CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTSThe Role of Modern The Role of Modern

GeorgiaGeorgia

40’s-50’s40’s-50’s

Modern Civil Rights Modern Civil Rights

The End of the White The End of the White Primary and County Unit Primary and County Unit

SystemSystem Georgia had a law declaring that only whites could Georgia had a law declaring that only whites could

vote in primary elections.vote in primary elections. It kept African-Americans from participating in the It kept African-Americans from participating in the

important primary elections. (example of important primary elections. (example of disenfranchisement)disenfranchisement)

The White Primary was found unconstitutional in The White Primary was found unconstitutional in 1946.1946.

Since the County Unit System was found to support Since the County Unit System was found to support racist candidates it was removed in 1962. Greatly racist candidates it was removed in 1962. Greatly increasing the weight of minorities with each vote increasing the weight of minorities with each vote counting the same.counting the same.

The 1946 Governor’s ElectionThe 1946 Governor’s Election According to the new state Constitution, Ellis According to the new state Constitution, Ellis

Arnall could not run for governor again. Arnall could not run for governor again. Eugene Talmadge was elected but died before Eugene Talmadge was elected but died before

taking office.taking office. The General Assembly unsuccessfully tried to The General Assembly unsuccessfully tried to

give the election to Herman Talmadge give the election to Herman Talmadge (Eugene’s son) instead .(Eugene’s son) instead .

Ellis refused to give up the position of Ellis refused to give up the position of Governor to Herman Talmadge. Governor to Herman Talmadge.

The GA Supreme Court ruled a new election The GA Supreme Court ruled a new election was required.was required.

Herman Talmadge was elected in 1947. Herman Talmadge was elected in 1947.

Herman TalmadgeHerman Talmadge

Elected governor in 1948 and Elected governor in 1948 and continued his father’s continued his father’s segregation policies.segregation policies.

Served as Governor (1948-Served as Governor (1948-1954) and U.S. Senator (1956-1954) and U.S. Senator (1956-1980)1980)

Believed in White Supremacy.Believed in White Supremacy.

Benjamin E MaysBenjamin E Mays Educator and civil rights activist.Educator and civil rights activist. President of Morehouse College.President of Morehouse College. Strongly influenced Martin Luther Strongly influenced Martin Luther

King Jr. King Jr. Promoted human dignity and its Promoted human dignity and its

relationship to American ideals.relationship to American ideals. Believed in non-violent protest as Believed in non-violent protest as

a means of change.a means of change.• Was a mediator between blacks & whites during Was a mediator between blacks & whites during

the SNCC protests in Atlantathe SNCC protests in Atlanta• Gave a speech at Dr. King’s funeralGave a speech at Dr. King’s funeral

Brown V. Board of EducationBrown V. Board of Education

• 1950, Topeka Kansas, 7-year old, Linda Brown was not allowed to 1950, Topeka Kansas, 7-year old, Linda Brown was not allowed to enroll in an all white schoolenroll in an all white school

• The The NAACPNAACP (group of educated black men improving rights) helped (group of educated black men improving rights) helped Brown’s father sue the Board of Education in Kansas; the case went all Brown’s father sue the Board of Education in Kansas; the case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Courtthe way to the U.S. Supreme Court

• The 1954 Court ruled the The 1954 Court ruled the PlessyPlessy case was unconstitutional and that all case was unconstitutional and that all schools were to be integrated “with all deliberate speed”.schools were to be integrated “with all deliberate speed”.• Many states were very slow in executing the orderMany states were very slow in executing the order

Brown vs Board of Education- Brown vs Board of Education- 19541954

U.S. Supreme Court ruled U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools must be that schools must be desegregated.desegregated.

It decided that segregation It decided that segregation denied equal opportunity to denied equal opportunity to all groups of people.all groups of people.

It took many years to fully It took many years to fully enforce the law.enforce the law.

1956 Flag Controversy1956 Flag Controversy Georgia politicians Georgia politicians (many were (many were

white supremacists) white supremacists) responded to responded to desegregation by changing the desegregation by changing the state flag.state flag.

It added the confederate battle It added the confederate battle flag to remind people of its past.flag to remind people of its past.

Many people took it to symbolize Many people took it to symbolize a connection to a time when a connection to a time when Georgia promoted slavery.Georgia promoted slavery.

• Modern leaders were discouraged that people Modern leaders were discouraged that people were looking at the past & not into the future were looking at the past & not into the future

State FlagsState Flags

1920-1956

1956-2001

2001-2003

2003-present

State FlagState Flag

• The use of the flag damaged the reputation and tourist industry in GA The use of the flag damaged the reputation and tourist industry in GA • Lost convention & exhibition moneyLost convention & exhibition money• Boycotts imposed on conventions Boycotts imposed on conventions

• 2001- Gov. Roy Barnes was asked to change the flag by civic leaders, 2001- Gov. Roy Barnes was asked to change the flag by civic leaders, business men/developers, the hospitality industry, the Atlanta Convention & business men/developers, the hospitality industry, the Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau and the legislative Black Caucus Visitors Bureau and the legislative Black Caucus

• It was changed but still contained the illustration of the confederate flagIt was changed but still contained the illustration of the confederate flag• 2003 -Sonny Perdue used the flag as a campaign issue and won against 2003 -Sonny Perdue used the flag as a campaign issue and won against

Gov. BarnesGov. Barnes• The 2003 flag is based on the first flag of the Confederacy, 2004 the The 2003 flag is based on the first flag of the Confederacy, 2004 the

flag was voted on 3-1 by the people of Georgiaflag was voted on 3-1 by the people of Georgia

Terms to KnowWrite two definitions for each of the following words.

