¶…Õ D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h "Œ¼‡•~¡q+¬†Ç°O…Õ Q®°`Œëk•„¬ Ç¼O ‚¬ìä›½ø HË…Õæ~ò#k Ð1813KŒ~¡“~Ÿ KÇ@“O‡•iã‰§q°H› H›g°+¬#~¡Á <Œ¼†Ç°ª•Ö<Œ• ª•Ö„¬#P=‰×¼H› Ç#° ‹¬=°iÖOz#k Ð ^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ërƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ …ìOH±Ì+á~Ÿ Hê@<£ =ãª•ë•° "³ò Î\÷ª•iQêD ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ ã„¬"ÍtOz#q Ð 18311916 …Õ ƒì•Q®OQê^•Î~Ÿ u•H± #° *ÿá•° #°Oz q_È° Î•KÍ~òOKÇ@O…Õ ã„¬ •¥# ‡•ã Ç ‡é+²Oz# =ò‹²ÁO <Í ÇÐ=°‚¬ìà £ Jb l<Œß=ò‹²ÁO bQ· ã„¬ ŠÎ=° =°‚¬ð‹¬ƒ•’ PQêMì<£ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç#[iy# ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð _•¨Hê (1906)1919 ‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}• „¬ij•# Hù~¡ä›½ 1924 …Õ ãa\©+¹ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO x†Ç°q°Oz# H›q°\© Ð=°_•Û=°<£ H›q°\©1921…Õ _••bÁ…Õ *ìq°†Ç¶ q°eÁ†Ç¶ Wª•Áq°†Ç¶ #°ª•Ö„²Oz# =ò‹²ÁO <Í Ç Ð=°‚¬ìà £ JbJ…˜ ‚²ì…ì…˜ „¬ãuHê ‹¬O‡• Îä›½_È° Ð =°¿…ì<Œ J|°…˜H›…ìO P*ì £1919 …Õ WO_•Ì„O_³O\˜ J<Í „¬ãuH›#°ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#kÐ "³¶f…ì…˜ <³ã‚¬úÎ WO_•†Ç°<£ J<£ ï~‹¹“ Jx ã„¬‹²kœ K³Ok#k Ð u•H±

ƒ•ì~¡ Ÿ À‹=H± ‹¬=¶[O <³•Hù•æ|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1905, E<£ 12JxaÌ‹O\˜ 1898 …Õ öHOã^Î ‚²ìO^Î¶ H›ˆì‰§•,‡•~”¡‰§•#° ª•Ö„²Oz# „¬@“}O Ð "Œ~¡}ì‹²„¬~Ë„¬Hêi}÷ ‹¬ƒ•’ ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu³á= ã„¬*ìª•Þ=°¼O J<Í ƒ•ì=##° ã„¬u‡•kOz#k Ð

a„²<£ KÇOã Î‡•…˜Ì‹á=°<£ H›g°+¬<£ |‚²ì+¬ø~¡}Ë Î¼=°O ‹¬O Î~¡Ä•OQê …ìs”KŒ~Ÿû …Õ Qê†Ç°„¬_• =°~¡}÷Oz#k Ð …ì…ì •[„¬u~Œ†Ÿ°‚²ìO Î¶‡• £Ð‡• £ ‘•‚²ì ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð q _•ª•=~¡ø~Ÿª•Þq° q"ÍHê#O Î zHêQË =° Ç =°‚¬ð‹¬ƒ•’ä›½ ‚¬ð[ï~á#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1893Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu QË ‹¬O~¡H›Æ} ‹¬O‹¬Ö•° ª•Ö„²Oz#

‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1882

ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° ‚²ìO Î¶ ‰×Ãkœ ‹¬ƒ•’#° <³•Hùeæ#‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1923‚²ìO Î¶ =°‚¬ð‹¬ƒ•’ <³•Hù•æ|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1909HêOãïQ‹¹ 50= "ŒiÂH› ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O#ä›½ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç=‚²ìOz#k Ð [=‚¬ì~Ÿ …ì…˜ <³ã‚¬ú (Ì„¦á*˜ „¬î~Ÿ)19= ‰× Œ|œO…Õ Qù„¬æ [~¡ße‹¬°“Qê À„~ùOk#k Ð‚¬ìs‰˜KÇOã Î =òYsû‚²ìO Î°ª•Ö<£ ªé+¬e‹¬°“ i„¬aÁH± Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£<³•Hù•æ|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1928 (_••bÁ)1907 ‹¬¶~¡ Ÿ "ŒiÂH› HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O#ä›½ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç=‚²ìOz#k Ð ~Œ‹¹a‚¬ðs QË+¹1905 JHË“|~Ÿ 16 k<Œxß ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ ‹¬•‚¬ð "Í°~¡ä›½ UÀ„~¡°`Ë [i‡•~¡° Ð ~¡HÆê|O^•Î<£ k#O‰§~¡ ¥ KÇ@“O ~¡¶„¬H›~¡ë Ð ‚¬ì~¡a…ì‹¹ ‰§~¡ ÎƒçOƒì~ò ã Ç†Ç°OQê À„~ùOk# "Œ~¡° Ð „¦²~Ë*˜ "³°‚¬ì`Œ,ïH.\÷. ³á…ìOQ·, |ã Î°ní<£ `Œ¼aûJa•=# ƒ•ì~¡ Ÿ J<Í ~¡‚¬ì‹¬¼ q„¬Á= ‹¬O‹¬Ö ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ðq._•.ª•=~¡ø~Ÿƒ•ì~¡ Ç*ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ #° P†Çò^•¥•° …èä›½O_¨<Í ‹²q…"Œ~Ÿ Hù#ª•y‹¬°ëO Îx =iâOz#k Ð ‹¬~Ÿ ‹¬†Ç°¼ £ J‚¬ìà £Mì<£1922 …Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ä›½• =¼=‹¬Ö•° x~¡¶àeOKÍL Íí‰×¼O`Ë *ì ŸÐ‡• Ÿ Ð`Ë~¡H±Ð=°O_È…˜ J<Í ‹¬O„¦¬°‹¬O‹¬Ö ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’ä›½_È° Ð ƒ•ì~¡f ã„¬ª• £ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ#¶, q Í‰§…ÕÁ#¶ q„¬Á"Ë^•Î¼=°=ò…ÕKÇ°~¡°ä›½Qê ‡•…ç¾#ß UïHáH› ‹¬Þ Íj~ŒA Ð ~Œ*ì=°À‚ìOã Îã„¬ Œ„¹1920…Õ PeO_•†Ç¶ ã>è_£ †Çüx†Ç°<£ HêOãïQ‹¹ #°ª•Ö„²Oz# Ç~ŒÞ Ç ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’ ‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç=‚²ìOz#k Ð …ì…ì •[„¬u~Œ†Ÿ°J"³°iHê…Õ Q® Î~Ÿ ‡•s“ ª•Ö„¬# Ç~ŒÞ Ç ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOz#k Ð ªé‚¬ì<£ ‹²OQ·|Hêß‡¦• Î~Ÿ P„¦¹ JÌ‹OcÁQê Q®°iëO„¬ô ‡ÚOk# ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È° Ð<Œ~Œ†Ç°}Ÿ =°Ý~Ÿ *Õ+²H›•H› Œë…Õx ‚²ìO Î¶ Hê…èr ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð _Íq_£ À‚ì~Ÿ

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar5

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

ƒì•Q®OQê^•Î~Ÿ u•H± Z=ix ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× =ã[OQê=iâOKŒ_È° Ð QË‡••H›$+¬â QËY…èãa\©+¹ ª•ã=¶*ì¼xH÷ =¼uö~H›OQê 24 U ×Á ‡•@° qq^•Î*ÿá ×Á…Õ Q®_•„²# q„¬Á=Hê~¡°_È° Ð[Q®n+¹ KÇOã Î K•Ç@s ûU<£ F…Û =¶<£ ‚¬ìÙ„¹ J<Í H›~¡„¬ã`Œxß =òãkOz#k ÐU.F.‚¬ú¼"£°Ì‹á=°<£ H›g°+¬<£ U "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Hê•O…Õ WO_•†Ç¶ =zó#kÐ …ì~ŸÛ WiÞ<£=‚¬ðc L Î¼=°O, ä›½Hê L Î¼=°O U "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Hê•O…Õ[iy#q Ð …ì~ŸÛ "³°†³¶ƒìQ· (>ÿØQ®~Ÿ) J<Í a~¡° Î° ‡ÚOk# ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È° Ð[fOã Î<Œ Š£=òMÕ‡•^•¥¼†Ç°z@“QêOQ· P†Çò^•Î H›~ŒàQê~¡ =ò@“_• <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È°Ð‹¬¶~¡¼À‹<£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç*ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ùe =ò‹²ÁO J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È°Ð|ã Î°ní<£ `Œ¼cûJ=°$ Ÿ‹¬~Ÿ …Õ [e†Ç°<£"Œ…ìƒìQ· =¶~¡}‚¬ìÙ=¶xH÷ƒì^•Î°¼_³á# „¬O*ìƒ˜ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ "³°ØïH…˜ F _È†Ç°¼~Ÿ #°‚¬ì Ç¼KÍ‹²#k Ð ‹¬~Œœ~Ÿ L ÎO‹²OQ·ƒì•Q®OQê Î~Ÿ u•H± "³ò Î\÷ ª•i t"Œr L Ç•"Œ•#°ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1896ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ <³•Hùeæ# "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ „¬aÁH±Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ Ð k …ìO_£ ‚¬ìÙ•Û~Ÿ• ªÚÌ‹á\©ƒçOƒì~ò ãÌ„‹²_³h• Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1885„¬î<Œª•~¡Þ[xH› ‹¬ƒ•’ ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1867ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ U "³áã‰§†Ÿ° ã‡é ÎÄ••O`Ë"³•‹²#k Ð …ì~ŸÛ _Èã„¦²<£1897 …Õ „¬î}ÿ KŒÀ„H›~Ÿ ªé Î~¡°•° (^¥"³¶ Î~Ÿ Êƒì•ãH÷+¬â) ‚¬ì Ç¼KÍ‹²# ãa\©+¹ Jk•Hêi Ð ~ŒO_£1905…Õ •O_È<£…Õ WO_•†Ç¶ ‚¬ìº*˜ ‹¬O‹¬Ö#°ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð ‰§¼OrãH÷+¬â=~¡àH›•ß…˜, qe†Ç°O H›~¡û<£ #° 1909…Õ ‚¬ì Ç¼KÍ‹²# ƒ•ì~¡ Çq„¬Á=Hê~¡°_È° Ð q._•.ª•=~¡ø~ŸƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[#ä›½ =¼uö~H›OQê ƒ•’"Œh =°Ok~Ÿ J<ÍãQ®O Š¥xß ~¡zOz ãa\©+¹ =¼uö~H› Ç#° ï~KÇóQù\÷“#k Ð„².q°ã`Œ

Q® Î~Ÿ ‡•s“x …ì…ì‚¬ìi Î†Ç¶…˜ ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬O.Ð1913z\ì“QêOQ· ï~á•° ^Ë„²_™ öH‹¬°`Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO L#ß =¼H÷ë Ð‹¬¶~¡¼ À‹<£‹¬¶~¡¼À‹<£ J#°KÇ~¡°…ÕÁ ã„¬=òY ‡•ã Ç =‚²ìOz# †Çò=uÐ ã„Ôu•`Œ‚²ìO Î°ª•Ö<£ i„¬aÁH›<£ ‹¬O‹¬Ö ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1924~ŒOã„¬ª• £, ~Ë+¬}Ÿ …ì…˜, J‹¬Þä›½…ìÁ Mì<£ •° U öH‹¬°…ÕLif†Ç°|_•i Ð H›HËi ï~á•° ^Ë„²_™ öH‹¬°Pb„¬î~Ÿ ä›½ã@ öH‹¬°…Õ J~¡qO Î„¦¬°Õ+¹ Ç~¡„¬ô# "ŒkOz#<Œ¼†Ç°"Œk• Ðz Çë~¡O[<£ ^¥‹¹ƒì•Q®OQê^•ÎÎ~Ÿ u•H± '…ÕH›=¶<Œ¼Ñ J<Í a~¡° Î°#° UL Î¼=°O ‹¬O Î~¡Ä•OQê ‡ÚO^¥_È° Ð ‚¬ìÙO~¡¶…˜[#àƒ•’¶q° „¬ãuH› ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð „¬\ì“a• ‹Ô Œ~Œ=°†Ç°¼"³ò Î\÷ POQËÁÐ‹²ä›½ø †Çò ÎœO U ‹¬Ok•`Ë =òy‹²Ok Ð…ì‚¬ìÙ~ŸQË"Œ #° PãH›q°Oz# ‡é~¡°ów‹¬° Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ ÐJ•æ•<Ë•Ð_•ÐP•¶ÄH›Á~Ÿø (1910)k"Œ…ì f‹²# ƒì¼Oä›½ K³ä›½ø Jx U ã„¬u‡• Î#•Ì„áQêOn•r "Œ¼Mì¼xOKŒ~¡° Ð ãH÷„¹• ã„¬u‡• Î#•°=ò‹²ÁObQ· 1943 ‹¬O.…Õ qƒ•’lOz xã+¬øq°OKÇ_ÈO J<Íf~Œà<Œxß P"³¶kOz# ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O Ð H›~Œp'ä›½_• J~¡‹¬°Ñ „¬ãuH› ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð Ì„i†Ç¶~Ÿ=ò‹²ÁObQ· U ~ËA# ã„¬ Ç¼H›Æ KÇ~¡¼ä›½ „²•°„¬ôxzó#k ÐPQ®‹¬°“ 16, 1946HêOãïQ‹¹ d…ì„¦¬ Ÿ ‹¬Þ~Œ[¼ ‡•s“ ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1923HêOãïQ‹¹ „¬î~¡â‹¬Þ~Œ*¼ k#OQê U Ínx x~¡â~òOKŒ~¡° Ð[#=i 26,1930„¬î<Œ X_ÈO|_•H› [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1932N~¡OQ®„¬@ßO ‹¬Ok Ð 1792PeO_•†Ç¶ ã>è_£ †Çüx†Ç°<£ HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷‹¬=¶"Í‰×O Ð ƒçOƒì~ò"Í•° ÇO„² u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð18091805, #=O|~Ÿ 30# g~¡=°~¡}O ‡ÚOk# ‹¬Þ Íj‡••ä›½_È° Ð öH~¡ ×=~¡àXiª••…Õ MÕO_È°• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1846

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar6

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

1857 ‹²‡•~ò• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°ä›½ ã„¬ •¥# Hê~¡}"³°Ø#Hù Çë~¡H›O Z<£„¦Ô…Û ï~á„¦²…˜• #° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# ‹¬O.Ð18561857 Ì‹Ì„“O|~Ÿ 20# _••bÁx ãa\©+¹ Ì‹á<Œ¼•°PãH›q°OKÇ°Hùx |‚¬ì Î¶~Ÿ ‘•#° |Ok•Oz# À‹<Œk•„¬uÐ‚¬ì_È•<£ã‹Ôë ƒÕ^•£, ~¡‹¹ë Q®„¦¬ë~Ÿ J<Í „¬ãuH›•° U =° Ç‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}Ë Î¼=¶xH÷ ‹¬O|Ok•Oz#q Ð ‡•s• =° Ç‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}Ë Î¼=°O_••bÁ…Õ Í=|O £ ‡•~”¡‰§•#° <³•Hùeæ# ã„¬=òY°_È° Ð‘•=b L…ìÁ‹²ä›½ø•…Õ <Œ=°^¥s L Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ðƒ•ì~ò~ŒO‹²OQ·ƒìƒì Î~ŒÄ•~Ÿ ‹²OQ· x~¡OHêi L Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1855P#O Î q"Œ‚¬ì KÇ@“O 1909…Õ KÇ@“~¡¶„¬O ¥•ó_¨xH÷H›$+²KÍ‹²#k Ð L ÎO‹²OQ·JHêb Î Pq~¡Ä•qOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1920‹²ä›½ø =° Ç ‹¬O~¡H›Æ} Hù~¡ä›½ ‹²OQ· ‹¬ƒ•’#° ª•Ö„²Oz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 18731926…Õ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ "³•°=_•# ùe ‚²ìOn „¬ãuH›ÐL ÎO Ç =¶~ŒëO_•ÈOÇ ÇÞƒÕk•h ‹¬ƒ•’#° 1839 …Õ ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð^Í"ÍOã^Î<Œ^Š£

~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ#ö~Oã Î =°O_Èe ª•Ö„¬# Ð1921‚²ìO Î¶ q ÇO Ç° ‰×~¡}ì•†Ç¶xß 1896…Õ ª•Ö„²Oz#kÐ_•.ïH.Hêö~Þ‚²ìO Î¶ Í‰× Î~¡æ}O J<Í „¬ãuH›#° ã„¬KÇ°iOz#kÐöH‰×= KÇOã ÎÀ‹<£P~¡¼ =°‚²ìˆì ‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬ä›½~Œ•° Ð „¬O_• Ç~¡=¶ƒ•ì†Ÿ°„¬O_• Ç ~¡=¶ƒ•ì†Ÿ° ä›½• Ç ŒÞxß q=°iÅ‹¬¶ë KÍ‹²# ~¡KÇ#Ð Ì‚áìHê‹¹“ ‚²ìO Î¶ L"³°<£‚²ì ÇHêi}÷ ‹¬=¶*ìxß ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1908(H›O Î°ä›•i qö~‰×eOQ®O)1921…Õ ƒÿ<Œ~¡‹¹ ‚²ìO Î¶ q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç°O #°OzQÒ~¡=_¨H›“ö~\˜ #° ‡ÚOk#k Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜

~Œ=°H›$+¬â q°+¬<£ #° q"ÍHê#O Î°_È° ª•Ö„²Oz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1897‹¬Þ~Œ* ‡•s“ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð z Çë~¡O[<£ ^¥‹¹1916 <Œ\÷ •HËß HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O <Œ\÷H÷=ò‹²ÁObQ· ‡•s“x HêOãïQ‹¹ #° ‹¬xß‚²ì ÇO KÍ†Ç°_¨xH÷H›$+²KÍ‹²#k Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜1925 Hê#¶æ~Ÿ HêOãïQ‹¹ "ŒiÂH› ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O#ä›½ J^•Î¼H›Æ ÇÐ‹¬~Ëlh <Œ†Çò_È°H›$+¬â „¬ãuH› "³ò Î\÷ Z_•@~Ÿ Ð HùO_¨ "³OH›@„¬æ†Ç°¼1926 <Œ\÷ =‚¬ðc L Î¼=° ã„¬ •¥# öHOã ÎO Ð KÇ~Ÿ‹¬ ¥œJ~¡qO £„¦¬°Õ+¹ `Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO L#ß öH‹¬° Ð Pb„¬î~Ÿä›½ã@ öH‹¬°1924 …Õ z\ì“QêOQ· ï~á•° ^Ë„²_™ öH‹¬°…Õ Jï~‹¬“~ò#kÐ ‹¬¶~¡¼ À‹<£L„¬ôæ ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO Hê•O…Õ QêOn•rx 1930 "Í° 5#Jï~‹¬°“ KÍ‹² ZH›ø_È x~¡Ä•Ok•OKŒ~¡° Ð Zã~¡"Œ_È *ÿá•°ï~O_È= ã„¬„¬OKÇ †Çò ÎœO ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’O <Œ\÷H÷ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ e<£ e Ÿ QËï~O_È= ã„¬„¬OKÇ †Çò ÎœO =òyÀ‹<Œ\÷H÷ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ "Í"³…˜WO_•†Ç°<£ †Çüx=i•\©‹¹ KÇ\ì“xß …ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1904P~¡¼ ‹¬=¶[O ï~O_È°Qê pe‡é~ò# ‹¬O. Ð1892‹¬~Ÿ *ì<£ ª•~¡ûO\˜ H›q°\© x"ÍkH› Wzó# ‹¬O. Ð1944‹¬~Ÿ qe†Ç°"£° ‚¬ìO@~Ÿ H›g°+¬<£ #° D "³áã‰§†Ÿ°Hê•O…Õ x†Ç°q°OKŒ~¡°Ð …ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£=~Œßä›½¼•~Ÿ ãÌ„‹¹ KÇ@“O ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“ ^Íj†Ç° „¬ãuH›•À‹ÞKÇó•#° ‚¬ìiOz# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð…ì~ŸÛ e@“<£ãa\©+¹ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ª•iQê ‡¦•¼H›“s KÇ\ì“xßKÍ‹²# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£W•Ä~Ÿ“ a…˜ q"Œ^ÎO U "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Hê•O…Õ [iy#k Ð…ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£10 •H›Æ•ä›½ Ì„áQê ã‡•}ì•#° |eHù#ß ƒ•’†Ç°OH›~¡H›~¡=ô U "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Hê•O…Õ ‹¬Oƒ•’qOz#k Ð …ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£1919 _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ 24# PeO_•†Ç¶ d…ì„¬ Ÿ Hê#æ•ï~<£•ZH›ø_È [iy#k Ð _••bÁ

