modelling the ecophysiological and genetic control of the ... workshop... · modelling the...
TRANSCRIPT
Modelling the ecophysiological and genetic control of the staygreen trait
in sorghum
Graeme Hammer, Erik van Oosterom, Greg McLean, Al Doherty, David Jordan, Emma Mace and Andrew Borrell
QAAFI, The University of QueenslandDAFF Qld
Working together with theQueensland Government
1. Staygreen – What is it? Consequences on yield?
2. What is the genetic regulation?
3. What mechanisms might underpin the SG phenotype?
4. Can we model the mechanisms and simulate the phenotype as an emergent property?
5. What are the consequences on yield across sites and seasons?
6. So What?
Outline
• Hybrids with the stay-green trait have the capacity to maintain more green functional leaves when subjected to drought during the grain filling period
1. Staygreen – What is it?
Reduced lodging
Increased grain yield
Increased grain size
Senescent Impact Staygreen
• Retrospective analysis of 4 years of breeding trials to quantify the relationship between stay-green and yield
• Small number of male parents contrasting in staygreen crossed with many females with varying levels of staygreen
• Examine yield-staygreen association for each site by male combination
1. Staygreen – Effect on yield?
Male parent Qualitative stay-green Rating
Qualitative ranking of yield potential in high yielding environments
R931945-2-2 High Moderate
R986087-2-4-1 High Moderately high
R933396 Moderately low Moderately high
R940386 Moderately low Moderately high
R995248 Low Moderately high
Jordan et al. 2012. Crop Sci. 52:1153–1161
LSN
Yiel
d (t
/ha)
-2-10123
-2 -1 0 1 2
R931945-2-22007Bil
-2 -1 0 1 2
R986087-2-4-12007Bil
-2 -1 0 1 2
R9403862007Bil
-2 -1 0 1 2
R9933962007Bil
-2 -1 0 1 2
R9952482007Bil
-2-10123
R931945-2-22007Clermont2
R986087-2-4-12007Clermont2
R9403862007Clermont2
R9933962007Clermont2
R9952482007Clermont2-2
-10123
R931945-2-22008Bil
R986087-2-4-12008Bil
R9403862008Bil
R9933962008Bil
R9952482008Bil
-2-10123
R931945-2-22008DalBox
R986087-2-4-12008DalBox
R9403862008DalBox
R9933962008DalBox
R9952482008DalBox
Low Yield environmentsSt
anda
rdis
ed Y
ield
Standardised Senescence Score
High SG Low SG
LSN
Yiel
d (t
/ha)
-2-1012
-2 -1 0 1 2
R931945-2-22006CecPl
-2 -1 0 1 2
R986087-2-4-12006CecPl
-2 -1 0 1 2
R9403862006CecPl
-2 -1 0 1 2
R9933962006CecPl
-2 -1 0 1 2
R9952482006CecPl
-2-1012
R931945-2-22006HRS
R986087-2-4-12006HRS
R9403862006HRS
R9933962006HRS
R9952482006HRS
-2-1012
R931945-2-22008HRS
R986087-2-4-12008HRS
R9403862008HRS
R9933962008HRS
R9952482008HRS
-2-1012
R931945-2-22008LivPl
R986087-2-4-12008LivPl
R9403862008LivPl
R9933962008LivPl
R9952482008LivPl
High Yield EnvironmentsSt
anda
rdis
ed Y
ield
Standardised Senescence Score
High SG Low SG
1. Staygreen – Effect on yield?
Change in Yield per staygreen unit
Mea
n yi
eld
(t/h
a)
2
4
6
8
10
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Mea
n Si
te Y
ield
(t/h
a)