A. The Text B. Your own words

1. Integration2. segregate3. sit-in4. discrimination5. racism

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Leader of the U.S. civil rights Leader of the U.S. civil rights

movement.movement. Gifted speaker and leader.Gifted speaker and leader. Led freedom marches to draw Led freedom marches to draw

attention to the movement.attention to the movement. Gave famous “I have a Gave famous “I have a

Dream” speech in Washington Dream” speech in Washington D.C. to 250,000 people. D.C. to 250,000 people.

Believed in a non-violent Believed in a non-violent approach to social change.approach to social change.

Was assassinated for his Was assassinated for his beliefs in 1968.beliefs in 1968.

50’s and 60’s50’s and 60’s

Modern Civil Rights Modern Civil Rights

Student Non-violent-Coordinating Student Non-violent-Coordinating CommitteeCommittee

SNCCSNCC SNCC was a student formed civil SNCC was a student formed civil

rights organization .rights organization . Students felt that older black Students felt that older black

community was too accepting and community was too accepting and not advancing change fast enoughnot advancing change fast enough

Used non-violent / direct action Used non-violent / direct action methods (sit-ins, marches).methods (sit-ins, marches).

Protestors would occupy buses, Protestors would occupy buses, restaurants, etc. and refuse to restaurants, etc. and refuse to leave in order to bring attention to leave in order to bring attention to the civil rights movement.the civil rights movement.

Organization helped plan the Organization helped plan the March on WashingtonMarch on Washington

Greensboro Sit-inGreensboro Sit-in

Sibley CommissionSibley Commission Formed to gather information about how Georgians felt about Formed to gather information about how Georgians felt about

integration.integration. Most GA school systems refused to integrateMost GA school systems refused to integrate Federal law was demanding that Georgia desegregate its Federal law was demanding that Georgia desegregate its

schools.schools. John Sibley (attorney/banker) was put in charge of a John Sibley (attorney/banker) was put in charge of a

committee ordered by the courts to investigate the problem of committee ordered by the courts to investigate the problem of integrationintegration

He found the majority of Georgians were willing to close He found the majority of Georgians were willing to close schools rather than accept integration.schools rather than accept integration.

Sibley came up with a plan that would allow spots of Sibley came up with a plan that would allow spots of integration in the state where each school board could hold a integration in the state where each school board could hold a vote and decide in if they were integrate or not. vote and decide in if they were integrate or not.

Sibley CommissionSibley Commission

Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton HolmesHolmes

Before Sibley’s plan could be Before Sibley’s plan could be put in place two students put in place two students sued for admission into the sued for admission into the UGA.UGA.

These were first black These were first black students to attend the students to attend the University of Georgia in 1961.University of Georgia in 1961.

There were many protests There were many protests against their attendance and against their attendance and some alumni wanted the some alumni wanted the school to close rather than school to close rather than accept them.accept them.

UGA AdmissionsUGA Admissions The two students had to leave for awhile due to The two students had to leave for awhile due to

harassment/threats from other studentsharassment/threats from other students Homes graduated & was an orthopedic surgeon Homes graduated & was an orthopedic surgeon

until his death in 1995until his death in 1995 Hunter-Gault married and was a nationally known Hunter-Gault married and was a nationally known

newspaper/television reporternewspaper/television reporter

Albany MovementAlbany Movement

Freedom march organized by Freedom march organized by SNCC and the NAACP.SNCC and the NAACP.

Martin Luther King led hundreds Martin Luther King led hundreds of protestors in Albany, GA to of protestors in Albany, GA to resist segregation.resist segregation.

King and many others were King and many others were arrested.arrested.

Although considered a failure at Although considered a failure at the time, it led to the removal of the time, it led to the removal of many segregation laws.many segregation laws.

March on WashingtonMarch on Washington March for jobs and freedom- March for jobs and freedom-

August 1963.August 1963. Congress had been slow to Congress had been slow to

pass President Kennedy’s pass President Kennedy’s civil rights bill.civil rights bill.

Martin Luther King gave his Martin Luther King gave his famous “ I have a Dream” famous “ I have a Dream” speech.speech.

Goals were to raise attention Goals were to raise attention to civil rights, fair to civil rights, fair employment, education, and employment, education, and housing.housing.

Left Side Assignment3 Facts and an Opinion

In complete sentences, write 3 important facts about what you have learned and one opinion that you believe is significant about today’s information.

Facts:1. Factual sentence 12. Factual sentence 23. Factual sentence 34. A thoughtful opinion.