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar7

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

96662874391888…Õ HêOãïQ‹¹ #° ‹¬¶H›Æà ÎiÅx`Ë KÇ¶À‹ë QêhH›#„¬_Èx "³°Ø<Œs“ Jx =iâOz# ãa\©+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ_Èã„¦²<£1921…Õ ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# "³ò‡•Á• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°ä›½‹¬¶æ•iëxzó# =¼H÷ë Ð =°‚¬ìà £ Jb~Œ[ a~¡°^Î°• q`Ç~¡} KÇ@“O#° ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# "³áã‰§†Ÿ°Ð …ì~ŸÛ e@“<£qHË“i†Ç¶ =°‚¬ð~Œ}÷x ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O KÇãH›=ië}÷ QêQ®°ië‹¬¶ë ~Œ[ã„¬H›@# "³•°=_•# ~ËAÐ28Ð04Ð1876HêOãïQ‹¹ =¼H÷ë ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ðxß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ‹¬O.Ð1940JHË“|~ŸP*ì £ ‚²ìO £ ‡¦Ï*˜ #° ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹ <³•Hùeæ#kÐ 1942, Ì‹Ì„“O|~Ÿ1943…Õ U #Q®~¡O…Õ [iy# =ò‹²ÁO bQ· ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O…Õqƒ•’lOKÇ°, =ke"³ ×ÃÁ (_•"³á_£, H÷Þ\) J<Íx<Œ^¥xßzóOk Ð H›~Œp1946, #=O|~Ÿ …Õ [iy# 54= HêOãïQ‹¹‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð PKŒ~¡¼ *ÿ.a.H›$„¬…ìh=°¿O\˜ ƒì@<£ Í‰× qƒ•’[# ã„¬H›@# KÍ‹²# Ç~ŒÞ Ç=ò‹²ÁO bQ· _³áï~H±“ †Ç¶H›Æ<£ _Í ‡•\÷Oz# ~ËA Ð 1946,PQ®‹¬°“ 16[=‚¬ì~Ÿ …ì…˜ <³ã‚¬ú <Í Ç$ ÇÞO…Õ Œ`ŒøoH› ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞOJk•Hê~¡O KÍ„¬\÷“# k#O Ð 1946, Ì‹Ì„“O|~Ÿ 2Y°^¥~ò H÷ £=° ŸQê~ŸÛ ‹¬O‹¬Ö ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð Mì<£ J|°œ…˜Q®‡¦•~Ÿ Mì<£J<£ ‚¬ð¼„Ô WO_•†Ç¶ ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð …ì…ì•[„¬u~Œ†Ÿ°„¦¬ãH±ÐWÐP„¬É<£ J<Í a~¡° Î° ‡ÚOk# ã„¬=òY =ò‹²ÁO<Í Ç Ð Mì<£ J|°œ…˜ Q®‡¦•~Ÿ Mì<£‹¬i‚¬ì Î°œ QêOn• / ã‡¦•O\÷†Ç°~Ÿ QêOn• Qê ã„¬‹²kœ Ð Mì<£J|°œ…˜ Q®‡¦•~Ÿ Mì<£"Œ~ò‹¹ P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ „¬ãuHê ‹¬O‡• Îä›½_È° Ð =°•ƒ•ìsƒÿã‚¬ðOrJ<£ ãHÒ<£Û H÷OQ· P„¦¹ ƒìOƒè Jx À„~ùOk# =°~Œ~”Œ<Í ÇÐ „¦²~Ë*˜ ‘• "³°‚¬ì`Œ

|On r=<£ J<Í ãQ®O ŠÎO U <Œ†Ç°ä›½x *ÿá•° rq`Œxß=iâ‹¬°ëOk Ð ‹¬<Œ¼…˜ ‹¬pOã Î <Œ Š£=òH©ë q°+¬<£ J<Í ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° <³•Hùeæ#k Ð „¬O_• Ç~¡=¶ƒ•ì†Ÿ°ÎH÷Æ} ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×„¬ô Ì„¦á~Ÿ ãƒìO_£Qê Q®°iëO„¬ô ‡ÚOk#k Ð

‹¬`Ç¼=üië‚²ìO £ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ P„¦¹ k „¬‹²„¦²H± HË‹¹“ J<Í ‹¬O‹¬Öª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð |Hêß ªé‚¬ì<£‹²OQ·1889…Õ ƒçOƒì~ò…Õ ‰§~¡ ¥ ‹¬ Î<£ J<Í À„~¡°`Ëq ÇO Ç° =‹¬u Q®$‚¬ðxß <³•Hùeæ#k Ð „¬O_• Ç~¡=¶ƒ•ì†Ÿ°ã‰×=°rq J<Í À„~¡°`Ë `ùeHêiàH› „¬ãuH›#°ã„¬KÇ°iOz#k Ð ‰×t‡• Î ƒÿ#sû1906…Õ ƒçOƒì~ò…Õ WO_•†Ç¶ |_È°Q®°*ì Ç°• ‹¬q°uJ<Í ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° <³•Hùeæ# ã„¬=òY ã‡•~¡Ö<Œ ‹¬=¶[‹¬ƒ•’°¼_È° Ð q~”¡…˜ ~ŒOr+²O_ÍöH‰×"£ KÇOã ÎÀ‹<£ ã|‚¬ìà‹¬=¶[O…Õ KÍi# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1855‚²ìO Î¶ Í‰× Î~¡æ}O J<Í „¬H›Æ „¬ãuH›#° 1861…Õã„¬KÇ°iOz#k Ð öH‰×= KÇOã ÎÀ‹<£q`ÇO`Ç° q"Œ‚¬ð•° ‰§ã‹¬ë ‹¬=°à`Ç"Í°#x `³•°„¬ô`Ç¶1856…Õ XH› ‹² ¥œO Ç ãQ®O Š¥xß ã„¬KÇ°iOz# ‹¬O„¦¬°‹¬O‹¬ø~¡ë Ð D‰×Þ~¡KÇOã Î q^¥¼ª•Q®~Ÿª•^•¥~¡} ã|‚¬ìà‹¬=¶*O ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1878Ç ÇÞHÒ=òk•, WO_•†Ç°<£ q°ã~¡~Ÿ J<Í „¬ãuH›•° D

‹¬O‹¬Öä›½ K³Ok#qÐ ª•^•¥~¡} ã|‚¬ìà‹¬=¶[Oï~á\˜• P„¦¹ =¶<£ J<Í ~¡KÇ#`Ë ã„¬ƒ•ìq Ç°_³á ‹¬O„¦¬°‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}Ë Î¼=¶xH÷ „¬î#°ä›½#ß ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È° Ð*Õ¼u~Œ=ô „¬î…è*Õ¼u~Œ=ô „¬î…è <³•Hùeæ# ‹¬°ã„¬‹² Îœ ‹¬O‹¬Ö Ð‹¬ Ç¼‰Õ^•ÎH± ‹¬=¶[O‹¬ Ç¼‰Õ^•ÎH± ‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1873‹¬ï~ÞO\• ªÚÌ‹á\© P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ J<Í ‹¬O‹¬Ö#°QË‡•…H›$+¬â QËY…è ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1915N <Œ~Œ†Ç°}Q®°~¡° x~¡Þ‚²ìOz#‹¬O„¦¬°‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}Ë Î¼=¶xH÷ öHOã Î ª•Ö#O Ð J~¡q„¬ô~¡O

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar8

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

‹¬ Ç¼‰Õ^•ÎH± ‹¬=¶[O P‰×†Ç¶•#° ã„¬KŒ~¡O KÍ†Ç°_¨xH÷ª•Ö„²Oz# „¬ãuH› Ð n<£ q°ã`Œ (=òä›½Oã^Ë ‡•\÷H±)ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ùe =°‚²ìˆì q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç¶xß 1916…Õ<³•Hùeæ# =°‚¬ìh†Çò_È° Ð _•.ïH.Hêö~Þ‹²ä›½ø•…Õ x~¡OHêi L^•Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð ƒìƒìÎ†Ç¶…˜ ^¥‹¹

‹²ä›½ø•…Õ <ŒO^¥i L^•Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð ƒìƒì|•H± ‹²OQ·k L"³°<£• WO_•†Ç°<£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ ª•Ö„¬ä›½~Œ•° Ð^Ë~¡fl#~Œ[^¥‹¹Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç =°‚²ìˆì ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O 1927…Õ [iy#ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð „¬î}ÿ=‚¬ðc• L^•Î¼=¶xß P~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð ‹¬†Ç°¼ £ J‚¬ìà £~Œ†Ÿ°|ö~bk†³¶|O £ L^•Î¼=° H›~¡ë…ÕÁ ã„¬=òY°_È° Ð =°‚¬ìà £Mì‹ÔO#<ñ Çgx=°ß ä›½…ì• "ŒiH÷ ^Í"Œ•†Ç° ã„¬"Í‰×O H›eæOKÍL Íœ‰×¼O`Ë 1924 …Õ ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO Ð"³áHË"£°Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H÷ª•<£ ‹¬ƒ•’ ª•Ö„¬# Ð 19361943…Õ U ã‡•O ÇO…Õ ‹¬Oƒ•’qOz# ƒ•’†Ç°OH›~¡"³°Ø#H›~¡°=ô =•Á 30 •H›Æ• =°Ok =°~¡}÷OKŒ~¡° Ð ƒÿOQê…˜ƒÿOQê… ~Œã+¬“O…Õ H÷ª•<£ ‹¬ƒ•’ x~¡Þ‚²ìOz# Í ƒ•ìQ®u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ [iy#k Ð1946ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ùeª•iQê =° ÇH›•‚¬ð•° 1923…Õ D#Q®~¡O…Õ [iy#q Ð H›•H›`ŒëH›=ü¼#…˜ J"Œ~¡°Û#° ã„¬H›\÷Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1932`Œ`ŒøoH› ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‹¬q°u L‡•^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð~Œ*˜a‚¬ðs ƒÕ‹¹"³ò Î\÷ ã„¬„¬OKÇ †Çò Îœ Hê•O…Õ [‡•<£ ‡•i‡é~ò[‡•<£ ‡Ï~¡ ‹¬ ŒÞxß ‡ÚOk [‡•<£ =x Ç#°q"Œ‚¬ì=¶_•# q„¬Á=Hê~¡°_È° Ð ~Œ*˜a‚¬ðs ƒÕ‹¹1938, „¦²ã|=i…Õ [iy# ‚¬ìi„¬ô~¡ HêOãïQ‹¹ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È°Ð ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹‡¦•~¡Þ~ŸÛ ƒìÁH± #° ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹ <³•Hùeæ#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1939

‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹ H›•H› Œë #°Oz Ç„²æOKÇ°Hùx ƒÿiÁ<£KÍi# Ç~ŒÞ Ç ‚²ì@Á~Ÿ ä›½_•ƒ•’°[OQê À„~ùOk# =¼H÷ëxH›eÌ‹#°. P =¼H÷ë À„~¡° Ð iƒÿ<£ ã\Õ„¹K•Ç…Õ _••bÁ x<Œ •¥xßzó#kÐ ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹ã>è_£ †Çüx†Ç°<£ HêOãïQ‹¹ ª•Ö„¬# Ð1931<Í#° ªé+¬e‹¬°“#° Jx ã„¬H›\÷OKÇ°Hù#ß `ùe ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç°ã„¬=òY°_È° Ð ª•Þq° q"ÍHê#O Î1934…Õ ª•Ö„² Ç"³°Ø# HêOãïQ‹¹ ªé+¬e‹¬°“ ‡•s“ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È°Ð PKŒ~¡¼ #ö~Oã^Î ^Í"£1934 JHË“|~Ÿ …Õ ƒçOƒì~ò …Õ [iy# Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ ÇHêOãïQ‹¹ ªé+¬e‹¬°“ ‡•s“ ‹¬=¶"Í‰§•ä›½ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç=‚²ìOz#k Ð ‹¬O„¬î~Œâ #O ÎHêOãïQ‹¹ ªé+¬e‹¬°“ ‡•s“ ï~O_È= "ŒiÂH› ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O[iy# ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð g°~¡\˜ (1934)"Œö~Á ï~á Ç° L^•Î¼=°O [iy# ~Œã+¬“O Ð =°‚¬ð~Œã+¬“"Í"³³…˜ ã„¬}ìoH›#° ã„¬H›\÷Oz# ‹¬O. Ð1945Mè_¨ ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO…Õ ª•ÖxH›OQê QêOn•r =òY¼J#°KÇ~¡°_È° Ð "³¶‚¬ì<£…ì…˜ ‡•O_¨¼"³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ WO_•†Ç°<£ "³á‹¹ K•Œ<£••~Ÿ Ð Q®°~¡°^¥‹¹ƒÿ#sûª•Þq° Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu ‹¬ Œ¼~¡Ö ã„¬HêtH› #°ã„¬KÇ°iOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1879Q®°ã•„¬ô ª•Þs ~Œ Î° J<Í q°+¬ Ë WO_•†Ç°<£ ‹²q…˜‹¬sÞ‹¹Ì‹•H›Æ<£• #°O_• ù•yOKÇ|_•#k Ð J~¡qO £ „¦¬°Õ+¹U À„~¡°`Ë =¶~¡¾ï~\˜ Ze[ƒÿ Ÿ <Ë|°…˜ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼‹¬=°~¡O…Õ À„~¡°QêOz#k Ð ‹²‹¬“~Ÿ x"Ík ÇZ=ix HêOãïQ‹¹ ‘é ƒì†Ÿ° Qê =°‚¬ìà £ Jb l<Œß=iâOK³#° Ð =°¿…ì<Œ J|°…˜ H›…ìO P*ì £Z <Í+¬<£ W<£ "Í°H÷OQ· ãQ®O^ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç Ð ‹¬°ö~Oã Î<Œ Š£ƒÿ#sûWOQ®ÁO_£ W|ÄO Î°…è WO_•†Ç¶ä›½ J=Hê‰×O J<Í x<Œ ÎOZ=iH÷ ‹¬O|Ok•Oz#k Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜ãa\©+¹ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO ã„¬ Í¼H› ‡•s• q"Œ‚¬ì q_¨ä›½• KÇ\ì“xß~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð18651918 …Õ ã„¬KÇ°iOz# WO_•†Ç¶ W<£ ã\ìx•+¬<£ ãQ®O ŠÎ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð PQêMì<£

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar9

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

„Ô‘•Þ „¬ãuH›#° ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð Jl Ÿ‹²OQ·Casts in India-Their Mechanism, genisis and

development ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð _¨.a.P~Ÿ.JOƒè^Îø~ŸQ® Î~Ÿ ‡•s“ J"³°iHê…Õ U #Q®~¡O…Õ ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•#k Ð‰§<£ ã‡¦•x•ªéø (1913)ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× Jk•Hê~¡ ƒ•ì+¬Qê POQêÁxß KÍ‹²#k Ð qe†Ç°OƒÿO\÷H±~¡Ol Ÿ‹²OQ·ä›½, POöQÁ†Çò•ä›½ =°^•Î¼ J=°$ Ç‹¬~ŸX„¬æO ÎO [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1809ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× "³ò Î\÷ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð qe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H±W…˜|~Ÿ“ a•°Á J=°•°…ÕxH÷ =zó# ‹¬O.Ð1883ƒìÁH± ‚¬ìÙ…˜ ‹¬O„¦¬°@# [iy# ã‡•O ÇO Ð H›•H›`Œë‹²O^•Î°ä›½ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ ãa\©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ Ð KŒï~Á‹¹ <Í„²†Ç°~ŸƒÿOQê… ~Œ[^•¥xx _•¨Hê #°Oz =òiÂ ¥ƒì £ ä›½=¶ió# #"Œ|° Ð =òiÂ £ä›½b Mì<£J= £~Œ[¼ ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð ª• Î ŸHê<£ |~¡Ý<£ L…˜ =ò…˜ø\÷„¬ôæ ‹¬°…ìë<£ #° F_•Oz KÇO„²# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð…ì~ŸÛ "³•Á‹ÔÁ~Œ[¼‹¬OãH›=°} ‹² ¥œO ÇO Ð _È…ºÝ‹²Ì‹á#¼ ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡ „¬ Îœu Ð …ì~ŸÛ "³•Á‹ÔÁª•ÖxH› ‹¬Þ„¬i‡••# Ð i„¬æ<£‰§‰×Þ Ç t‹¬°ë „¬ Îœu Ð Hê~¡<£"Œb‹¹ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×OÌ„á ãa\©+¹ ª•~¡Þƒ•º=¶k•Hê~¡O <³•Hùeæ#†Çò ÎœO Ð ‡•Á‹Ô †Çò ÎœO (1757)ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ‚¬ì Ç¼ä›½ Q®°ï~á# UïHáH› "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ"Í°†³¶Ì‹á#¼ ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡ X„¬æO ÎOÌ„á ‹¬O ÇH›O KÍ‹²# "³ò Î\÷~Œ[¼O ÐÌ‚áìã^¥ƒì £=O Î"Œ‹² †Çò ÎœO (1760) =•# Z=i Pk•„¬ Ç¼O=òy‹²#k Ð ãÌ„¦OKŸ"³ò Î\÷ =°~Œ~”¡ †Çò ÎœO Ð "Œ~¡<£ À‚ì‹²“OQ·•"³ò Î\÷ ‹²ä›½ø †Çò ÎœO Ð …ì~ŸÛ ‚¬ðiÛO*˜ï~O_È= =°~Œ~”¡ †Çò ÎœO Ð …ì~ŸÛ "³•Á‹ÔÁ#~¡|•°• xÀ+^ÎO Ð …ì~ŸÛ ‚¬ðiÛO*˜‹¬f‹¬‚¬ìQ®=°# xÀ+ ÎO Ð qe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H±q ÇO Ç° q"Œ‚¬ì KÇ@“O Ð …ì~ŸÛ _È…ºÝ‹²

N t‰×Ã ‚¬ì`Ç¼• xÀ+^ÎO Ð qe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H±ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× "³ò Î\÷ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ HêxOQ·ãa\©+¹ "Œ~¡° _••bÁx PãH›q°OKÇ°Hù#ß ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1803=òiÂ £ä›½bMì<£ #° ƒÿOQê…˜ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ Qê x†Ç°q°Oz#kÐ B~¡OQ®*èƒ˜Í‰× ~Œ[^•¥x H›•H› Œë #°O_• _••bÁH÷ =¶ió# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð

