Patterns or plans

Curriculum Courses

Instructional material

Guideline for teacher

Focus Syntax Social system

Support system

Application

Historical teaching model

Philosophical teaching model

Psychological teaching model

Teaching model for teacher education

Modern models of teaching

Different kinds of models can be used to achieve specific objectives of various school subjects

Effective and purposeful teaching

To develop specific abilities

Can be modified to get suitable model of choice

New models can be invented

Development is its infancy

Teacher should develop their own teaching model

Great need of research

A mean to achieve learning objectives

Definition:

“Teaching strategy is a generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, desired learner behavior in terms of goals of instruction and an

outline of planned tactics necessary to implement the strategy”

Teaching method

Style of presentation of content

Covers strategies, tactics and techniques

Teaching method Main elements are content and

mode of presentation (telling, showing, doing)

Implemented by techniques of teaching

TECHNIQUES:

Activities of teaching

Teaching strategy• Main elements are behavioral

objectives and learning conditions

• Implemented by tactics of teaching

• TACTICS:

Teacher behavior to achieve instructional objectives

Autocratic style

Permissive style

lecture

Lesson demonstration

Tutorials

Programmed instructions

Question-answer Heuristics

Project strategy Review

Group discussion Role playing

Assignment Discovery

Computer assisted instructions

Brain storming

Leader less group Sensitivity training

Traditional

Content centered

Teacher more active

Passive students

Cognitive objectives

No freedom for learner

Do not consider student’s interests, abilities and personality

Communication strategy

Emphasis on presentation of content

Suggestions:

•Simple easy and comprehensive language•Developing questions should be asked•Use humour•Explore and link previous knowledge

For technical schools and training colleges

Psychomotor and cognitive objectives

Consist of steps: Introducing

Developing

Integrating

Suggestions:•Skilled teacher should demonstrate•Should followed by discussion•Pupil should be given opportunity to seek clarification

Comes after lectures

To provide remedial help to learner

Homogeneous problems are considered in each tutorial class

Three types: Supervision tutorials

Group tutorials

Practical tutorials

Suggestions:

•Very objective dealing with students•Remedial help •Encourage every student to place his difficulty

Controlled response

Modification of behavior is main focus

Content presented in steps

Gaps are filled by learner’s responses

Response is always result of instruction given as content

Immediate reinforcement

Suggestions:•For more conceptual concepts•Effective for secondary students

Less conventional

Child centered

Affective objectives

Create situation

Consider student’s interests, abilities and personalities

Encourages creativity

Suggestions:

•Used with lectures and narration devices•Questions should be evenly distributed•Teacher should be able to prepare questions immediately according to situation•Add humour

Discover or investigate

For science subjects

Problem solving under guidance

Full freedom

Suggestions:

•Most of the trials go waste so wrong solutions should not be accepted•Chance of indiscipline is more so teacher should provide guidance to every student

Problem solving

Related to life situations

Learner prepare plan to solve

Collect information

Teacher act as guide

Suggestions:•Project should be economical•Very helpful for agriculture and technical institutes

Develop critical thinking

Library work

Individually/groups

Suggestions:

•Teacher should be carefully assign topic so that relevant literature should be available in library•Should provide outline of review•Should fix time limit•Should supervise student’s activities

Students active

Teacher supervise

Suggestions:

•Every student should be provided opportunity•Should encourage and motivate students•Irrelevant criticism should be avoided•Discussion should be relevant and productive

Provide situation to learner to perform task

Dramatic strategy

Suggestions:

•Provide opportunity to every student•Should be well planned•Directions should be provided by teacher clearly

Good for reading and study habits

Suggestions:

•Should based on teaching content•Books for reference should be given•Should be according to interests of students•Too many assignments should be avoided•Should be examined quickly

For social subjects

Historical facts

Two phases

Pre-tutorial phase

Tutorial phase

Highly individualized

Provide immediate reinforcement

Encouraged to provide even unusually suggestions

Refreshing activity

Activate students

Suggestions:

•Should be in the start of every class•Should be linked with content•Should be in groups•Well planned•Less time taking

Project work

Absence of teacher

For mature students

Suggestions:

•Teacher should select a student as leader of group•Should be given time limit

In absence of teacher

No leader

Mutual interaction among students

Freedom to express

Disadvantages:

•Useful discussion may not performed by students•Students may not able to perceive fallacious arguments and errors

Group discussions

Real life problems and experiences are shared among students

Teacher as observer

Thanks for patience