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into law by President Lyndon Signed into law by President Lyndon

Johnson, after JFK’s assassination.Johnson, after JFK’s assassination. The Equal Protection clause gave the 14th The Equal Protection clause gave the 14th

amendment more influence; prohibiting amendment more influence; prohibiting segregation in restaurants, hotels, segregation in restaurants, hotels, theaters, public recreation areas, schools, theaters, public recreation areas, schools, & libraries& libraries

Guaranteed equal voting rights Guaranteed equal voting rights (justifying the end of the county unit system).(justifying the end of the county unit system). Created an Equal Employment Opportunity Created an Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission. Commission. Gave the Federal Government the right to Gave the Federal Government the right to

withhold funds from states that resisted withhold funds from states that resisted the law.the law.

Lester Maddox – “People Lester Maddox – “People Person”Person”

Governor 1966-1970, by defeating Ellis Governor 1966-1970, by defeating Ellis Arnall.Arnall.

a segregationist/restaurant owner that a segregationist/restaurant owner that closed his restaurant rather than closed his restaurant rather than integrate it who became a governor.integrate it who became a governor.

Promoted segregation and resisted civil Promoted segregation and resisted civil rights.rights.

(He said “forced” integration/segregation was wrong)(He said “forced” integration/segregation was wrong) Found it difficult to resist against the Found it difficult to resist against the

Civil Right Act.Civil Right Act. He later surprised people by appointing He later surprised people by appointing

more Africa Americans to state more Africa Americans to state boards/commissions than all other boards/commissions than all other governors combinedgovernors combined

End of County Unit SystemEnd of County Unit System

Georgia’s voting system favored rural Georgia’s voting system favored rural white voters.white voters.

In 1962, Federal Court decided that it In 1962, Federal Court decided that it violated the 14violated the 14thth Amendment. Amendment.

It was replaced with a “one person-one It was replaced with a “one person-one vote” system.vote” system.

Blacks were elected to state offices for Blacks were elected to state offices for the first time since Reconstruction.the first time since Reconstruction.

Maynard JacksonMaynard Jackson Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1973Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1973 First African-American mayor of a First African-American mayor of a

major U.S. city.major U.S. city. Helped blacks reach higher status Helped blacks reach higher status

jobs.jobs. Expanded Atlanta’s Hartsfield Expanded Atlanta’s Hartsfield

Airport and MARTA transportation Airport and MARTA transportation systems.systems.

his name was added to airport; his name was added to airport; recognized as one of Atlanta’s recognized as one of Atlanta’s great leadersgreat leaders

Andrew YoungAndrew Young Aide to Martin Luther King Jr.Aide to Martin Luther King Jr. Worked with King on Poor People’s Worked with King on Poor People’s

campaign in 1968 (was there at campaign in 1968 (was there at King’s assassination)King’s assassination)

Elected to the U.S. House of Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1972.Representatives in 1972.

First black congressman from GA First black congressman from GA since Reconstruction.since Reconstruction.

Appointed U.S. Ambassador to the Appointed U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations by President Jimmy United Nations by President Jimmy Carter.Carter.

After encouragement from Maynard After encouragement from Maynard Jackson he was later twice elected Jackson he was later twice elected Mayor of Atlanta.Mayor of Atlanta.

Left Side Timeline There are 12 dates given in your notes. Pick at least 10 of those dates and place

them in a timeline with the key information that goes with them.

The first is given here:1946- The Three Governors Controversy. Other dates include:

1948,1954,1956,1961,1962,1963,1964,1966, 1968,1972,1973List your dates from top to bottom on your

page.

Civil Rights Notes ReviewCivil Rights Notes Review

John Sibley Eugene Talmadge Martin Luther King Ellis ArnallJohn Sibley Eugene Talmadge Martin Luther King Ellis ArnallAndrew Young Maynard Jackson Charlayne Hunter Andrew Young Maynard Jackson Charlayne Hunter Lyndon Johnson Benjamin Mays Lester Maddox Lyndon Johnson Benjamin Mays Lester Maddox

1.1. Mentor (influential) to Martin Luther King.Mentor (influential) to Martin Luther King.

2.2. President who signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.President who signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

3.3. One of the first black students at University of Georgia.One of the first black students at University of Georgia.

4.4. Led a commission to see if Georgians would desegregate. Led a commission to see if Georgians would desegregate.

5.5. Died before taking office as Georgia governor in 1946.Died before taking office as Georgia governor in 1946.

6.6. Atlanta’s first black mayor.Atlanta’s first black mayor.

7.7. Governor who ordered a mass police force at MLK’s funeral.Governor who ordered a mass police force at MLK’s funeral.

8.8. First black U.S. Congressman from Georgia since the 1800s.First black U.S. Congressman from Georgia since the 1800s.

9.9. Gave the “I have a Dream” speech in 1963.Gave the “I have a Dream” speech in 1963.

10.10. Governor who lowered the voting age to 18 years.Governor who lowered the voting age to 18 years.

Who would you meet?Who would you meet?

If you could have had lunch with one If you could have had lunch with one of the civil rights leaders we have of the civil rights leaders we have learned about, who would you have learned about, who would you have liked to meet and why?liked to meet and why?

A good paragraph-5-7 sentences.A good paragraph-5-7 sentences.