…ì~ŸÛ ‚¬ðiÛO*˜ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° q_¨ä›½• KÇ@“O KÍ†Ç°|_•# ‹¬O.Ð1869„¬O*ìƒ˜ #° ª•Þn•#O KÍ‹¬°ä›½#ß Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð …ì~ŸÛ_È…ºÝ‹²e|ö~@~Ÿ P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç°<£ ãÌ„‹¹ Qê ã„¬‹²kœ Ð …ì~ŸÛ "³°\˜Hê„¦¹H›•H›`Œë, =òOƒì~ò, =°ã^¥‹¬°•…Õ Ì‚áìHË~¡°“•° U~Œæ@°KÍ‹²#k Ð …ì~ŸÛ …ìï~<£•ãa\©+¹ "Œ~¡° Ç=° ª•ã=¶[¼O…Õ H›•°„¬ôHù#ß z=i‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ~Œ[¼O Ð ‹²O •£ƒÿOQê…˜…Õ ÎÞO ÎÞ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO U~Œæ@° KÍ‹²#k Ð ~Œ|~Ÿ“ïHáÁ"£=ü_È= =°~Œ~”¡ÐPOQ®Á †Çò ÎœO Ç~ŒÞ Ç ãa\©+¹"Œ~¡°Hù ÇëQê ‹¬$+²“Oz# ‹¬Oª•Ö#O Ð ‹¬ Œ~Œ1882 …Õ U~Œæ@° KÍ†Ç°|_•# ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° q^¥¼H›g°+¬<£J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð …ì~ŸÛ ‚¬ìO@~Ÿƒ•ì~¡f†Çò•#° x~Œ†Çò^•Î°•°Qê KÍÀ‹ P†Çò^•Î KÇ@“OKÍ‹²# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ e@“<£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ‹²q…˜ ‹¬sÞ‹¬°#° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° ÐHê~¡<£"Œb‹¹ã‡•p# tkŠ…ì• KÇ@“O KÍ†Ç°|_•# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1904"³ò Î\÷ª•iQê ãa\©+¹ "Œi ~Œ[H©†Ç° ‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}•Ì„áPO Ë ×# ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È° Ð~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£ ~Œ†Ÿ°‚²ìO Î¶ „¬ô#iÞ"Œ‚¬ì KÇ@“O KÍ†Ç°|_•# ‹¬O.Ð1856ãa\©+¹ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ ª•i [<Œƒ•ì À‹H›~¡}[i„²Oz# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ "Í°†³¶^Íj†Ç°„¬ãuH›• KÇ@“O Ð 1878W•Ä~Ÿ“ a…˜ Ð1883_••bÁ Î~ŒÄ~Ÿ Ð1877

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar10

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

=°ã^¥‹¬° <Í\÷"£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ Ð1852ï~á Ç° ƒìO^•Î=ô_È°Qê À„~ùOk# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð…ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£H›~ŒàQê~¡ KÇ\ì“xß KÍ‹²# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð …ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£ãH÷‹²“†Ç°<£ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Qê À„~ùOk#k Ð …ì~ŸÛ WiÞ<£P^•Î°xH› ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× x~Œà ÇQê À„~ùOk# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…Ð …ì~ŸÛ _È…ºÝ‹²

KŒï~Á‹¹ =ô_£ ã„¬u‡• Î#•° ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# ‹¬O.Ð1854

…ì H›g°+¬<£ #° x†Ç°q°Oz# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ðqe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H±U+²†Ç¶\÷H± ªÚÌ‹á\© P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ ª•Ö„¬#ä›½ H›$+²KÍ‹²#ãa\©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð "Œï~<£ À‚ì‹²“OQ·•ãa\©+¹ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ h\÷ ‡•~¡° Î• ªÏH›~Œ¼•"³°~¡°Q®°Hù~¡ä›½ U~Œæ@° KÍ†Ç°|_•# H›g°+¬<£Ð "³°H±_ù<Œ…Û H›g°+¬<£"³~Œßä›½¼•~Ÿ ãÌ„‹¹ †Ç¶H±“ KÍ‹²# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ e@“<£ãa\©+¹ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ [<Œƒ•ì À‹H›~¡}[iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1871ƒì•¼q"Œ‚¬ð•#° xÀ+k•OKÍ ‰§~¡ ¥ KÇ@“O KÍ†Ç°|_•#‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1930=°ã^¥‹¬°…Õ ï~á ŒÞi q^•¥<Œxß ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“#k Ð Š¥=°‹¹=°ã<Ëƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× q^¥¼•†Ç¶…ÕÁ WOwÁ+¬μ#° ƒÕ^•Î<Œ=¶^•Î¼=°OQê ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1835ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ P^•Î°xH› q Î¼#° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ðqe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H±„¬î}ì…Õ =¼=ª•†Ç° „¬i‰Õ^•Î<Œ öHOã ÎO ª•Ö„¬# Ð1901ƒ•ì~¡ Ç q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç° KÇ\ì“xß ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# "³áã‰§†Ÿ°Ð …ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£"³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ POQ®Á q^¥¼•†Ç°O ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•# ã„¬ Í‰×OÐ H›•H›`Œëã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ „¬#°• ‰§Y#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð _È…ºÝ‹²‡éb‹¬° ‰§Y#° ‹¬O‹¬øiOKÇ_ÈO Hù~¡ä›½ …ì~ŸÛ H›~¡û<£x†Ç°q°Oz# H›g°+¬<£ Ð ãÀ„¦[~Ÿ H›g°+¬<£WO_•†Ç¶ Ð WOQêÁO_£ •…Õ XöHª•i ‹²q… ‹¬sÞ‹¬°„¬sH›Æ•#° x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ_ÈO ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# ‹¬O.Ð1923

"³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Íj†Ç° ƒ•ì‘• „¬ãuH› Ð ‹¬O"Œ^ÎHÒ=òk19= ‰× Œaœ…Õ ã‹Ôë q Î¼ Q®°iOz ã„¬KŒ~¡O KÍ‹²#k ÐD‰×Þ~¡ KÇOã Î q^¥¼ª•Q®~Ÿ#g# ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× „² Ç Ð ~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ°1825…Õ "Í ¥O Ç H› ì‰§•#° ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£ ~Œ†Ÿ°Pb„¦¬°~Ÿ L^Î¼=° •H›Æ¼O Ð =ò‹²ÁO•…Õ ‡•‰§ó Ç¼ q Î¼#°ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„@“_ÈO~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ° J#O Ç~¡O ã|‚¬ìà‹¬=¶*ìxH÷Pk•„¬ Ç¼O =‚²ìOz#k Ð ^Í"ÍOã^Î<Œ^Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~ŸPOQËÁÐFi†Ç°O@…˜ H› ì‰§• ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð ‹¬†Ç°¼ £J‚¬ìà £Mì<£P^•Î°xH› ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× "³ò Î\÷ *ìf†Ç° H›q Ð_•~Ël†³¶ã„¬*ìq°ã Ç =°O_Èe Ð ‹²P~Ÿ ï~_•Û‹¬ Ç¼‰Õ^•ÎH± =°O_Èe Ð *Õ¼u~Œ=ô„¬î…èÇ ÇÞƒÕk•x ‹¬ƒ•’ Ð ^Í"ÍOã^Î<Œ^Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ

‚¬ìi[#°• ‹¬=¶Y¼ Ð aP~Ÿ JOƒè Îø~ŸP~¡¼‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬# Ð 1875kŠ†³¶ª•„¦²H›… ªÚÌ‹á\© J_È†Ç¶~Ÿ ä›½ =¶~¡ó|_•#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1882Í=‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð Jyß‚¬ìÙãu

~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ° ª•Ö„²Oz# „¬ãuH› Ð‹¬O"Œ^ÎHÒ=òk#=ã|‚¬ìà ‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð öH‰×"£KÇOã^ÎÀ‹<£…ÕH›‚²ì Ç"ŒkQê ã„¬‹²kœ Ð QË‡•…˜‚¬ìi Í‰˜ =òM˜~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ° ä›½ ~Œ*ì a~¡° Î°xzó#k Ðï~O_È= JH›Ä~ŸÇ ÇÞƒÕk•x „¬ãuHê ‹¬O‡• Îä›½_È° Ð ^Í"ÍOã^Î<Œ^Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ

„¬î}ì …Õ q ÇO Ç° ‰×~¡}ì•†Ç¶xß ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð_•.ïH.Hêö~Þ‰×Ãkœ L^•Î¼=°O ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’ä›½_È° Ð Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°ä›½ |°O Í…˜YO_£ …Õ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO=‚²ìOz#k Ð Mì<£ |‚¬ì Î¶~ŸMì<£ä›½Hê L^•Î¼=°O ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# ã‡•O ÇO Ð „¬O*ìƒ˜1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°ä›½ <Œ=°=¶ã Ç„¬ô <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È°Ð<Œ<Œª•Ì‚ìƒ

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar11

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ¥~¡°• #°O_• _••bÁx [~òOz# ãa\©+¹Jk•Hêi Ð *ì<£ xH›••<£1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°ä›½ _••bÁ…Õ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO =‚²ìOz#kÐ ƒ•’H±ë Mì<£=ò‹²ÁO•ä›½ ã„¬`Í¼H› x†³¶[H›=~Œ¾•° öH\ì~òOz#kÐ1909 q°O\Õ =¶ö~Á ‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}•°WO_•†Ç°<£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ `Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO H›ey# =¼H÷ëÐ‹¬°ö~Oã Î<Œ Š£ ƒÿ#sû=°ã ¥‹¹ =°‚¬ð[# ‹¬ƒ•’ ª•Ö„¬# Ð1884…Õ‚¬ð~Ÿ ä›½ã@ öH‹¬°…Õ LitH›Æä›½ Q®°ï~á#k Ð ƒ•’Q® Ÿ‹²OQ·,~Œ*˜Q®°~¡°, ‹¬°M˜ Í"£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç*ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ä›½ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOz# ùeãa\©+¹ =¼H÷ë Ð *ì~Ÿû †Çü…˜‹¬Þ~Œ*˜ J<Í „¬ ¥xß "³ò Î@ "Œ_•#k Ð ^ Î†Ç¶#O Î‹¬~¡‹¬ÞuQ® Î~Ÿ ‡•s“ ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð …ì…ì‚¬ì~¡ Î†Ç¶…˜Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç =ò‹²ÁObQ· ª•Ö„¬# Ð1906*ìf†Ç° "Œ Î L^•Î¼=°O…Õ ã„¬=òY ‡•ã Ç =‚²ìOz#k†³¶|O £ „¬O_• Ç°_È° Ð z~ŒQ· PbP^•Î°xH› ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× ã„¬ ŠÎ=° ~Œ[huAý_È°Qê ã„¬‹²kœ ÐQË‡••H›$+¬â QËY…è•O_È<£ÐWO_•†Ç°<£ ªÚÌ‹á\©x ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð ^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ°<ñ~ËrU <Í+¬<£ W<£ k "Í°H÷OQ· J<Í ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò ÇÐ‹¬°ö~Oã^Î<Œ^Š£ ƒÿ#sûÌ„i†Ç¶~ŸQê ã„¬‹²kœ K³Ok#k Ð ~Œ=°ª•Þq°<Œ†Ç°H›~Ÿ=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O öQ†Ç°O Q®• ãQ®O^ŠÎO Ð P#O £ =°~”ŸQ® Î~Ÿ ‡•s“ ª•Ö„¬# Ð1913u•H± #° ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° J‰§Ou„² ÇQê =iâOz#kÐ"Œ…ÿO>ÿØ<£ z~Ë…˜†ÇòQêO Ç~Ÿ J<Í q„¬Á= ‹¬O‹¬Ö#° ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð [u<£=òYsû‹¬Þ~Œ[¼O <Œ [#à‚¬ìä›½ø Jx u•H± ã„¬H›\÷Oz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1916*ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ Ju"Œ Î, q° Ç"Œ Î =~Œ¾•°Qê pe#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1907

ƒÿ<Œ~¡‹¹ ä›½ã@ öH‹¬°…Õ †Ç¶=rû= Hê~ŒQê~¡ tH›Æä›½Q®°ï~á#k Ð ‹¬pOã Î ‹¬<Œ¼…˜J|°… H›…ìO P*ì £ ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# „¬ãuH› Ð J…˜‚²ì…ì…˜ƒÿOQê…˜ qƒ•’[# ~¡ Î°œ KÍ‹²# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð…ì~ŸÛ ‚¬ðiÛO*˜"³ò^Î\÷ ~ÒO_£ >è|°…˜ ‹¬=¶"Í‰× Hê•O…Õ ãa\©+¹"³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ WiÞ<£kÞ‹¬ƒ•ì q^•¥<ŒxH÷ „¬ô<Œk "Í‹²# KÇ@“O Ð 1919ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ Ju"Œ Î =~¡¾ <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° Ðƒì•Q®OQê Î~Ÿ u•H±Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H÷ª•<£ k#O Ð Uã„²…˜ 1ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ P^•Î°xH› HêiàH› ‹¬O„¦¬°OÐJ‚¬ìà^¥ƒì £ HêiàH› ‹¬O„¦¬°O„¬î~¡â ‹¬Þ~Œ*˜ f~Œà#O ZH›ø_È P"³¶kOKÇ|_•#k Ð…ì‚¬ìÙ~ŸÌ‹á=°<£ H›g°+¬<£ #° =¼uö~H÷Oz# =ò‹²ÁO <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Ð=°‚¬ìà £ Jb l<Œßƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ =°‚²ìˆì J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° ÐJxaÌ‹O\˜<Œä›½ ~¡H›ëO W=ÞO_• <Í#° g°ä›½ ‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç¼ Wª•ë#° Ð‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹1937 …Õ ã‡• ŠÎq°H› ‚¬ìä›½ø•Ì„á f~Œà}ìxß *ìf†Ç°HêOãïQ‹¹ ã„¬u‡•kOz# ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O Ð H›~Œp=°‚¬ð`ŒàQêOn• J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOz# *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹‹¬=¶"Í‰×O Ð ƒÿ…ì¾"£° (1924)J~¡aO £„¦¬°Õ+¹ ª•Ö„²Oz# q„¬Á= „¬ãuH› Ð ‹¬Þ~Œ[¼QêOn•r ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO Ð KÇO‡•~¡<£J•‚¬ðƒì £ …Õ Ì‹á=°<£H›g°+¬<£ =¼uö~H› ã„¬ Î~¡Å#ä›½<Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO =‚²ìOz#k Ð [=‚¬ì~Ÿ…ì…˜<³ã‚¬ú•O_È<£ …Õ WO_•†Ç¶ ‚¬ìº* #° ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð ‰§¼OrH›$+¬â=~¡àd…ì„¦¬ Ÿ L^•Î¼=°O ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1919‹¬‚¬ð†Ç° x~ŒH›~¡}Ë Î¼=°O [iy#„¬ôæ_È° ãa\©+¹ WO_•†Ç¶"³áã‰§†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ K•Í"£°• „¦¬~ŸÛ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç° x~ŒH›~¡}Ë Î¼=°O ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1920, PQ®‹¬°“ 1

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar12

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H›=ü¼x‹¬°“ ‡•s“ Ð †Ç°O.†Ç°<£.~Œ†Ÿ°WO_•Ì„O_³<£• …è|~Ÿ ‡•s“ Ð a.P~Ÿ.JOƒè Îø~ŸH©ië H÷ª•<£ ‡•s“ Ð ªé‚¬ì<£‹²OQ·*Õ+²ï~"³•¶¼+¬#s H›=ü¼x‹¬°“ ‡•s“ Ð ªé"Í°Oã^Î<Œ^Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~ŸWO_•†Ç°<£ _³ás ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð _È|¶Á¼‹² ƒÿ#sûWOH÷Þ…ìƒ˜ ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹WO_•†Ç°<£ ‡•e\÷H±• ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò ÇÐ =¶O>èQ·k WO_•†Ç°<£ ã‹¬“Q®°…˜ ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð Q®°…ìO ‚¬•À‹•<£=°‚¬ð`ŒàQêOn• *ìf†³¶ Î¼=° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È°QêPq~¡Ä•qOz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð1916‚²ìO Î¶ ‹¬Þ~Œ*˜ Ð =°‚¬ð ŒàQêOn•WO_•†Ç¶ _•"³á_³_£ Ð ~Œ*èOã Î ã„¬ª• £WO_•†Ç¶ q<£• ã„¦Ô_È"£° Ð J|°…˜ H›…ìO P*ì £Î g…˜ P„¦¹ ‚²ì‹¬“s Ð ~Œ=°à<Ë‚¬ì~Ÿ …Õ‚²ì†Ç¶

"Œ~Œœ ã„¬}ìoH› ÍxH÷ ‹¬O|Ok•Oz#k Ð ã‡• ŠÎq°H› q Î¼Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç =ò‹²ÁO bQ· ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð PQêMì<£ÎO_• ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1930,

Uã„²…˜ 7‡¦•~¡Þ~ŸÛ ƒìÁH± ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹k WO_•†Ç°<£ =ò‹¬…ìà<£ ãQ®O ŠÎ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç Ð qe†Ç°O‚¬ìO@~Ÿ‡•¼i‹¹ …Õ =O Í=¶ Ç~¡O „¬ãuH›ä›½ ‹¬O‡• ÎH› ÇÞO=‚²ìOz#k Ð "Í°_ÈO Hê=¶…ì…ì •[„¬u~Œ†Ÿ° =°~¡}÷Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡OÐ1928,#=O|~Ÿ 71919…Õ Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç d…ì„¦¬ Ÿ ‹¬ Î‹¬°•ä›½ ZxßïHá#kÐ=°‚¬ð ŒàQêOn•‚¬ìO@~Ÿ H›g°+¬<£ Ð 1835L_£• x"ÍkH› Ð 1854"Í°Hê…ÿ x"ÍkH› Ð 1882ª•~¡ûO\˜ ã„¬}ìoH› Ð 1944ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ kÞ*ìu ‹² ¥œO`ŒxH÷ „¬ô<Œk "Í‹²#k Ð=°‚¬ìà £ Jb l<ŒßJd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç †Çò=[# HêOãïQ‹¹ ª•Ö„¬#Ð 1928=¼H÷ë ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO…Õ ‡•…ç¾#ß "³ò Î\÷ =¼H÷ë Ð q<Ëƒ•ìƒì"ÍH›=ü¼#…˜ J"Œ~¡°Û ã„¬H›@# Ð 1932

P*ì £ ‚²ìO £ ‡¦Ï*˜ =°‚²ìˆì qƒ•ìQ® <Œ†Ç°ä›½~Œ•° Ð•H©ÆàÌ‹‚¬ìQ®…˜_È° P~Ÿ _³á x<Œ Îq°zó#k Ð =°‚¬ð ŒàQêOn•K•Ç…Õ _••bÁ x<Œ ÎOÐ ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹qƒ•’lOKÇ° ‡•eOKÇ° x<Œ ÎO Ð =°‚¬ìà £ Jb l<Œß*ÿá ["Œ<£, *ÿá H÷ª•<£ Ð …ì…˜ |‚¬ì Î¶~Ÿ ‰§ã‹²ë.ãa@+¹"ŒiH÷ =¼uö~H›OQê K³•ö~y# `ùe u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° -ƒì~¡H±„¬î~Ÿ u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°‹¬Þ Íj†Çò•ä›½ =¼uö~H›OQê "Í~ùH› ‹¬Þ Íj ‹¬Oª•ë<Œn‰×Ã•#°ã„¬†³¶yOKÍ ‹² ¥œO`ŒxH÷ ~¡¶„¬H›•æ# KÍ‹²#"Œ~¡° -‹¬~¡*ì<£…ìï~<£•.D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h ‹¬Þ~¡¶‡•xß =¶ió# "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷KÇ@“O - ï~Q®°¼…è\÷OQ· KÇ@“O 1773=O Í=¶ Ç~¡O L Î¼=°O ‹¬O Î~¡ÄOQê H› ì‰§• #°O_•|‚²ì+¬øiO„¬|_•# L‡•^•¥¼†Ç° tH›Æ} ‡ÚO Î° Ç°#ß q^¥¼iœ-Qê_•KÇ~¡Á ‚¬ìi‹¬~ËÞ Çë=°~Œ=ô.Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì Î° À‹“\˜ HêOãïQ‹¹#° ª•Ö„²Oz#k - ª•Þq°~Œ=¶#O Îf~¡Öƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ kÞ‹¬ƒ•ì q^•¥#O ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„@“|_•# KÇ@“O -ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ KÇ@“O, 1919ã„¬„¬OKÇ =°`Œ• =°‚¬ð‹¬ƒ•’ä›½ ‚¬ð[ï~á# ã„¬uxk• - ª•Þq°q"ÍHê#O Î (1893)ƒ•ì~¡ Ç*ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O POã •Î…Õ ùeª•iQê[iy# ã„¬ Í‰×O - q[†Ç°"Œ_È1913 …Õ ƒì„¬@Á…Õ [iy# "³ò Î\÷ POã •Î=°‚¬ð‹¬ƒ•’‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOzOk - a.†Ç°<£.‰×~¡àKÇO Î°ië †Çò ÎœO [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O - 1758H›OÌ„h „¬i‡••#ä›½ =òO Î° NHêä›½ ×O U „¬iã‰×=°ä›½ã„¬‹²kœ K³Ok†ÇòO_³#° - =ò‹²Á<£|@“‹¬~Ÿ Š¥=°‹¹ =°ã<Ë KÇx‡é~ò# ‹¬Ö•O - „¬uëHùO_È1724 #°O_• 1948 =~¡ä›½ Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì £#° ‡•eOz#~Œ[=O‰×=ò - P‹¬„¦¹*ì‚²ì1751 #°O_• 1758 =~¡ä›½ ãÌ„¦Oz "Œi |•=ò#°Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì Î°…Õ ‹²Ö~¡„¬~¡z# À‹<Œ <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° - |°‹Ô•D‹¹“ WO_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h „¬i‡••#…Õ z=i Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…- HêxOQ·

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar13

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

WO_•†Ç°<£ <Í+¬#… HêOãïQ‹¹ ã„¬ ŠÎ=° J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° -_È|°Á¼.‹².ƒÿ#sûÎH÷Æ} Í‰×„¬ô D‰×Þ~¡KÇOã Î q^¥¼ª•Q®~Ÿ Jx ã„¬‹²kœQêOz#

‹¬O„¦¬°‹¬O‹¬ø~¡ë - H›O Î°ä›•i gö~‰×eOQ®OƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[# - 1905WO_•†Ç°<£ <Í+¬#…˜ HêOãïQ‹¹ HË‹¬O ãu=~¡â „¬ ŒH›=ò#°~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# "Œ~¡° - „²OQ®o "³OH›†Ç°¼1938…Õ Lª•àx†Ç¶ †Çüx=iÅ\©…Õ ‚²ìO Î¶ q^¥¼~¡°œ•°ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ~Œ[H©†Ç° L Î¼=°=ò U À„~¡°`Ë „²eKŒ~¡°- =O Í=¶ Ç~¡O L Î¼=°O.POã^•Î ~ŒR„¬ô "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ =òY¼=°Oãu - \÷.ã„¬Hê‰×O‹².~Œ[QË‡••KŒi ª•Ö„²Oz# ~Œ[H©†Ç° ‡•s“-‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç¼‡•s“.P~¡¼ ‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° - Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þuƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° - Z.F.‚¬ú¼"£°'w`Œ ~¡‚¬ì‹¬¼OÑ Z=~¡° ~¡zOKŒ~¡° - ƒì•Q®OQê^•Î~Ÿ u•H±NƒìQ· X„¬æO ÎO - POã •Î - ~Œ†Ç°•‹Ô=° ã‡•O`Œ•<Œ†Ç°ä›½• =°^•Î¼ X„¬æO ÎO (1937 #=O|~Ÿ 16)POã •Î…Õ „¬ Îà<Œƒ•’ †Çò ÎœO [iy# ‹¬O= Çæ~¡O - 1794ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‹¬OãQê=° ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ POã •Î…Õ „¬#°ß• x~ŒH›~¡}L Î¼=°O…Õ ‹¬O|O^•ÎO L#ß ã„¬ Í‰×O-Ì„ Î#Ok‡•_È°‚¬ìÙ"£°~¡¶…˜ L Î¼=° H›~¡ë Z=~¡° - JxaÌ‹O\˜1935 ƒ•ì~¡ Ÿ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ KÇ@“O…Õx =òMì¼O‰×O - ~Œã‘•“•‹¬Þ†Ç°O ã„¬u„¬uë~Œ†Ç°…˜ WO_•†Ç°<£ <ñHê Î ×O…Õ u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O - 1946Ç°~Œƒì*˜Mì<£ä›½ WH›ø_È [iy# 1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°…Õ

‹¬O|O^•Î=ò#ßk - Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì £.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ãa\©+¹ „¬i‡••#ä›½ „¬ô<Œk"Í‹²# †Çò ÎœO- ‡•Á‹Ô†Çò ÎœO1905 ‹¬OII †³òH›ø ã‡•=òY¼ Ç Uq°\÷ - ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[#KñsKñ~¡ ‹¬O„¦¬°@# †³òH›ø ã‡•=òY¼ Ç -‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°x~ŒH›~¡}Ë Î¼=¶xH÷ ‹¬Þ‹²ë.ƒ•’Q®=n¾ Ç#° "³ò Î\÷ª•i POQ®ÁO…ÕH÷ J#°=kOz#"Œ~¡°- KŒï~Á‹¹ q•ø<£•.

|OH÷OKÇOã^Î †³òH›ø P#O^Î=°~”¡O #=• ^ÍxxL…èÁd‹¬°ëOk - ‹¬<Œ¼‹² u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°'h…˜ Î~¡æ<£ Ñ ~¡KÇ~ò Ç - n#|O^•Î°q°ã Ç[e†Ç°<£"Œ…ì ƒìQ· q‘•^¥O Ç„¬ô „¦¬°@#ä›½ ã„¬uKÇ~¡¼QêÇ# †³¶^•Î ÇÞ„¬ô ‚¬ìÙ^¥#° =k…è‹²#"Œ~¡° - ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ.

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼O ‡ÚOk#„¬C_È° WOQêÁO_È°…Õã„¬ •¥xQê =ô#ß =¼H÷ë - J\©Á.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ‚¬ì Ç¼ä›½ Q®°i†³Ø° KÇx‡é~ò# XöH XH› "³áã‰§†Ÿ°Z=~¡° - "Í°†³¶ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ôãa\©+¹ WO_•†Ç¶ q^¥¼ q+¬†Ç¶xH÷ ‹¬O|Ok•Oz#Ju=òY¼"³°Ø# q=~¡} „¬ã ÇO - KŒï~“‹¹ =ô_£• _•ª•æKŸ.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ë¼ Î=° Hê•O…Õ 'DD or DieÑ J<ÍkXH› J Ç¼O Ç ‰×H÷ë=O Ç"³°Ø# ªéÁQ®<£. nxx ‹¬$+²»Oz#k -QêOn•r.H÷Þ\˜ WO_•†Ç¶ f~Œà#=ò 8 PQ®+¬μ“, 1942# ZH›ø_ÈKÍ†Ç°|_•Ok - ƒçOƒì~ò…Õƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã`Ë Î¼=° Hê•O…Õ Í‰×ã^Ë‚¬ì <Í~¡O Ì„áZã~¡HË@ …Õx Ì‹áxH› <Œ¼†Ç°ª•Ö#O…Õ qKŒiOKÇ|_•#WO_•†Ç°<£ <Í+¬#…Psà Jk•Hê~¡°•° - ‘•#"Œ*Mì<£,l.†Ç°‹¹.kŠ…ìÁ<£ =°i†Çò ãÀ„"£°Ì‹‚¬ìQ®…˜ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ä›½ QêOn• Zxß=¶~¡°Á J^•Î¼ä›Æ½xQêL<Œß~¡° - XöHª•i (1942, ƒÿ…ì¾O)H›O Î°ä›•i gö~‰×eOQ®O U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ „¬~¡=°„¬kOKŒ~¡°- 1919^¥^¥ƒì~ò <ñsl U ãQ®O^•ÎO…Õ Ç# 'ã_³~ò<£ P„¦¹"³…ë‹² ¥œO`Œxß ã„¬u‡•kOKŒ~¡° - ‡•=s“ JO_£ P<£ ãa\©+¹~¡¶… W<£ WO_•†Ç¶PeO_•†Ç¶ _•ãÌ„Ì‹_£ HêÁÌ‹‹¹ Ì„¦_Èö~+¬<£#° ª•Ö„²Oz#"Œ~¡°- Z"£°.ïH.QêOk•.Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì Î° À‹“@° ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•#k - ãH©.‰×.1724[=‚¬ì~Ÿ…ì…˜<³ã‚¬• ã„¬ ¥xQê „¬x KÍ‹²# WO\©i†Ç°Oã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO…ÕJ|°…˜ H›…ì"£° P*ì £ =°OãuQê x~¡Þ‚²ìOz#‰§Y - q Î¼QêOn• <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO…Õx ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò• ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç¶~¡ÖOQË‡••H›$+¬âQËY…è#° ÎH÷Æ} Pã„¦²Hêä›½ „¬O„²# "³áãª•~ò -‚¬ðiÛO* ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar14

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

S.‹².Z‹¹.…Õ ãa\©+¬μ ‹¬ƒ•’°¼•ä›½, ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° ‹¬ƒ•’°¼•ä›½ ‹¬=¶#ã‡•u„¬kH›#° ãa\©+¬μ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ ã„¬u‡•kOz# Ík -b H›q°+¬<£Í‰× qƒ•’[# c*ì•° H›ey =ô#ß =ò‹²ÁO bQ· =¼=ª•Ö„¬#

Z„¬C_È°, ZH›ø_È [iyOk - _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ 1906, _•¨Hê…Õãa\©+¹ "ŒiH÷ =¼uö~H›OQê ‡é~Œ_• 1909…Õ •O_È<£…ÕÌ„O@<£ q…˜ *ÿá•°…Õ Lif†Ç°|_•# *ìf†Ç° g~¡°_È° -=° Î<£…ì…˜ kOãQê.WOQ®ÁO_£…Õ Ç#°=ô KŒeOz ãa‹¬“…˜…Õx P~Ëß‹¹ "Í~Ÿ‹¬à‰§#"Œ\÷H›…Õ „¬î_Èó|_•# Qù„¬æ P^•Î°xH› ƒ•ì~¡ Ç „¬ôã Ç°_È°- ~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ°.1906…Õ H›~¡û<£ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô KÍ‹²# ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[#ä›½=¼uö~H›OQêL"³Þ Ç°ë# …èz# ã„¬*ìL Î¼=¶xH÷ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO=‚²ìOz# ³=~¡° - ‹¬°ö~Oã^Î<Œ^Š£ ƒÿ#sû.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Q®_ÈÛÌ„á ã„¬ ŠÎÇ=°OQê J_È°y_•# †Çü~Ë„²†Ç°#°Á -‡é~¡°ów‹¬°"Œ~¡°.1799 <Œ•¾= POQËÁ - "³°Ø‹¬¶~Ÿ †Çò ÎœO…Õ \÷„¬ôæ ‹¬°…ìë<£#°F_•Oz "³°Ø‹¬¶~¡°#° PãH›q°Oz# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ -…ì~ŸÛ"³•Á‹ÔÁƒ•ì~¡ Ç ‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‡é~Œ@ Hê•O…Õ ã„¬KÇ°iOKÇ|_•# "Œ~Œë„¬ãuH›•…Õ Íj†Ç° ƒ•ì+¬…Õ ã„¬KÇ°iOKÇ|_•# „¬ãuH› - öH‹¬i19= ‰× Œ|íO…Õ ãïHá‹¬ë= q°+¬#s ã„¬ƒ•ì=O #°O_• ‚²ìO Î¶=°`Œxß ~¡H÷ÆOKÍO Î°ä›½ 'ã|‚¬ìà}Ÿ À‹<Œk J<Í ãƒì‚¬ìà}¼„¬ãuH›#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz KÇiã Ç ã„¬‹² Î°œ_³á# *ìf†Ç°<Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° - ^Í"ÍOã^Î<Œ^Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ.HêOãïQ‹¹ Pq~ŒÄ•"ŒxH÷ „¬î~¡Þ"Í° 1876…Õ<Í ƒÿ#sû =°i†ÇòP#O Î"³¶‚¬ì<£ ƒÕ‹¹•°ª•Ö„²Oz# ã„¬=òY"³°Ø# *ìf†Ç°=¼=‹¬Ö - WO_•†Ç°<£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ P„¦¹ H›•H› Œëƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×„¬ô ~Œ[^•¥x H›•H› Œë #°O_• _••bÁH÷ =¶ö~óO Î°ä›½ã„¬u‡•kOz# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ - ï~O_È= ‚¬ðiÛO* ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô1956 …Õ [=‚¬ì~Ÿ…ì…˜ <³ã‚¬ú <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO…Õ U~¡æ_•#WO\©i†Ç°O ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO…Õ Q®$‚¬ì=°OãuQê „¬xKÍ‹²# ³=~¡°- ‹¬~Œí~Ÿ =•Áƒ•ì~ò „¬ö~”….POã^•Î…Õ Z=i <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO…Õ ‚¬ìÙO ~¡¶…˜ L Î¼=° ‰§Y•°ã‡•~¡Oa•OKÇ|_ Û~ò - Qê_•K³~¡Á ‚¬ìi‹¬~ËÞ Çë=°~Œ=ô

1891 HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O…Õ ³•°Q®°"Œ_³á# P#O^¥KŒ~¡°¼•°J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOz#k- <ŒQ®„¬î~Ÿ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O

1798…Õ "³•Á‹ÔÁ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# Ì‹á#¼ ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡ „¬ ÎœuxJOwH›iOz# ã„¬ ŠÎ=° Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì Î° x*ì=ò-x*ìOJbMì<£.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ, ‡•‰§ó Ç¼ q^¥¼ q^•¥#=òä›½ =¶QêßHê~Œ“=O\÷k Jx K³„¬CHË ÎQ®¾k - _•ª•æKŸ P„¦¹ KŒï~Á‹¹ L_£.=°‚¬ð~ŒR…Õ ã‡•~¡œ# ‹¬=¶*˜ x~Œà}=ò#ä›½ =òY¼H›~¡ë -†Ç°O.l.~¡#_Í.'QË ƒì¼H± @° "Í ¥‹¹/ "Í Î=ò•ä›½ "³ ×¤O_• J#° ^•Î~¡à‹¬¶ã Ç=ò#° ã„¬u‡•kOz#k - =ü…‰×OH›~Ÿ.Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H›~¡ÂH± ‹¬O‹¬Ö Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H÷ª•<£ ‹¬ƒ•’#°"³ò@“"³ò Î@ ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬OII - 1936.ãHù ÇëQê_••bÁ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×=ò#ä›½ ~Œ[^•¥x J~ò# ‹¬OII-1911~Œ*ì¼k•„¬uKÍ ƒÿOQê… ã„¬ •¥# <Œ¼†Ç°ª•Ö#=ò U~Œæ@°QêqO„¬|_•# ‹¬OII - 1774U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡=ò…Õ QêOn•r ãH÷†Ç¶j•H›=òQê ~Œ[H©†Ç°~¡OQ®O…ÕH÷ =K³ó#° - 1919#=O|~¡° 16, 1937…Õ ä›½ Î°~¡°óHù#ß 'NƒìQ· X„¬æO ÎOÑ"Í\÷ =°^•Î¼ [iy#k - POã •Î - ~Œ†Ç°•‹Ô=°~¡O‡• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# Hê•=ò - 1922-1924~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ° ª•Ö„²Oz# Hù Çë=° Ç ‹¬O‹¬Öã|‚¬ìà‹¬ƒ•’, Ç~¡°"Œ Ç Hê•=ò…Õ ã|‚¬ìà ‹¬=¶*QêÀ„~ùOkOk,U~Œæ>ÿØ# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡=ò - 1829.‹¬Þ Íj L Î¼=°=ò#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k - JxaÌ‹O\˜"³¶‡•Á u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° 1921…Õ [iy# ã„¬ Í‰×=ò - öH~¡ ×q°`Ç"Œ^Î°• <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Z=~¡° - QËY…è'_••bÁ K•Ç…ÕÑ J#° „²•°„¬ô#° Wzó#k - ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹QêOn•r ÎH÷Æ} Pã„¦²Hê…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ª•i ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO#°ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O - 1906.[‚¬ìOw~¡° ~Œ[ª•Ö<Œxß ‹¬O ÎiÅOz# POöQÁ†Ç° =~¡ëä›½xÀ„~¡° - ‹¬~Ÿ •¥=°‹¹ ~ËU Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ _¨ãH÷“<£ P„¦¹ …ì¼À„• `Ë ‹¬O|O^•¥xßH›ey =ô<Œß_È° - _È…ºÝ‹Ô

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar15

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

=ò‹ÔÁO bQ· ã„¬ Ç¼H›Æ Hê~Œ¼KÇ~¡} k#OQê ‡•\÷Oz# Ín -PQ®+¬μ“ 16, 1946.~ŒR HêOãïQ‹¹ <Œ†Ç°ä›½•° H›~¡¶ß…˜ ‹¬~¡°ø¼•~Ÿ #° q_È°^Î•KÍ‹²# ‹¬O Î~¡Ä•O - H÷Þ\ WO_•†Ç¶ L Î¼=°OJ"³°iHê…Õ kŠ†³¶ª•„¦²H›…˜ ªÚÌ‹á\©x ª•Ö„²OzOk - "Í°_ÈOƒìÁ=\©ø•, P…ìø\ƒçaÄe †Çò ÎœO [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O - 1757³<Œe ƒìO|° Ja•†³¶QêxH÷ Íx`Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO =ôOk -

=O Í=¶ Ç~¡O L Î¼=°OP*ì £ ‚²ìO £ ‡¦Ï* ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°ØOk - ‹²OQ®„¬î~ŸÇ ÇÞƒÕk•x ‹¬=¶*#° ã‡•~¡Oa•OzOk - Í"ÍOã Î<Œ •£~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ

ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[# L„¬‹¬O‚¬ìiOKÇ°ä›½#ß ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O - 1911=°‚¬ð`ŒàQêOn• "ŒiÂH› HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬ƒ•’ä›½ XöH XH›ª•iJ^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOKŒ~¡°. Z„¬C_È° - ƒÿ…ì¾O, 1924.JxaÌ‹O\˜ U ª•O„¦²°H›, =° Ç‹¬O‹¬Ö Ë ‹¬O|O^•ÎO H›ey=ôO_Ík - k•†³¶ªé„¦²H›… ªÚÌ‹á\©ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰§xß ƒ•ì~¡ Ç-‡•H÷ª•ë<£ _ùq°x†Ç°<£Qê qƒ•’lOKŒ•xã„¬u‡•kOz# ã„¬}ìoH› - =°¿O\˜ ƒì@<£ ª•Á#°.~Œ[^•¥xx H›•H› Œë #°O_• _••bÁH÷ =¶ö~ó ã„¬u‡• Î##° KÍ‹²#Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Z=~¡° - ï~O_È= ‚¬ðiÛO* ã„¬ƒ•’°=ôƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ‚¬ì Ç¼ä›½ Q®°ï~á# XöH XH› "³áã‰§~ò -"Í°†³¶ã„¬ƒ•’°=ôZ=ix n•#|O^•Î° Qê À„~ùøO\ì~¡° - ‹².Z„¦¹.POã_È¶‹¹.1857 ‹²‡•~ò• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ã„¬ã„¬ •Î=°OQê ZH›ø_Èã‡•Oƒ•’"³°ØOk - g°~¡\˜~Œ†Ç°•‹Ô=° ï~"³#¶¼ q^•¥#=ò - =°ã<ËQË^¥=i P#H›@“ ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# "Œ~¡° - ‹¬~Ÿ P~¡ÖÛ~Ÿ Hê@<£WOwÁ+¬μ - ³•°Q®° x„¦¬°O@°=ô ~¡¶‡ÚOkOz# "Œ~¡° -ãƒº<£a„²<£ KÇOã Î‡•…˜ POã^•Î…Õ „¬~¡¼\÷Oz# ‹¬OII - 1907H›$‘•â„¬ãuH› ª•Ö„¬ä›½•° - HùO_¨ "³OH›@„¬æ†Ç°¼„¬#°ß• ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç° x~ŒH›~¡} ã‡•O Ç=ò - Ì„ Î#Ok‡•_È°H÷Þ\˜ WO_•†Ç¶ L^Î¼=°O…Õ U ï~ á… èÞ À‹ “+ ¬< £#°

ÇQ®•ƒÿ@““|_•#k - ³<ŒeÌ‚áì Î~Œƒì £…Õ ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‹¬=°~¡O…Õ ‡•…ç¾#ß"Œ~¡° -=¶_È‡•\÷ ‚¬ì#°=°O Ç~Œ=ô

NƒìQ· J#Qê - ïH.<ŒöQ‰×Þ~¡~Œ=ô W•°Áq"ÍH› =iœxx ª•Ö„²Oz# "Œ~¡° - H›O Î°ä›•ip~Œ• - À„~Œ• L^Î¼=°O x~¡Þ‚²ìOz#k - ^Î°y¾~Œ•QË‡••H›$+¬â†Ç°¼Ì„ Î#Ok‡•_È° L Î¼=° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° -„¬~¡Þ Ç<Íx g~¡†Ç°¼Kñ Îiã„¬u"Œ Î ƒ•’†Ç°OHê~ŒKŒi - HêH÷<Œ_È ƒìO|°öH‹¬°'WO_•†Ç¶ q<£• ã„¦Ô_È"£°Ñ ãQ®O^•Î ~¡KÇ~ò Ç - =°¿…ì<Œ P*ì £' ÎO_•Ñ †Ç¶ã Ç [iy# ~ËA - 12 =¶ió 1930.ï~O_Ë ~ÒO_£ >è|°…˜ ‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹#°O_• ‚¬ð[ï~á# XöH XH› ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È° - =°‚¬ð ŒàQêOn•Ç¶~¡°æ WO_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h _³áï~H›“~¡Á #°O_• ãa\©+¬μ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×‡••##° ‹ÔÞH›iOz# ‹¬OII - 1858ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ KÇiã Ç#° ~¡zOz#k - ƒÕQ®~ŒA„¬\ì“a•‹Ô Œ~Œ=°†Ç°¼ÎO_• †Ç¶ã Ç [iy# ~ËA - 12 =¶ió 1930

ƒÿOQê…˜…Õ Ju=òY¼"³°Ø# ãÌ„¦Oz ª•Ö=~¡O - KÇOã Î<ŒQ®¶~ŸHêtO|*ì~Ÿ…Õx POöQÁ†Ç° ‡¦•¼H›“ix Z=~¡° „¬@°“Hù<Œß~¡°- g°~Ÿ L^ñí…ìƒÿOQê…, a‚¬ð~Ÿ, Xiª•••…Õ "Œ¼‡•~¡=ò KÍ†Çò@ä›½ D‹¹“WO_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„hH÷ xiÞ"Œ Î"³°Ø# ‚¬ìä›½ø#° Wzó# ³=~¡°- „¦¬~¡¶H± ‹²†Ç¶~Ÿ."³…ÿÁ‹ÔÁ Ì‹á#¼ ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡ X„¬æO Î=ò#° JOwH›iOz# "³ò Î\÷‹¬Þ Íj ‹¬Oª•Ö#=ò - Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì £ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× ã|‚¬ìà ‹¬=¶[O ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° - öH‰×"£ KÇOã ÎÀ‹<£~Œ[¼ ‹¬Oã=°} ‹² ¥œO ÇO ã„¬Hê~¡O _È…ºÝ‹² 1848…Õ ª•Þn•#OKÍ‹¬°Hù#ß ‹¬Oª•Ö#O - ‹¬ Œ~¡‹¬~Ÿ KŒï~Á‹¹ L_£ q^Î¼ Q®°iOz `Ç# ã„¬Mì¼`Ç x"ÍkH›„¬O„²#„¬ô_È°ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡… Z=~¡°- _È…ºÝ‹²ãH›"Í°} Ì‹á#¼O ã„¬ ¥# Hê~Œ¼•†Ç¶xß ‹²=¶Áä›½ =¶ió#Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Z=~¡° - _È…ºÝ‹²•HËß…Õ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO =‚²ìOzO ³=~¡°- ƒèQ®O ‚¬ìã[ Ÿ =°‚¬ì…˜=¶#"ŒoH÷ XöH =° Ç=ò, XöH ä›½•=ò XöH Í=ô_È°ÑÑ Jx„²•°„¬ô xzó# ^³=~¡°- N<Œ~Œ†Ç°} Q®°~¡°.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar16

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

_È…ºÝ‹²

‹¬†Ç°¼ £ J‚¬ìà £ Mì<£ä›½ ƒìQê W+¬“"³°Ø# Hê~¡¼ãH›=°O -P^•Î°xH› q Î¼ ã‡é Ç•‚²ìOKÇ°@''|‚²ì+¬ø$ Ç ƒ•ì~¡ ŸÑÑ J<Í ã„¬uH›#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Z=~¡°- a.P~Ÿ.JOƒè Îø~Ÿƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ U~¡æ_È°@ä›½ =¶~¡¾O KÇ¶„²#,HêOãïQ‹¹„¬ô@°“H›ä›½ ï~O_È° ‹¬O= Ç•~Œ• =òO Í =òO Î‹¬°ëQêxez#, =¶~¡¾ ÎiÅ†³Ø°# ~Œ[H©†Ç° J#°|O^•Î ‹¬O‹¬Ö Uk -WO_•†Ç°<£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[# †³òH›ø x["³°Ø# •Í¼†Ç°O - ƒÿOQê…˜…ÕL‡ÚæOQ®° Ç°#ß *ìf†Ç° ƒ•ì==ò#° J_È°ÛHù#°@Z=~¡° "³áã‰§†Ÿ°Qê L#ß„¬C_È° 1881…Õ "³ò Î\÷ ‡¦•¼H›“sKÇ@“O *ìs KÍ†Ç°|_•Ok - …ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£ÎO_• †Ç¶ã Ç#° ''~Œ=°KÇOã Î°_È° •OH›ä›½ KÍ‹²# KŒiã ÇH›

†Ç¶ã ÇÑÑ Jx Z=~¡° =iâOzi - JƒìÄ‹¹ `Œ¼cû=ò‹²ÁO•ä›½ ã„¬ Í¼H› x†³¶[H› Q®}=ò•° U KÇ@“O ^¥Þ~Œã„¬"Í‰× Ì„@“|_•#q - 1909 KÇ@“=ò‡•H÷ª•ë<£ J<Í T‚¬ìä›½ ÇOã_• Z=~¡° - ‹¬~Ÿ =°‚¬ì=°à £WHêÄ…˜ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ J^•Î¼H›Æ „¬ ÎqH÷ Z#°ßHË|_•# "³ò Î\÷S~Ë‡• *ìf†Çò_È°/*ìf†Çò~Œ•° - *ì~Ÿû†Çü…˜.ãa\©+¹ ‚¬ìº‹¹ P„¦¹ Hê=°<£•ä›½ ¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ër U ‡•s“\÷ïH\˜ g° Î ZxßH›~ò<Œ_È° - e|~¡… ‡•s“~Ò• Ÿ KÇ\ì“•° (1919) U ‚¬ìä›½ø#° ~¡ Î°í KÍÀ‹ Jk•Hê~Œxßã„¬ƒ•’°`ŒÞxH÷ Wzó#q - À‚ìa†Ç°‹¹ Hê~¡æ‹¹‹¬‚¬ð†Ç° x~ŒH›~¡} L Î¼=° Hê•O…Õ Ç=° <Œ¼†Ç°"Œ Î =$uëx=ke "Í‹²# W Îí~¡° =°‚¬ìh†Çò•° Z=~¡° - "³¶u…ì…˜<³ã‚¬• =°i†Çò ‹².P~Ÿ.^¥‹¹.=°•ƒì~Ÿ…Õ [iy# "³¶‡•Á q„¬Á==ò Íx ã„¬ƒ•ì=O =•#P~¡Oƒ•’=°~òOk - d…ì„¦¬ Ÿ L Î¼=°=ò„¬î~¡â ‹¬Þ~Œ[¼ f~Œà#O P"³¶kOz# 1929 ‹¬OII …ì‚¬ìÙ~Ÿ…Õ[iy# ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È°- [=‚¬ì~Ÿ…ì…˜ <³ã‚¬•J=°$`Ç |*ì~Ÿ „¬ ãuH›#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz<Œ~¡° -tt~Ÿä›½=¶~Ÿ„¦¬°Õ+¹''WOH÷Þ…ìƒ˜ lO^¥ƒì £Ñ J<Í x<Œ ÎO Z=~¡° ‹¬$+²“Oz<Œ~¡°- ƒ•’Q® Ÿ‹²OQ·

~¡gOã Î<Œ •£ ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ#° Q®°~¡° Í"£ Jx Z=~¡° ‹¬Oƒ•Õk•OKŒ~¡°- QêOn•r.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ †³°°H›ø "³°° Î\÷ POöQÁ†Ç° J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È°Z=~¡° Ð *ì~Ÿû†Çü…˜. 1784…Õ [iy# =°OQ® × ~¡° ‹¬Ok•`Ë U †Ç°° Îœ=°°=òy‹²#kÐ ï~O_È= "³°Ø‹¬¶~¡° †Ç°° Îœ=°°.pH›\÷ Q®k L ÎO Ç=°° ZH›ø_È [iyOk Ð H›•H›`Œë.=°ã^¥‹¬° ãÌ„‹²_³h•…Õ ï~á ŒÞs q^•¥<Œxß ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„@°“@ä›½Z=~¡° =°°Y¼OQê ƒì^•Î°¼•° Ð Š¥=°‹¹ =°ã<Ë.=°¶_È= "³°Ø‹¬¶~Ÿ †Ç°° ÎœO (1790-92) W Ç_È° Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ[=~¡…˜Qê L#ß„¬ôæ_È° [iyOk Ð …ì~ŸÛHê~Ÿß"Œb‹¹.H›•H› Œë =°ã^¥‹¹,ƒ¸Oƒì~°°•…Õ =°¶_È° q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç¶•°W Ç_• Hê•O…Õ ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•<Œ~°° Ð HêxOQ· ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.H›•H› Œë,ƒ¸Oƒì~°°,=°ã^¥‹¬°•…Õ Ì‚áìHË~¡°“•° W Ç_• Hê•O…Õª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•<Œ~°° Ð *ì<£…ìï~<£• ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.„¬î~¡â ‹¬Þ~Œ*˜ f~Œà#O Z„¬ôæ_È° KÍ†Ç°|_•Ok Ð 1929 ,…ìÌ‚ú~Ÿ HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O…Õ''‹¬ï~ÞO\• P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ ªéÌ‹á\© ÑÑ ª•Ö„²Oz# ³=~¡° ÐQË‡••H›$+¬â QËY…è.‹¬ Ç¼‰Õ^•ÎH± L Î¼=¶xß Z=~¡° ã‡•~¡Oa•OKŒ~¡° Ð*Õ¼u~Œ=ô„¬î…è.=°~Œs” „¬H›Æ „¬ãuH› |‚²ì+¬ø$ Ÿ ƒ•ì~¡ Ÿ#° Z=~¡°ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz<Œ~¡° Ð _¨.a.P~Ÿ.POƒè^Îø~Ÿ.ƒì~ËÛe ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ì=°° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_³=~¡° Ð ‹¬~Œí~Ÿ =•Áƒ•ì~°°„¬>è…˜.‹¬Þ Í‰×‹¬°Ö• q"Œ‚¬ì KÇ@“O (1872) *ìs JQ®°@ä›½ Z=~¡°ƒ•ì •Î°¼•° Ð öH‰×= KÇOã ÎÀ‹<£.'' ‹¬i‚¬ì Î°í QêOn ÑÑ Z=~¡° Ð Mì<£ J|°œ…˜ Q®Ç‡¦•~Ÿ Mì<£.ƒ¸Oƒì~°° #°O_• ~”Œ}ì =~¡ä›½, =°ã^¥‹¬° =°Oz J~¡Hùø}O=~¡ä›½ï~á•° =¶~¡¾=°°•° Z=i Hê•O…Õ xiàOKÇ|_³#° Ð_È…ºÝ‹Ô‰§‰×Þ Ç t‹¬°ë x~¡â†Ç°O „¬ Îœux ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“#k Z=~¡° ÐHê~Ÿß "Œe‹¹ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.„²\ WO_•†Ç¶ KÇ@“=°° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡=°° Ð 1784.~Œ[¼ ‹¬Oã=°} ‹² ¥O Ç=°° #° Z=~¡° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“i Ð _È…ºÝ‹Ô

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar17

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

1921 …Õ [iy# "³¶‡•Á u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° =°°Y¼OQê Íx=•Á[iyOk Ð PiÖH› ‹¬=°‹¬¼•°.KñsKñ~Œ ‹¬O„¦¬°@# U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ [iy#k Ð 1922HêOãïQ‹¹ d…ì„¦¬ Ÿ ‹¬Þ~Œ*˜ ‡•s“h Z=~¡° ª•Ö„²Oz<Œ~¡° Ðz Çë~¡O[<£ ¥‹¹ =°i†Ç°° "³¶f…ì…˜ <³ã‚¬ú.‚¬ìO@~Ÿ H›q°+¬<£#° ZO Î°ä›½ x†Ç°q°Oz<Œ~¡° Ð [e†Ç°<£"Œ…ìƒìQ· q‘• ÎO Q®°iOz qKŒiOKÇ°@ä›½.ïHá[~Ÿ-W-‚²ìO £ J<Í a~¡° Î° Z=iH÷zó<Œ~¡° Ð QêOn•rã‡•~¡Ö<Œ ‹¬=¶*˜#° Z=~¡° ª•Ö„²Oz<Œ~¡° Ð P`Œà~Œ"£°‡•O_È°~¡OQ®P ÇàQÒ~¡= L Î¼=° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Ð ~Œ=°ª•Þq° <Œ†Ç°H›~Ÿ.Pe„¦¬°~Ÿ L Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Z=~¡° Ð ‹¬~¡ ‹¬†Ç°¼ £P‚¬ìà £ Mì<£.•O_È<£…Õ D‹¹“ WO_•†Ç¶ P~¡¾<³á*è+¬<£#° ª•Ö„²Oz# ³=~¡°Ð ¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ°<ñ~Ër.W•Ä~Ÿ“ a…˜ q"Œ^ÎO Z=i Hê•O…Õ [iy#k Ð i„¬æ<£ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.''‡•=s“ PO_£ J<£ ãa\÷+¹ ~¡¶…˜ W<£ WO_•†Ç¶ ÑÑ #°ã"Œ‹²# ³=~¡° Ð ^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ër.'' J#°j•<£ ‹¬q°u ÑÑ J<Í ~¡‚¬ì‹¬¼ ‹¬O„¦¬°xß ª•Ö„²Oz# ³=~¡°Ð |sOã Î ä›½=¶~Ÿ „¦¬°Õ+¹ =°i†Ç°° J Çx J#°KÇ~¡°•°.Jb„¬î~Ÿ ä›½ã@ öH‹¬°`Ë ‹¬O|O^•Î=°°#ß =¼ä›½ë…ÿ=~¡° ÐJ~¡qO Î „¦¬°Õ+¹ =°i†Ç°° |sOã Î ä›½=¶~Ÿ „¦¬°Õ+¹.ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[# J=°•° [i„²# ~ËAÐ1905 PQ®+¬μ“ 16.

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹…Õ ‹¬¶~¡ Ÿ p•H› U ‹¬OII…Õ[iy#kÐ 1907.Hê=°<£ g…˜ J<Í "Œ~¡ „¬ãuH›#° =°i†Ç°° '#¶¼WO_•†Ç¶J<Í k# „¬ãuH›#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# ³=~¡° Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜.''WO_•†Ç¶ q<£• ã„¦Ô_È"£° ÑÑ J<Í „¬ô‹¬ëH›O ã"Œ‹²# ³=~¡° Ð=°¿…ì<Œ J|°…˜ H›…ìO P*ì £.1929 =¶ió…Õ „¬ ¥ß•°Q®° JO‰§•°Ñ J<Í ã„¬H›@# Z=~¡°KÍ‹²<Œ~¡° Ð =°‚¬ì=°à £ Pb l<Œß."Í"³…˜ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô Ç~¡°"Œ Ç "³áãª•†Ÿ° J~°°# ³=~¡° Ð =°¿O\˜ƒ•ì@<£ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.1942 ‹¬OII PQ®‹¹“…Õ H÷Þ\˜ WO_•†Ç¶ f~Œà#=°°#° ZH›ø_ÈP"³¶kOz ã„¬H›\÷Oz<Œ~¡° Ð ƒ¸Oƒì~°°.

HêOãïQ‹¹ J^•Î¼H›Æ „¬ Îqx J•OH›iOz# "³°° Î\÷ =°‚²ì ×Z=~¡° Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜.‹¬~ËÞ Î¡†Ç° J<Í „¬ô‹¬ëHêxß ã"Œ‹²#k Z=~¡° Ð [†Ç°ã„¬Hê‰˜<Œ~Œ†Ç°}P*ì £ ‚²ìO £‡¦Ï*˜ x ª•Ö„²Oz# ³=~¡° Ð ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹,1942ãa\÷+¹ "Œ¼‡•~¡°•° ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ Jq° ÇOQê "Œ¼‡•~¡~Œ~°°f•#° ‡ÚO ÍO Î°ä›½ ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O KÍ‹²Ok Z=~¡° ÐB~¡OQ®*è|°.1907 ‹¬¶~¡ Ÿ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O…Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹J Î¼ä›Æ½_•Qê ZxßïHá<Œ~¡° Ð ~Œ‹¹ a‚¬ðs „¦¬°Õ+¹.ã„¬=°°Y <Œ†Ç°ä›½•O`Œ Jï~‹¬“~°°# ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ H÷Þ\˜WO_•†Ç¶ L Î¼=¶xH÷ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO =‚²ìOzO ³=~¡° ÐJ~¡°}ì P‹¬„¦¹ Jb.|ˆì¤i ãïHá‹¬ë= ‹¬O„¦¬°O ã„¬ ŠÎ=° ³•°Q®° „¬ãuH›#°ã„¬KÇ°iOzOk ^¥x À„~¡° Ð ‹¬ Ç¼ Î¶ Ç.1857 ‹²‡•~°°• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°…Õ ‡•…Õ¾#ß@°“ K³„¬æ|_ÍÌ‚áì^¥~¡ƒì £ x*ì=°° Z=~¡° Ð J„¦¬û•°^ñí…ì.ãa\÷+¹ ‡•~¡Á"³°O\˜ä›½ ZxßïHá# ã„¬ã„¬ ŠÎ=° ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç°°_È° Ð^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ër.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ã„¬KÇ°iOz# ã„¬ ŠÎ=° „¬ãuH› Ð ƒÿOQê…˜ ïQl\˜.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰§xH÷ "³°°@“"³°° Î\÷ Q®=~¡ß~¡ [#~¡…˜ Ð "Œ~¡<£À‚ì‹²“OQ·•.ã‡•~¡Ö<Œ ‹¬=¶*ìxß ª•Ö„²Oz#"Œ~¡° Ð P`Çà~Œ"£°‡•O_È°~¡OQ®.P~¡¼ ‹¬=¶[O KÍ„¬\÷“# ‹¬O„¦¬°‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}Ë Î¼=°°…Õx q‰õ+¬OÐ '‰×ÃkœÑ L Î¼=°O ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’O.ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° HêiàH›‹¬O„¦¬° ‹¬=¶Y¼ ª•Ö„¬ä›½•°ÐZ<£.Z"£°.*Õ+².Z=~¡° Q® Î~Ÿ L Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡OaOKŒ~¡°Ð…ì…ì‚¬ì~¡ Î†Ç¶…˜ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ „¬î~¡â ‹¬Þ~Œ*˜#° ã„¬H›\÷Oz#…ìÌ‚ú~Ÿ‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½•° Ð [=‚¬ì~Ÿ…ì…˜ <³ã‚¬ú."³áãª•†Ÿ°•…Õ Z=~¡° ã‡•Of†Ç° ƒ•ì‘• „¬ãuH›• KÇ@“O x*ìs KÍ‰§~¡° Ð e@“<£.~Œã‘•“•…Õ ÎÞO ÎÞ‡••# nx ã„¬ •¥# JO‰×O Ð ƒ•ì~¡ Çã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞO KÇ@“O 1919.'ã|‚¬ìà‹¬ƒ•’Ñ#° ª•Ö„²Oz# "Œ~¡° Ð ~Œ*ì~Œ"£°"³¶‚¬ì<£ ~Œ†Ÿ°.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar18

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

1932 <Œ\÷ 'H›=°¶¼#…˜ J"Œ~ŸÛÑ nxß ‹¬$+²“OzOk Ð‚¬ìi[#°•ä›½ ã„¬`Í¼H› x†³¶[H› Q®}ì•°.Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H÷ª•<£ ‹¬ƒ•’ ã„¬ ŠÎ=° ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O [iy# KË@°Ð•HËß‹¬¶~¡ Ÿ peH› [iy#„¬ôæ_È° ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹J^•Î¼ä›Æ½•° Z=~¡° Ð ~Œ+¹ a‚¬ðs „¦¬°Õ+¹.Jb„¦¬°~Ÿ L Î¼=¶xH÷ <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° Ð ‹¬†Ç°¼ £ P‚¬ìà £ Mì<£.''ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼O <Œ [#à‚¬ìä›½øÑÑJ#ßk Ð u•H±.Z=~¡° Ì‹á#¼ ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡ „¬ Îœux ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\ì“~¡° Ð "³•Á‹ÔÁ.W•Ä~Ÿ“ a…˜ (1883) nxH÷ ‹¬O|Ok•Oz#k Ð <Œ¼†Ç°=¼=‹¬Ö.|OH÷OKÇOã Î K•Ç\Õ‡•^¥¼†Ç°°_È° P#O £=°~”Ÿ ~¡zOz# ‹¬OIIÐ1882ãa\÷+¹ "Œ~¡° ‚¬ìO@~Ÿ H›g°+¬<£#° Íxx „¬i‰Õ^•Î# KÍ†Ç°°@ä›½U~Œæ@° KÍ‹²<Œ~¡° Ð [e†Ç°<£ "Œ…ìƒìQ· Î°~¡É@#.ÍxH÷ =¼uö~H›=°°Qê Ì‹Ì„“O|~Ÿ 20,1932 …Õ =°‚¬ì ÇàQêOn•

Zã~¡"Œ_È *ÿá•°#O^Î° J=°~¡} x~Œ‚¬ì~¡ nH›Æ KÍ„¬>ÿ“#° Ð~Œ"£°À‹ "³°H±_Ë<Œ…˜Û H›=°¶¼#…˜ J"Œ~ŸÛ =•#._³áï~H±“ †Ç¶H›Æ<£ _Í/ ã„¬ Ç¼H›Æ ‡é~Œ@=°° ~ËA,‚²ìO Î¶ Ð=°°‹ÔÁO•°H›•‚¬ì=°°• =•# Jª•^•¥~¡} ~¡H›ë ‡• Ç=°° [iy#KË@° Ð H›•H›`Œë.H›•H› Œë #°O_• _••bÁH÷ ~Œ[^•¥xx =¶~¡°ó@ä›½ ã„¬u‡• Î#KÍ‹²#,WO_•†Ç¶ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Z=~¡° Ð …ì~Ÿ“ ‚¬ìiÛO*˜'…ÕH± ‚²ì Ç"ŒkÑJx „²•°=|_•# *ìf†Ç° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_È° ÐQË‡•…˜ ‚¬ìi Í‰˜=°°M˜.‹¬Þ Íj L Î¼=° Hê•=°°…Õ, ã„¬Mì¼u QêOz# ƒÿOQê…˜ïHq°…˜ ‹¬Þ Íj ªé“~Ÿ•#° U~Œæ@° KÍ‹²#k Ð „².‹².~Ë†Ÿ°.QêOn•r "³°°^Î\÷ ª•iQê ‹¬`Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ì ã„¬KŒ~¡=°°#°ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð KÇO‡•~¡<£.QêOn•r †³°°H›ø ' HêxÂ†Ç°‹¹ H©„¬~Ÿ Ñ Jx Z=ix „²eK³ Î~¡°Ð ‹² ~Œ[QË‡•…ìKŒi.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ POQ®Áƒ•ì+¬#° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ[#~¡…Ð …ì~ŸÛ ƒÿO\÷OH±.1885…Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ"³á³áã‰§†Ÿ°Qê L#ß"Œ~¡° Z=~¡° Ð _Èã„¦²<£ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.

E<£ 1942 …Õ ~Œ+¹ a‚¬ði ƒÕ‹¹ WO_•†Ç°<£ WO_•Ì„O_³<£•bQ· J^•Î¼ä›Æ½xQê Z#°ßHù|_•Ok. ZH›ø_È Ð \ÕHË¼…Õ.ã„¬ã„¬ ŠÎ=°OQê 1906…Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf=° HêOãïQ‹¹ •Í¼†Ç°O‹¬Þ~Œ[¼O Jx J#ßk Ð ¥^¥ƒ•ì~°° <ñ~Ër.‹¬Þ~Œ* ‡•s“ _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ 31,1922…Õ ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•Ok, ¥xª•Ö„¬H› P^•Î¼ä›Æ½_³=~¡° Ð z Çë~¡O[<£ ^¥‹¹.'Q® Î~ŸÑ „¬ãuH› #=O|~Ÿ 1.1913…Õ ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’OKÇ|_•OkJk UU ƒ•ì+¬…ÕÁ ã„¬KÇ°iOKÇ|_•Ok Ð L~¡¶í =°i†Ç°°Q®°~¡°àd.1876…Õ H›•H› Œë…Õ ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_• J@° Ç~ŒÞ Ç ƒÿOQê……ÕQù„¬æ ~Œ[H©†Ç° ‰×H÷ëQê =¶i# WO_•†Ç°<£ Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£ª•Ö„¬ä›½_³=~¡° Ð ‹¬°ö~Oã Î<Œ Š£ ƒÿ#sû.WO_•†Ç¶ PYi Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Z=~¡° Ð ~Œ*ìr.' Í‰×|O^•Î°Ñ Jx Z=ix JO\ì~¡° Ð ‹².P~Ÿ.^¥‹¹.Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×=°° "³°° Î@QêZH›ø_È [iy#k Ð ƒ¸Oƒì~°°.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³°° Î\÷ =°‚²ìˆì J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° ÐJxaÌ‹O\˜QË…ÿÛ<£ ãu‘é…˜Û J#° „¬^¥¼• ‹¬OH›•# ~¡KÇ~°°`Ç Ð ‹¬~Ëlx<Œ†Ç°°_È°.~Ò• Ÿ KÇ@“O P"³¶kOz|_•# ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×"³áãª•†Ÿ° Ð …ì~ŸÛ K•Í"£°•„¦¬~ŸÛ.U ã„¬ Í‰×O…Õ =°‚¬ð ÇàQêOn•,"³°°@“"³°° Î\÷ ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ðxßƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ã‡•~¡Oa•OKŒ_È° Ð KÇO‡•~¡<£.‹¬ï~ûO\˜ ‡•Á<£ P„¦¹ Z_È°¼öH+¬<£ =zó# ‹¬OII - 1944'"³°Ø WO_•†Ç°<£ W†Ç°~Ÿ•Ñ „¬ô‹¬ëH› ~¡KÇ~°° Ç - …ì~ŸÛ ‚¬ðiÛO*˜.'ä›½HêÑL Î¼=°O [iy# ‹¬Ö•O Ð „¬O*ìƒ˜.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ‹²q… ‹¬sÞ‹¹ Z=i Hê•O…Õ ã‡•~¡Oa•OKÇ|_•Ok Ð…ì~ŸÛ Hê~¡<£ "Œb‹¹.Q® Î~Ÿ ‡•s“ öHOã Î Hê~Œ¼•†Ç°O Ð ‰§<£ ã‡¦•x•ªéø.ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼O <Œ [#à‚¬ìä›½ø J#ß "Œä›½ø ‹¬O|OkOz#k Ðu•H±‡•H÷ª•ë<£ J#ß „¬ ¥xß "³ò Î@Qê "Œ_•#"Œ~¡° Ð =°‚¬ìà £WHêÄ…˜~Ò•`Ÿ KÇ@“O J=°•°…ÕxH÷ =zó# ‹¬OII Ð 1919

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar19

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰§xH÷ ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼O =zó#„¬ôæ_È° HêOãïQ‹¹ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È°Ð *ÿ.a. H›$„¬…ìxk ãQêO_£ F…Û =¶<£ P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶Qê „²•°=|_•#"Œ~¡° Ð^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ°<ñ~Ëlƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ =°‚²ìˆì J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° ÐJxaÌ‹O\˜'q[†Ç°"³¶, g~¡‹¬Þ~¡¾"³¶ (_È° P~Ÿ _³á) J<Í x<Œ ÎOª•Þ ÇOã`Ë¼ Î¼=°O…Õ ‰×H÷ë=O Ç"³°Ø# x<Œ ÎOQê „¬xKÍ‹²Ok.nxx Wzó#"Œ~¡° Ð QêOn•H÷Þ\˜ WO_•†Ç¶ L Î¼=¶xH÷ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO =‚²ìOz#"Œ~¡°Ð =°‚¬ð ŒàQêOn•ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ‹¬Þ ÇOã`Ë¼ Î¼=°O…Õ =°‚¬ð ÇàQêOn• ã„¬"ÍtOz#‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1919"³ò Î\÷ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð …ì~ŸÛ =°¿O\˜ ƒì@<£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ª•ÖxH› ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ „² Œ=°‚¬•xQê„²•°=|_•#"Œ~¡° Ð …ì~ŸÛi„¬æ<£ƒ•ì~¡ Ç H›=ü¼x‹¬°“ ‡•s“ KÇ@“| Îí Ç H›eæOKÇ|_•# ‹¬OII Ð1945D‹¹“ WO_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø#„¬ôæ_È°, ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×‡••ä›½_È° Ð [‚¬ìOw~Ÿƒ•ì~¡` Ç ‹²q…˜ ‹¬sÞ‹¹ Z=i ‡••<Œ Hê•O…Õã‡•~¡Oa•OKÇ|_•#k Ð Hê~¡<£ "Œb‹¹ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ "Œ}÷[¼ X„¬æO ÎO KÍ‹¬°ä›½#ß "³ò Î\÷ Í‰×OÐ ‡é~¡°óQ®…˜D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h "³ò Î\÷ •H›Æ¼O Ð "Œ¼‡•~¡Oƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ POQ®Á q Î¼#° ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð "³°Hê…èãa\÷+¹"ŒiH÷ =¼uö~H›OQê z=i =~¡ä›½ ‡é~Œ@O KÍ‹²#"Œ~¡°Ð =°~Œ~”Œ•°ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ãïHáë‹¬ë==° ÇO…ÕH÷ =¶iæ_È°•° Z„¬æ\÷ #°O_•ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’=°†Ç¶¼~ò Ð 1919.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ ãÌ„‹²_³O\˜ Ð _È|°Á¼. ‹².ƒÿ#sû.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ 1917 ‹¬O= Ç•~¡„¬ô ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O[iy# ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð HË•H›`Œëƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ =°‚²ìˆì J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° ÐJxaÌ‹O\˜.

1858 …Õ H©Þ<£ qHË““i†Ç¶ ã„¬H›@##° Z=~¡° KŒ\ì~¡° ÐHêxOQ·.ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[# [iy# ‹¬OII Ð 16 JHË“|~Ÿ, 1905.JxaÌ‹O\ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# "Œ~Œë „¬ãuH›À„~¡° Ð Hê=°<£ g…˜.‹¬ï~ÞO\• P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ ªÚÌ‹á\©x Z=~¡° ã‡•~¡Oa•OKŒ~¡°Ð QË‡••H›$+¬â QËY…èWO_•†Ç°<£ †Çüx=i•\©÷‹¹ KÇ@“O Z=i ‚¬ì†Ç°O…ÕP"³¶kOKŒ~¡° Ð H›~¡û<£.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° Çä›½ PiÖH› „¬ô<Œ Î°•#° ‹¬=°ä›•ió# ‹² ¥íO ÇH›~¡ë Ð ^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ër.Z=i ‚¬ì†Ç°O…Õ „¬aÁH± =~Ÿø• _•‡•~Ÿ“"³°O\ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’OKÇ|_•Ok Ð _È…ºÝ‹ Ô Ô.1857…Õ kŠ†³¶ª•„¦²H›… ªéÌ‹á\÷ ZH›ø_È ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•Ok Ð#¶¼†Ç¶~Ÿø.ãa\÷+¹ WO_•†Ç¶…Õ ï~á…èÞ• x~¡Þ‚¬ì} HË~¡ä›½ =òQ®°¾~¡°‹¬ƒ•’°¼•`Ë ä›•_•# ï~á…èÞ ƒÕ~¡°Û#° ª•Ö„²Oz# Ð …ì~ŸÛH›~¡û<£.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç †Çüx†Ç°<£ H›e‹²‡é†Í° <Œ\÷H÷ x*ìO Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì £~ŒR ã„¬ •¥# =°OãuQê L#ßk Ð …ì†Ç°H± Jb.ãa\÷+¹ "Œi Ps•‹¬O…Õ LO_ÈQê<Í z=i "³òQ®•° KÇãH›=ië|‚¬ì Î¶~Ÿ ‘• *ì„¦¬~Ÿ KÇx‡é~òOk Ð ~¡OQ®¶<£…Õ.ª•Ö„²Oz# <Œ\÷ #°Oz 1907 =~¡ä›½ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç°†Ç°HêOãïQ‹¹ä›½ [#~¡…˜ Ì‹ãH›@sQê „¬xKÍ‹²# "Œ~¡° ÐZ.F.‚¬ú¼"£°.Z=ix ƒ•ì~¡ Ç „¬ô~Œ=‹¬°ë ‰§G „² ÇQê ƒ•ìqª•ë~¡° Ð*ì<£=¶~¡Â…˜.ãa\÷+¹ "ŒiÌ„á ‡é~Œ_•#O Î°ä›½ 1909 …Õ •O_È<£ …ÕxÌ„¦O@q…èÁ Hê~ŒQê~¡O…Õ Li f†Ç°|_•# *ìf†Ç° g~¡°_È°Ð =° Î<£ …ì…_•OãQê.U Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Hê•=ò…Õ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy#kÐ HêxOQ·ƒÿOQê… #O Î° ÎÞO ÎÞ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ q^•¥#=ò#° ~¡ Î°í KÍ‹²#kÐ "Œï~<£ À‚ì‹²“OQ·•.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ POöQÁ†Çò• D‹¹“ WO_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h †³°H›ø"³ò Î\÷ ãÌ„‹²_³x• ª•Ö#=ò Ð ‹¬¶~¡ Ÿ.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar20

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

WO_•†Ç°<£ <Í+¬#… HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ =ò‹²ÁO P^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð|ã Î°nœ<£ `Œ¼cûãa\÷+¹ ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ=ò •O_È<£ #O Î° "³ò Î\÷ ~ÒO_£ >è|°…˜‹¬=¶"Í‰×=ò#° U~Œæ@° KÍ‹²#k Ð Ì‹á=°<£ H›g°+¬<£x"ÍkH›#° KÇióOKÇ°@ä›½.Ì+_È¶¼…˜Û ä›½…ì•ä›½ J<£@KÇ|°…˜• J#° „¬^Î=ò#°"³ò Î\÷ª•iQê L„¬†³¶yOz#k Ð *ÿ. Z‹¹. <³‹¹„¦²…Û.„¬O*ìƒ˜ ‹ ²O‚ ¬ìO Jx Z=iH÷ =¶~¡° À„~ ¡° Ð…ì…ì•l„¬u~Œ†Ÿ°.ƒÿ<Œ~¡‹¹ ‚²ìO Î¶ q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç°O ª•Ö„¬ä›½•°- =°^Î<£"³¶‚¬ì<£ =¶•"Œ¼.‹¬Þ~Œ[¼O <Œ [#à‚¬ìä›½ø J#ßk Ð ƒì•Q®OQê^•Î~Ÿ u•H±.ÎH÷Æ} Pã„¦²Hê…Õ =°‚¬ð ÇàQêOn• ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO KÍ„¬\÷“# ~ËA

Ð Ì‹Ì„“O|~Ÿ 11,1906.HêOãïQ‹¹ ªé+¬e‹¬°“ ‡•s“ ª•Ö„²OKÇ°@…Õ ã„¬=òY°_È° Ð#ö~Oã^Î^Í"£.WO_•†Ç°<£ <Í+¬#… HêOãïQ‹¹ U~¡æ_•# ‹¬O Ð1885.H›=ü¼x‹¬°“ ‡•s“ P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ U~¡æ_•# ‹¬O Ð 1964.‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç ƒ•ì~¡ Ÿ †³òH›ø "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð…ì~ŸÛ=°¿O\˜ƒì@<£.WO_•†Ç¶ J<Í =^•Î°=ô †³òH›øï~O_È° H›#°ß• =O\÷ "Œ~¡°‚²ìO Î°=ô•° =ò‹²ÁO•° Jx Ja•=iâOz#k Z=~¡° Ð ‹¬~Ÿ‹¬†Ç°¼ £ J‚¬ìà £Mì<£.Ì‹á=°<£ H›q°+¬<£ †³òH›ø x†Ç¶=°H›O [iy# ‹¬OII Ð 1927."³ò Î\÷ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ †Çò ÎœO Pq~¡Ä•qOz# ‹¬OII Ð1857.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ †³òH›ø "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð_È|°Á¼ ‹².ƒÿ#sû.=°‚¬ð ÇàQêOn• ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# "Œ~Œë „¬ãuH› Ð †Ç°OQ·WO_•†Ç¶.WO_•†Ç¶…Õ Ì‹á#¼ ‹¬‚¬ìHê~¡ „¬ Îœux ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“Ok Ð…ì~ŸÛ"³•Á‹ÔÁP^•Î°xH› ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° zã Ç…èY#Oä›½ „² Œ=°‚¬•_È° Jx Z=ixƒ•ìqª•ë~¡° Ð #O Î…ì…˜ ƒÕ‹¹.P~¡°¼•° „¬ô\÷Ok Piø\÷H± ã‡•O ÇO…Õ J#ß ‹² •¥íO`Œxßã„¬ƒ•’•O KÍ‹²# Í=~¡° Ð a.l. u•H±.

ãa\÷+¹ "Œ~¡° ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ xiàOz# "³ò Î\÷ HË@ Uk ÐÌ‹~òO\˜ *ì~Ÿû ‡¦é~Ÿ“.Juz#ß Q®k…Õ |Ok•OKÇ|_•# 146 =°Ok POöQÁ†Çò•…Õ23 =°Ok =¶ã Ç"Í° ã|uH÷ |†Ç°@„¬_ÈÛ „¦¬°@# ƒìÁH± ‚¬ìÙ…˜Î°~¡É@# KÇiã Ç ã„¬‹²kœïHH÷ø#k. U ~ŒA ‡••#…Õ D „¦¬°@#

[iyOk. Ð ‹²~Œ*˜ L^ñí…ì.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× „¬ô#~¡°rû=<ŒxH÷ „² Œ=°‚¬•_È°- ~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£ ~Œ†Ÿ°.‡é~¡°ów‹¬° ã‡•ƒ•’…ì¼xH÷ „¬ô<Œ Î°•°"Í‹²O ³=~¡° Ð P•°ÄH›~ŸøãÌ„¦Oz D‹¹“ WO_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h =¼=ª•Ö„¬ä›½_³=~¡° Ð HË•Ä~Ÿ“.20 = ‰× Œ|í„¬ô "³ò Î\÷ Î‰×H›O…Õ ‹¬Þ Íj, q Íj |‚²ì+¬ø~¡}L Î¼=¶•° "Œ¼„²ë K³O Î°@ä›½ Uk ‹¬ ÇÞ~¡ Hê~¡}OQêƒ•ìqO„¬|_È° Ç°Ok Ð H›~¡û<£ ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[#.WOH÷Þ…ìƒ˜ lO^¥ƒì £ J<Í x<Œ^¥xß JOkOz# ³=~¡° Ðƒ•’Q® Ÿ‹²OQ·.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ =°‚²ìˆì q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç¶xßª•Ö„²Oz#k. Ð ^ùO_ËöH‰×<£ Mìö~Þ.1882 …Õ Hê~ŒQê~¡ tH›Æ#° ‡ÚOk# "³ò Î\÷ ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È°Ð u•H±.Í"£ ‹¬=¶*˜ =¼=ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° - t=<Œ~¡†Ç°<£ Jyß‚¬ìÙãu.

19 = ‰×`Œ|íO…Õ ã‹Ôë•#° q^¥¼=O`Ç°•#° KÍ†Ç°_¨xH÷J Ç¼O Ç H›$+² ‹¬eæO ³=~¡° Ð D‰×Þ~¡ KÇOã Î q^¥¼ª•Q®~Ÿ.‚²ìO^ Î¶†Í°` Ç~ ¡ °eß ‚ ² ìO^ Î °=ô•°Qê =¶~ ¡°ó@ä › ½L ÍœtOKÇ|_•#‰×Ãkœ L Î¼=¶xß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#k Ð ª•Þq°Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu.

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†³¶ Î¼=¶xH÷ J#°ä›••OQê ã„¬*ìa•ã‡•†Ç¶xßÀ‹H›iOKÇ°@ä›½ WOQêÁ_È°…Õ Jq~¡ × H›$+² KÍ‹²#kÐ ^¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ° <ñ~Ër.‹¬f‹¬‚¬ìQ®=°# Î°~ŒKŒ~¡O KÇ@“ q~¡° Îœ=°x ‰§‹¬#O KÍ‹²#kÐ qe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷OH±.h•=°O^Î° ï~á`Ç°•° †³òH›ø H›_È Q®O_ÈÁ#° Q®¶ió# H›^ŠÎ•°À‹“*˜ g° Î KÇ¶„²# ƒÿOQêb <Œ@H›O À„~¡° Ð h…˜ ^Î~¡æ}Ÿ.QêOn•r À„~¡°ä›½ =òO Î° =°‚¬ð`Œà J#ß a~¡° Î° KÍ~¡ó|_•OkU ‹¬O„¦¬°@# ‹¬O Î~¡Ä•OQê Ð ~Ò•`Ÿ ‹¬`Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO…Õ.‹¬Þ~Œ[¼O <Œ[#à ‚¬ìä›½ø ^¥xx <Í#° ‡ÚOk f~¡°`Œ#°Jx KŒ\÷O ³=~¡° Ð u•H±.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar21

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

‹¬Þ ÇOã Ç ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×„¬ô "³ò Î\÷ ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…Z=~¡° Ð …ì~ŸÛ=°¿O\˜ ƒì@<£."³ò Î\÷ ã„¬„¬OKÇ †Çò ÎœHê•O…Õ J Ç¼O Ç ãH÷†Ç¶j•H›‡•ã Ç#° x~¡Þ‚²ìOz# Q® Î~Ÿ q„¬Á=Hê~¡°• ª•Ö=~Œ•° ZH›ø_ÈL<Œß~ò Ð J"³°iHê.HêOãïQ‹¹ Ë ³Q® ³O„¬ô•° KÍ‹¬°Hù#ß Ç~¡°"Œ Ç ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹ ª•Ö„²Oz# ‡•s“ À„ö~q°\÷ Ð ‡¦•~¡Þ~ŸÛƒìÁH±."Œªéø_•Qê=° HêeH›\˜ ä›½ Z„¬C_È° KÍ~Œ_È°. Ð ãH©.‰× 1498.~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£ ~Œ†Ÿ° Ç•Ì„\÷“# q^¥¼q+¬†Ç°H›ã‡•*ÿä›½“•ä›½ ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç° ‹¬‚¬ìHê~Œ•OkOKÇ\ìxH÷ =òO Î°xez# =¼H÷ë Ð _Íq_£À‚ì~Ÿ=°‚¬ð~ŒR…Õ ã‡•~¡Ö<Œ ‹¬=¶[ =òY¼ x~Œà Ç ÐZ"£°.l.~¡#_Í.1920 …Õ [iy# PeO_•†Ç¶ ã>è_£ HêOãïQ‹¹ `ùe‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷ J^•Î¼H›Æ Ç =‚²ìOz#k Ð Z<£.Z"£°.*Õ+².Î†Ç¶#O Î POQËÁ Ð "ÍkH± q^¥¼ q^•¥<Ë Î¼=¶xH÷

"³#°ß Î#°ßQê xez# ³=~¡° Ð …ì…ì‚¬ìsÂ~Œ*˜.PbQ®~Ÿ L Î¼=¶xH÷=ü• Hê~¡}O Uk Ð =ò‹²ÁO‹¬=¶[O…Õ KË@° KÍ‹¬°ä›½#ß ª•=¶lH› =° Ç‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}°•°.H›•H› Œë…Õ ‹¬°ã„ÔOHË~¡°“ nx ^¥Þ~Œ U~Œæ_•Ok Ð 1773<Œ\÷ ï~Q®°¼>è\÷OQ· KÇ@“O.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ =°‚²ìˆì L Î¼=¶•° Zä›½ø=Qê Z=i ‹¬¶æ•ië Ëã‡•~¡Oƒ•’=°†Ç¶¼~ò Ð ‹¬~Ëlx<Œ†Çò_È°.öH~¡ ×…Õ "³áHË"£° ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO ZO Î°ä›½ [iyOk Ð x=°ßä›•…ì• "ŒiH÷ Í"Œ•†Ç° ã„¬"Í‰§xß H›eæOKÇ\ìxH÷1932…Õ PeO_•†Ç¶ ‚¬ìi[# ‹¬O„¦¬¶xß <³•HËeæ# ³=~¡°Ð QêOn•ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰§xß Ì„¦_È~¡…˜ †Çüx†Ç°<£Qê ã„¬u‡•kOz#k Ð=°Oãuã Ç†Ç°O ~Œ†Ç°ƒì~¡O.ƒçOƒì~ò…Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ ùe ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O U~ËA# [iyOk - _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ 29 1885.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× #¶ Ç# ~Œ[^•¥xQê _••bÁ D ‹¬OII…Õ J~ò#kÐ 1912.Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç J}Qêi# =~Œ¾• `ùe ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O Z„¬C_È°[iyOk Ð =¶ió 23, 1918.

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ a•°Á ‚¬ìº‹¹ P„¦¹ Hê=°<£•…Õã„¬"Í‰×Ì„@“|_• ‡•~¡Á"³°O\˜KÍ P"³¶^¥xß ‡ÚOk#‹¬O= Ç•~¡=òÐ A…ÿá 1947.ƒì•Q®OQê^•Î~¡ u•H± Q®}„¬u L Ç•"Œ•#° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\ì“_È°Ð1893.ƒÿOQê… qƒ•’[# k<Œxß ~¡gOã Î°x ‹¬•‚¬ð•`Ë D q^•ÎOQê[~¡°„¬ôä›½<Œß~¡° Ð ~Œv|O^•Î<£ k#O.Z=i ã‡•} |e^¥#O`Ë ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ƒ•’†Ç°OH›~¡q„¬Á="Œ ÎO ^¥^¥„¬ô JO ÇiOzOk Ð ‹¬¶~¡¼À‹<£.g°~ŸMì<£,D‹²“O_•†Ç¶ H›OÌ„h• =°^•Î¼ „¦¬°~¡Â}ä›½ =òY¼Hê~¡}O Ð POöQÁ†Çò• Î‹¬ëH±•#° Î°iÞx†³¶Q®O KÍ†Ç°@O.ƒÿOQê…˜…Õ H›~¡°=ô ‹¬Oƒ•’qOz# ‹¬OII Ð 1770.1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° Ì‹á<Œ¼xH÷ <Œ†Ç°H›`ÇÞO =‚²ìOz#‹ ¬~ Ÿ‚ ¬ú¼~Ë* ˜ Z=i Q ® °iOz W…ì J<Œß_ È ° .u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°^¥~¡Á…Õ L^¥ Çë"³°Ø# J Ç¼O Ç ª•‚¬ìªéöH Ç°_È°/~Œ•° Ð ~Œ}÷ •H©;ƒ•ì~ò.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ "³ò Î\÷ª•iQê POQ®Á ƒ•ì+¬…Õ "Œ~Œë„¬ãuH›#°ã„¬KÇ°iOz#k Z=~¡° Ð ~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ°.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×=ò…Õ U Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡… Hê•=ò…Õ "³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ï~á…èÞ ã‡•~¡Oa•OKÇ|_•#k Ð _È…ºÝ‹ÔWOH÷Þ …ìƒ˜lO^¥ƒì^£ J#° x<Œ^Î=ò#° "³ò^Î\÷…è=n‹²#k Ð ƒ•’Q® Ÿ‹²OQ·.U Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡… XH› X_ÈO|_•H› Ë WO_•†Ç°<£ ‹²q…‹¬sÞ‹¹#° U~Œæ@°KÍ‹²,1861 #°O_• WO_•†Ç°<£ ‹²q…‹¬sÞ‹¹Qê Q®°iëO|_•#k Ð Hê~Ÿß"Œe‹¹.POã^•¥…Õ Ì‹á=°<£ H›q°+¬<£ „¬~¡¼\÷Oz# ‹¬OII Ð 1928Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Îo Ç =~Œ¾• ‹¬=¶[=ò ª•Ö„²Oz#k Ða.P~Ÿ.JOƒè •Îø~Ÿ.~Œ†Ç°…˜ WO_•†Ç°<£ <Œg…Õ u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ‹¬OII Ð1946ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ =°‚²ìˆì J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° ÐJxaÌ‹O\˜.'=O Í=¶ Ç~¡OÑ ~¡zOz#"Œ~¡° Ð |OH÷OKÇOã Î KÇ@sû.1942 H÷Þ\ WO_•†Ç¶ L^•Î¼=°O ‹¬O Î~¡Ä•OQê '_È° P~Ÿ _³áÑx<Œ^ÎO Wzó#"Œ~¡° Ð =°‚¬ì ŒàQêOn•.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar22

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439t"Œlh Q®°~¡°ë KÍ‹¬¶ë "ŒiÂH› „¬O_È°Q®•° x~¡¼‚²ìOz#"Œ~¡°Ð a.l.u•H±.'‹¬Þ~Œ[¼O <Œ [#à‚¬ìä›½ø =°i†Çò <Í#° ¥xx ª•k•Ozf~Œe Jx K³„²æ# "Œ~¡° Ð …ÕH›=¶#¼ u•H±.1921 "³¶‡•ÁÁ u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° [iy# ã„¬ Í‰×O Ð öH~¡ ×.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O [iy# ‹¬Ö•OÐ ƒìOƒè.'„¬O*ìƒ˜ ‹²O‚¬ìOÑQê „²•°=|_•# "Œ~¡° Ð…ì…ì•[„¬u~Œ†Ÿ°.'k _¨H›“i<£ P„¦¹ …ìÀ„•Ñ ~¡zOz# "Œ~¡° Ð …ì~ŸÛ _È…ºÝ‹Ôãa\÷+¹ WO_•†Ç¶ ‹¬°ã„ÔO HË~¡°“ KÍ†Ç°|_•# KÇ@“O Ð 1773ï~Q®°¼…è\÷OQ· KÇ@“O.ãH÷Ok "Œx…Õ "³ò Î\÷ ãa\÷+¹ "³áã‰§†Ÿ° =°i†Çò ƒ•ì~¡ ÇQ®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð …ì~ŸÛHêxOQ·.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ '‚¬ì¸O~¡¶… L Î¼=°OÑ ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz# "Œ~¡°Ð ƒì•Q®OQê^•Î~Ÿ u•H±.'QË ƒì¼H± @° "Í ¥‹¹ Ñ J#°#k Z=i „²•°„¬ô Ð ª•Þq°Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu.

ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‹¬OãQê=°O…Õ =°‚¬ð ÇàQêOn• Zxß ~ËA•° *ÿá•°rq ÇO Q®_•‡•_È° Ð 1906 ~ËA•°.'kÞ*ìuÑ ‹² ¥íO`Œxß ã„¬ƒÕk•Oz# "Œï~=~¡° Ð=°‚¬ì=°à^¥bl<Œß1921 "³¶‡•ÁÁ u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ZKÇ@ [iyOk Ð öH~¡ ×.ƒ•ì~¡`Ç^Í‰×O…Õ ƒ•’¶q°H÷ ‹¬O|Ok•Oz# ‰§‰§Þ`Ç„¬i‘•ø~¡=ò#° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“#k Ð …ì~ŸÛHê~¡<£ "Œe‹¹.=°‚¬ð ÇàQêOn• "³ò@“"³ò Î@ U ‹¬OII =ò# ÎH÷Æ} Pã„¦²Hêä›½"³ ì¤_È° Ð 1914.‹¬Þ ÇOã`Œ¼xH÷ „¬î~¡Þ=ò ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° Z=~¡° Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜ƒ•ì~ËÛe ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ìO#° ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’Oz#k Z=~¡° Ð=•Áƒì†Ÿ°„¬>è…˜.[e†Ç°<£ "Œ…ìƒìQ· =¶#= =^•Î U ã‡•O ÇO…Õ [iy#kÐ J=°$ Ç‹¬~Ÿ.‚²ìO £ ‹¬Þ~Œ*˜ U ‹¬OII…Õ ã"Œ‹²<Œ~¡° Ð 1919.U ‹¬OII# ~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ°H÷ ~Œ[ a~¡° Î° WKŒó_È°. Ð1832.

ƒÿ<Œ~¡‹¬° ‚²ìO Î° q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç°=ò#° Z=~¡° ª•Ö„²OKŒ~¡°Ð =°^Î<£ "³¶‚¬ì<£ =¶•"Œ¼1916•HËß X_ÈO|_•H›#° =°i†³òH› À„~¡°`Ë „²•°ª•ë~¡°Ð•HËß‹¬q°u.1909 KÇ\ì“xß =°i†³òH› À„~¡°`Ë „²•°ª•ë~¡° Ð q°O\˜=¶ö~Á‹¬O‹¬ø~¡}•°'WO_•†Ç°<£ ã‹¬ “Q®°…˜Ñ J#° „¬ô‹¬ ëH›=ò ã"Œ‹²#k Ðq._•.ª•=~¡ø~Ÿ"³ò Î\÷ ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò_È° ãa\÷+¹ ‡•~¡Á"³°O\…Õ ‹¬ƒ•’°¼_•QêL<Œß~¡° Ð <ñ~Ër.ZH›ø_• #°O_• =°‚¬ì ÇàQêOn•KÍ Ç 'k WO_•†Ç°<£ F„²x~ò<£Ñã„¬KÇ°~¡} KÍ†Ç°|_È#k Ð ÎH÷Æ} Pã„¦²Hê.~Œ*ì~Œ"³¶à‚¬ì<£~Œ†Ÿ° U „¬@“}O…Õ =°~¡}÷OK³#° Ð ãa‹¬“…˜.1906 ‹¬OII…Õ ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# =ò‹²ÁObQ· U TˆÕÁã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø#k Ð _•Hê'P^•Î°xH› ƒÿOQêb Í‰× ƒ•’H÷ë ƒÿáa…˜ Ñ Jx U ãQ®O ŠÎO„²•°=|_•#k Ð P#O Î=°~”Ÿ.1886 …Õ ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•# _•.Z.q H› ì‰§• U TˆÕÁã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø#k Ð …ì‚¬ìÙ~Ÿ.'ZOãÌ„‹¹ P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶Ñ J<Í a Î°~¡°#° qHË“i†Ç¶=°‚¬ì~Œ}÷ Z„¬C_È° ‡ÚOk#k Ð [#=i 1,1877.1859…Õ Z.X .‚¬ú¼"£° ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ã„¬KÇ°iOz# „¬ãuH›À„~¡° Ð k WO_•†Ç¶.=¶O_È…è*ÿá•°…Õ L#ß„¬ô_È° ƒì• Q®OQê^•Î~Ÿ u•H± ~¡zOz#ãQ®O ŠÎO À„~¡° Uq°\÷ Ð w`Œ~¡‚¬ì‹¬¼O.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ' WO@~Ÿ ‹¬sÞÌ‹‹¹ WO>ÿe*ÿO\˜ ÑU‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•#k Ð 1948.POã •Î „¬ô#~¡°rû=# L Î¼=°O „² Œ=°‚¬ú_•Qê Z=~¡°Q®°iëOKÇ|_•<Œ~¡° Ð H›O Î°ä›•igö~‰×eOQ®O.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×=ò#O Î° ‡•‰§ó Œ¼ q ¥¼ q^•¥#=ò ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“#kÐ …ì~ŸÛ ƒÿO\÷OH±.'QËƒì¼H± @° Î "Í ¥‹¹ Ñ J#°x<Œ ÎO ã„¬u‡•OkOz#k Ðª•Þq° Î†Ç¶#O Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu.'‹¬i‚¬ì Î°œQêOk•QêÑ Z=~¡° ã„¬Mì¼u ‡ÚOk<Œ~¡° Ð Mì<£J|°œ…˜ Q®„¦¬~Ÿ Mì<£.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar23

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

=‚¬ìc L Î¼=°O J#Qê Ð ãa\÷+¹ "Œ~¡H÷ =¼uö~H›O.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç qƒ•’[# [iy#„¬ô_È° WO_•†Ç°<£ <ÍÍ+¬#… HêOãïQ‹¹J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð *ÿ.q.H›$„¬…ìh.[e†Ç°<£ "Œ…ìƒìQ·…Õ [iy# Hê•°æ•ä›½ P[ý•°Wzó#"Œ~¡° Ð F._È†Ç°¼~Ÿ.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O =°i†Çò ‡•H÷ª•ë<£ qƒ•’[# ã„¬}ìoH›#°J^•Î¼†Ç°#O KÍ†Ç°_¨xH÷ WO_•†Ç¶#° ‹¬O ÎiÅOz# ãa\÷+¹‡•¼#… J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð =°¿O\˜ƒì@<£."³ò@“"³ò Î\÷ ³•°Q®° „¬ãuH› À„~¡° Ð ‹¬ Ç¼ Î¶ Ç.ª•Þ`ÇOã`Ç¼ L^Î¼=°O…Õ U a•°Á ƒìÁH± a•°Á Jxƒ•ì~¡f†Çò•KÍ „²•°=|_•Ok Ð ~Ò•`Ÿa•°Á.=ü_Ë H›~Œâ@H› †Çò^•ÎíO [iy# ‹¬OII Ð 1756Ð63.ãÌ„¦Oz"Œ~¡° Ç=° ª•Ö=~Œxß ZH›ø_È <³•Hù…ìæ~¡° Ð‡•O_•KÍói.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰× ïQl\˜…Õ ~Ò• Ÿ a•°Á Z„¬C_È° ã„¬KÇ°iOKÇ_È"³°ØOkÐ [#=i18,1919Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ‚²ìO Î¶ =°‚¬ð‹¬ƒ•’• `ùe ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O U‹¬OII…Õ [iyOk Ð 1915.'…ÿx<£ P„¦¹ ƒì~ËÛbÑ Qê ã„¬‹² Î°œ_³á# ³=~¡° Ð ‹¬~ŒÖ~Ÿ=•Áƒ•ì†Ÿ°„¬>è….1919= ‹¬OII…Õ 'WO_•Ì„O_³O\˜ J<Í „¬ãuH› ª•Ö„²Oz1923 =~¡ä›½ ã„¬KÇ°~¡}#° Hù#ª•yOz# ³=~¡° Ð <³ã‚¬ú<Í+¬#… Pï~á"£• P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ ª•Ö„¬#Ð 1819"Œªéø_•Qê=¶ HêeH›\˜ä›½ Z„¬C_È° KÍ~¡°ä›½<Œß_È° Ð 1498.ƒ•ì~¡`Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ Jk•H›$`Ç KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_Èx„²•°=|_•# ³=~¡° Ð „¬\ì“c• ‹Ô Œ~Œ=°†Ç°¼.POã •Î q‰×Þq ¥¼•†Ç°O U ‹¬OII…Õ <³•Hù•æ|_•Ok Ð 1926HêH÷#_È ƒìO|° öH‹¬°…Õ 14 ‹¬OII•°*ÿá•° tH›Æ „¬_•JO_È=¶<£ n=ô…ÕÁx Ì‹•°¼…ì~Ÿ *ÿá•°ä›½ Ç~¡eO„¬|_•#POã •Î *ìf†Ç° <Œ†Ç°ä›½_³=~¡° Ð ã„¬u"Œk ƒ•’†Ç°OHê~ŒKŒi.'k U+²†Ç¶\÷H± ªéÌ‹á\© P„¦¹ ƒÿOQê…˜Ñ #° ª•Ö„²Oz#"Œ_È°Ð ‹¬~Ÿq•†Ç°O *Õ<£•.1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@°#° ã„¬ã„¬^ŠÎ=° ƒ•ì~¡`Ç ª•Þ`ÇOã`Ç¼‹¬OãQê=°OQê Ja•=iâOz# ³=~¡° Ð q._•.ª•=~¡ø~Ÿ.QêOn•r`Ë H›e‹² „¬î<Œ X„¬æO ÎO Ì„á ‹¬O ÇOH›O KÍ‹²# ³=~¡°ÐJOƒè •Îø~Ÿ.

=°Oãuã Ç†Ç° ~Œ†Ç°ƒì~¡ ‹¬O„¦¬°O…Õx ‹¬ƒ•’°¼•° Z=~¡#QêÐ …ì~ŸÛ "Í"³…˜, …ì~ŸÛ Ì„kŠH± …ìï~<£•, J…ÿQêûO_È~Ÿ.‡¦•~¡Þ~ŸÛ ƒìÁH±#° <³•Hùeæ# "Œ~¡° Ð KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹.Lª•àx†Ç¶ q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç°O…Õ =O Í=¶ Ç~¡O L Î¼=°OZ„¬C_È° [iyOk Ð 1938.P`ÇàQÒ~¡= ‹¬ƒ•’#° Z=~¡° ª•Ö„²OKŒ~¡° Ð Ì„i†Ç¶~Ÿ~Œ=°ª•Þq° <Œ†Ç°H›~Ÿ.=ò‹²ÁObQ· 'ã„¬`Ç¼H› ÆKÇ~¡¼Ñ ã„¬H›\÷Oz#~ËA Ð PQ®‹¹“16,1946."Œ~¡<£ À‚ì‹²“OQ·• Íx ã„¬Hê~¡O "³ò Î\÷ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜J†Ç¶¼_È° Ð 1773 ö~Q®°¼…è\÷OQ· KÇ@“O.=ü_Ë ~ÒO_£ >è|°…˜ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O [iy# ‹¬OII 1932.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ‡•‰§ó Ç¼ q^¥¼ q^•¥<Œxß ã„¬"Í‰× Ì„@“_ÈO…Õƒ•ì^¥¼ Ç =‚²ìOz#k Ð "³òHê…è x"ÍkH›.U KÇ\ì“xß [=‚¬ì~Ÿ <³ã‚¬ú ' XH› ~Œ*ìH©†Ç° ƒ•’¶H›O„¬OÑQêJa•=iâOKŒ_È° ? Ð 1919 ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ã„¬ƒ•’° ÇÞ KÇ@“O.‰§‰×Þ Ç t‹¬°ë x~¡â†Ç°O „¬ Îœu U ‹¬OII…Õ ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„@“|_•OkÐ 1793.W•Ä~Ÿ“ a•°Á#° ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# ‹¬OII- 1883.J_ÈÎ†Ç¶~Ÿ…Õ k•†³¶ª•„¦²H›… ªÚÌ‹á\©x ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬OII Ð1885.ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò•KÍ J Ç¼O Ç L^•¥ Ç°ë_•Qê#°, ã„Ôu ‡•ã Ç°_•Qê#°QÒ~¡qOKÇ|_•# ~Œ[ ã„¬uxk• Z=~¡° Ð …ì~ŸÛ i„¬æ<£.‹¬~Ëlx <Œ†Çò_È° Z=ix L ÍœOtOz ' ‚²ìO Î¶ Ð =ò‹²ÁOSHê¼`Œ Î¶ ÇÑ Qê Ja•=iâOzOk Ð Z"£°.Z.l<Œß.Z=i Hê…çO…Õ "³ò Î\÷ ï~áá…èÞ…ÿá<£ "Í†Ç°|_•#k Ð…ì~ŸÛ_È…ºÝ‹Ô‹¬=òã Î =¶~¡¾O ¥Þ~Œ "Œªéø_•Qê=¶ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰§xH÷ "³ò Î\÷ª•i Z„¬C_È° =KŒó_È° Ð 1498.~Œ=°H›$+¬â q°+¬<£ =¼=ª•Ö„¬ä›½•° Z=~¡° Ð ª•Þq°q"ÍHê#O Î.'y"£ q° |Á_£ S q…˜ y"£ †Çò ã„¦Ô_È"£° Jx ã„¬H›\÷Oz#"Œ~¡°Ð ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹.=O Î"Œ‹² †Çò ÎœO U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ [iyOk Ð 1760.Ì‚áì Î~Œb =°~Œs” ã‡•O`Œ•#° PãH›q°Oz# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O ÐãH©.‰× 1761.ƒÿOQê…˜ "³ò Î\÷ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð "Œï~<£ À‚ì‹²“OQ·•.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar24

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

S.‹².†Ç°‹¹. „¬sH›Æ• Jƒ•’¼~¡°Ö• =†³¶„¬iq°ux 18 ‹¬OII•#°O_• 21 ‹¬OII• Ì„Oz# "³áã‰§†Ÿ° Z=~¡° Ð …ì~ŸÛÛi„¬æ<£.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ÇOu Ç‡•…ì „¬ ÎÖux ã„¬"Í‰×Ì„\÷“# ³=~¡° Ð_È…ºÝ‹ÔÇ ÇÞƒÕk•x <³•Hùeæ|_•#k Ð ^Í"ÍOã^Î<Œ^Š£ ~”ŒQ®¶~Ÿ..

*ìf†Ç°"ŒkQê '' ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O ƒ•ì~¡f†Çò• ÍÍ ÑÑ #xx<ŒkOz#k Ð ^Î†Ç¶#O^Î ‹¬~¡‹¬Þu.''ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‹¬OãQê=°O ÑÑ J<Í ãQ®O^•¥xß ~¡zOz#³=~¡° Ð q._• ª•=~¡ø~Ÿ.

q"ÍHê#O Î°_È° ~Œ=°H›$+¬â =°~”Œxß ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬OIIÐ 1897.•HËß…Õ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ä›½ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO=‚²ìOz# ³=~¡° Ð ƒèQ®O ‚¬ìã[ Ÿ =°‚¬ì…˜.ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° q‰×Þq^¥¼•†Ç°O KÇ\ì“xß …ì~ŸÛH›~¡û<£ U ‹¬OII…Õ*ìs KÍ‰§~¡° Ð 1904.U HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O…Õ, Z„¬C_È° "³ò@“"³ò Î@Qê=O Í=¶ Ç~¡O w`Œxß P•„²OKŒ~¡° Ð 1896, H›•H›`ŒëHêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O…Õ.POã •Î #°O_• „².P#O^¥KŒ~¡°Á ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_•Qê U ‹¬O= Ç•~ŒxH÷ ZxßH›†Ç¶¼~¡° Ð 1891.W•Ä~Ÿ“ a•°Á q"Œ ÎO U "³áãª•†Ÿ° Hê•O…Õ Ç…ÿuëOk Ðe@“<£ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô.Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç =ò‹²ÁObQ· Z=i <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞ…Õ U~¡æ_•OkÐ PQêMì<£z@“QêOQ· P†Çò^•Î ^Ë„²_•H÷ <Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞ =‚²ìOz#k Ð‹¬¶~¡¼À‹<£.‰§‹¬<Ë•ÁO„¦¬°<Ë^Î¼=° x~¡Þ‚¬ì}ä›½ Zã~¡KùH›ø• ^Îˆìxß‹¬g°H›iOz# ³=~¡° Ð Mì<£ J|°í…˜ Q®‡¦•~ŸMì<£.=ü_È° ~ÒO_£ >è|°…˜ ‹¬=¶"Í‰§…ÕÁ JxßO\÷H÷ ‚¬ð[ï~á#kÐ _¨II JOƒè^Îø~Ÿ. ''<Œä›½ g°~¡°k•~Œ#ß =ÞO_• <Í#° g°ä›½ ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ª•^•Î#"ŒQêí<Œxßª•ë#° ÑÑ Jx J#ß ³=~¡° Ð ‹¬°ƒ•ì+¹ KÇOã ÎƒÕ‹¹.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ `ùe =°‚²ì × J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° ÐJxaÌ‹O\˜.~¡O‡• q„¬Á=O KË@° KÍ‹¬°ä›½#ß Hê•O Ð 1922 Ð24.ãÌ„¦Oz "ŒiH÷ L Çë~¡ ‹¬~Œø~¡°•#° Wzó "Í‹²# x*ìO Ð‹¬…ì| Ÿ[OQ·.

J•¶Ái ‹Ô Œ~Œ=°~ŒA `ùe^¥_• Íx Ì„á [iyOk ÐzO Ç„¬eÁ ‡ée‹¹ À‹“+¬<£.=°ã^¥‹¬°…Õ Ì‹á=°<£ H›g°+¬<£ |‚²ì+¬ø~¡} Hê~¡¼ãH›=¶xH÷<Œ†Ç°H› ÇÞO =‚²ìOk# ³=~¡° Ð @OQ®°@¶i ã„¬Hê‰×O.Ì‚áì Î~Œƒì £ ~ŒRO…Õ =° Ç q=H›Æ#° =¼uö~H÷‹¬¶ë U~Œæ>ÿØ#‹¬O‹¬Ö Ð P~¡¼‹¬=¶*˜.*ìf†³¶ Î¼=°O…ÕH÷ U Î‰×…Õ q^¥¼~¡°Ö•° "³ò@“"³ò Î@Qê‡•…Õ¾<Œß~¡° Ð =O Í=¶ Ç~¡O L Î¼=°O. U ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O…Õ JxaÌ‹O\˜ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹J^•Î¼ä›Æ½~Œ•° Ð 1917.WO_•†Ç¶ ã„¬ƒ•’° ŒÞxß Ç# Pn•#O…ÕH÷ ãa•\÷+¹ KÇãH›=iëZ„¬ô_È° f‹¬°HË=_ÈO [iyOk Ð 1858.=ò‹²ÁObQ· _³áï~H±“ †Ç¶H›Æ<£ _Í Qê ã„¬H›\÷Oz# ~ËA Ð16Ð8Ð1946.1857 q„¬Á= ‹¬=°†Ç°O…Õ Q®=~¡ß~Ÿ [#~¡…˜ Ð HêxOQ·.‹¬Þ†Ç°O ã„¬ƒ•’°`ŒÞxß Ç# •HÆê¼•…Õ XH›\÷Qê =ò‹²ÁObQ·Z„¬C_È° ã„¬H›\÷OKÇ°ä›½Ok Ð 1920.Ì‹á=°<£ H›g°+¬<£ x†Ç¶=°H›O [iy#„¬C_È°ãa\÷+¹ ~Œ[¼Hê~¡¼ ÎiÅ - aï~ø<£ Ì‚ì_£.1940 JHË“|~Ÿ 17# =¼H÷ë ‹¬ Œ¼ãQ®‚¬ðxß ã‡•~¡Oa•Oz#"Œ~¡° Ð PKŒ~¡¼ q<Ëƒ•ìƒ•ì"Í.U L Î¼=¶xH÷ ‚²ìO Î¶, =ò‹ÔÁ"£° ï~O_È° =~Œ¾• =° Îí Ç°W=Þ|_•Ok Ð Mì…ì„¦¬ Ÿ L Î¼=°O.1609 …Õ ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ POöQÁ†Çò• LxH÷ HË‹¬O J#°=°uHË~¡\ìxH÷ [‚¬ìOw~Ÿ ‡••<Œ =¼=‹¬Ö ÎQ®¾~¡H÷ =zó#"Œ~¡°Ð ïHÌ„“<£ qe†Ç°O ‚¬ðH÷<£•.‡•Á‹Ô †Çò ÎíO [iy# ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O Ð 1757.L_£• _•ª•æKŸ À„~¡° Ë „²•°=|_Í Z_È°¼öH+¬<£ _•ª•æKŸ U‹¬O Ç•~ŒxH÷ ‹¬O|Ok•OzOk Ð 1854.1867…Õ ã‡•~¡Ö<Œ ‹¬=¶*˜ ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð P`Œà~ŒO‡•O_È°~¡OQ®Jd• ƒ•ì~¡ Ç HêOãïQ‹¹ =~¡ëH› ‹¬O„¦¬°O ÑÑ "³ò Î\÷ ‹¬=¶"Í‰§xH÷J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð Z<£.ZO.*Õ+².1931 ‹¬O= Ç•~¡O ÍxH÷ ã„¬‹²kœ Ð QêOn• WiÞ<£X_ÈO|_•H›.

G.V.S. Publications

G. Raj Kumar25

9666287439

G.V

.S. P

ublic

atio

ns

9666287439

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O [iy# ‹¬Ö•OÐ ƒçOƒì~ò.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç ª•Þ ÇOã Ç¼ ‡é~Œ@O…Õ H›•‚¬ìj• *ìf†Ç°"Œ ÎHê•OÐ 1905 Ð 1919k ãQêO_£ F…Û =¶¼<£ P„¦¹ WO_•†Ç¶ Ð ¥^¥ƒì~ò <ñ~Ël.‹¬O„¬ Î ãª•= ‹² ¥œO`Œxß ã„¬u‡•kOzOk Ð ¥ ¥ƒ•ì†Ÿ°<ñ~Ël.‡•H÷ª•ë<£ ƒ•ì=# „² Œ=°‚¬•_È° Ð =°‚¬ì=°à £ WHêÄ…˜.1920 …Õ ª•Ö„²Oz# ZS\÷†Çò‹² ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð Z<£ZO.*Õ+².qe†Ç°O ƒÿO\÷H± KÍ "³ò^Î\÷Qê '=°‚¬ì…ìÞsÑ „¬^Îœuã„¬"Í‰×Ì„@“|_•#k ZH›ø_È Ð =°^•Î¼ã„¬ Í‰ =°i†Çò „¬O*ìƒ.=°ã^¥‹¹…Õ J_È†Ç¶~Ÿ #O Î° k•†³¶ª•„¦²H›…˜ ªÚÌ‹á\©xª•Ö„²Oz#k Ð JxaÌ‹O\˜. ''POã^•Î *ìf†Ç° H› ì‰§• ª•Ö„¬ä›½_È° Ð ‚¬ì#°=°O Ç~Œ=ô."³ò Î\÷ q^•Î= „¬ô#iÞ"Œ‚¬ìO ‹¬OII Uk -1856.N=°u JxaÌ‹O\˜ Jï~‹¬°“ ÍxH÷ ^¥if‹²#k Ð †Ç°OQ·WO_•†Ç¶ Jªé+²†Í°+¬<£.U HêOãïQ‹¹ ‹¬=¶"Í‰×O #O Î° ‹¬O„¬î~¡â ‹¬Þ~Œ[¼ f~Œà#OP"³¶kOKÇ|_•#k Ð …ì‚¬ìÙ~Ÿ.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç Í‰×O…Õ ï~á…èÞ•° Z„¬C_È° ã‡•~¡Oa•OKÇ|_•#q Ð1854.1878…Õ Z=i ‚¬ì†Ç°O…Õ =~Œßä›½¼•~Ÿ ãÌ„‹¹ KÇ@“OJOwH›iOKÇ|_•Ok Ð e@“<£ ã„¬ƒ•’°=ô._•Ì‹O|~Ÿ 31# 1922 ª•Ö„²OKÇ|_•# ‹¬Þ~Œ* ‡•s“ ª•Ö„¬H›J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° =°i†Çò Hê~¡¼ ÎiÅ Z=ï~=~¡° Ð z Çë~¡O[<£ ¥‹¹=°i†Çò "³¶f…ì…˜ <³ã‚¬ú.HêHËs ä›½ã@ öH‹¬°…Õ L#ß #•°Q®°~¡° q„¬Á= Hê~¡°…ÕÁ=òQ®°¾ix Lsf‰§~¡°. LitH›Æ Ç„²æ# "Œ~¡° Z=~¡° Ð‹¬pOã Î<Œ £ ‹¬<Œ¼…˜.WOQêÁO_£…Õ 1866 …Õ ƒ•ì~¡f†Ç° q^¥¼~¡°Ö…ÿá# „¦²~Ë*˜‘•"³°‚¬ì`Œ, |ã Î°nœ<£ Œ¼cû, ¥^¥ƒì†Ÿ°<ñ~Ër, =°<£‚¬ð<£„¦¬°Õ+¹ "³ò Î•Q®° "Œ~¡° ª•Ö„²Oz# ‹¬O‹¬Ö Ð D‹²“O_•†Ç¶Jªé‹²†Í°+¬<£.ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ U~¡æ_•# ‹¬OÐ1885.

ƒ•ì~¡ Ç *ìf†Ç° HêOãïQ‹¹ "³ò Î\÷ =ò‹²ÁO J^•Î¼ä›Æ½_È° Ð|ã Î°nœ<£ `Œ¼aû.1857 ‹²‡•~ò• u~¡°Q®°ƒì@° ã‡•~¡Oƒ•’"³°Ø# #Q®~¡O Ðg°~¡\˜.

modern indian history tit bitsi - wikimediag.v.s. publications g. raj kumar 9666287439 g.v.s....

Documents