Yield Change per Unit of Staygreen Jordan et al. 2012. Crop Sci. 52:1153–1161
A generally positive effect on yield
Especially at yield levels < 5t/ha
Aust average yield is about 2.5 t/ha
2. What is the genetic regulation?
SBI-01 SBI-02 SBI-03 SBI-04 SBI-05 SBI-06 SBI-07 SBI-08 SBI-09 SBI-1
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s P b -4 6 39
s P b -2 5 62 tx s5 7 8t x p5 0 0
s P b -2 6 49
S T 1 53 7
i su 1 4 8s P b -4 3 03
P S B 5 1 7
s P b -9 0 76
t x s5 0 3
S T 1 03 1
B H 2 4 6 08 2
S G 2 8r z 24 4 t xp 4 6 1
t x s1 4 38 um c1 0
s P b -1 3 62 sP b -5 1 08s P b -0 5 29 sP b -6 2 76
s P b -1 9 01 sP b -6 1 22
s P b -0 9 52 sP b -1 8 18s P b -8 4 87 sP b -9 4 83
s P b -7 6 88 sP b -1 1 37
t x s1 1 62s P b -5 9 46
s P b -3 5 84 Ef 3
s P b -9 1 35 cd o 9 20
E p s 1s P b -7 6 75 SG- 5 1
m sb c ir 22 4 t xp 3 3
g a p 23 6
s P b -1 2 94
L c ye sP b - 60 2 4
s P b -9 7 79 M18 7 54 6
i su 1 1 4
s P b -5 9 22
t x p2 0 5
P S B 6 0 9
c s u 58M 34 1 88 5 M 3 4 26 6 3
s P b -0 3 57 sP b -1 8 00
M 34 0 38 4 M 3 4 08 5 2
M 34 0 80 2 M 1 8 81 1 4M T3 6
t x p3 1
s P b -1 7 00 sP b -1 4 47
t x p3 3 6 s P b- 0 87 5s P b -8 7 38
t x p1 8 3
m sb c ir 27 6
s P b -8 7 87
s P b -5 3 00t x p4 4 4
t x p5 4 3 t xp 5 44
s P b -5 2 02 sP b -9 8 64
t x s5 8 4
t x p5 1 3
t x p5 0 3t x S1 4 3 9 tx S 53 6
u m c 6 3
R
s P b -4 4 23t x p1 2 0 u m c 93
t x p4 3 5
t x p5 1 4 t xp 5 12
s P b -2 2 09
t x p2
s P b -2 2 46
s P b -0 3 98 tx p 53 0
s P b -3 7 99
c d o 11 6 0
t x p2 3 1 t xp 4 36
s P b -3 9 65
t x p5 9
s P b -1 4 96
S T 1 17 6
t x S3 0 7
W G8 89
t x S5 4 5
b c d 82 8
s P b -9 5 24 cd o 4 70
t x p2 1 8 t xs 1 17 5
u m c 1 6 u m c 17i su 1 2 1
m sb c ir 31 4 s P b -9 13 9
s P b -7 1 61
t x S5 4 5 ls
t x p1 1 4
t x p4 3 7
s P b -1 7 25
S T 4 58
s P b -6 6 82 sP b -6 6 69
s P b -6 1 21 sP b -6 4 37
s P b -5 1 94 sP b -5 6 55
s P b -6 4 66
s b A G E O1s P b -0 0 38 sP b -6 7 78
S b 0 3Q GM 10 0 S b 0 3QG M 10 1
S b 0 3Q GM 10 2 S b 0 3QG M 10 3S b 0 3Q GM 10 4 S b 0 3QG M 10 5
F T
s P b -0 7 85 M34 1 44 6
M 34 1 57 1 s P b -4 13 9s P b -9 9 73
t x s1 9 27 tx s4 2 2
B H 2 4 5 19 1
t x p4 3 8 t xp 4 39
s P b -1 4 80 tx p 44 0
s P b -8 3 49 tx p 54 2b n l1 5 .2 0 t xp 5 63
P I N 5 tx p 4 41
b c d 73 8
s P b -9 4 29 tx p 58 1
M 34 2 70 4 s P b -8 32 3t x p5 8 7 M1 8 83 1 1
t x p4 4 6
S b 0 3Q GM 10 6
t x p4 4 2
S 1 3 29S b 0 3Q GM 10 7 S b 0 3QG M 10 8
s P b -4 9 21 sP b -5 2 67
t x p5 6 4 t xp 5 65S b 0 3Q GM 10 9 t xp 5 8 0
S b 0 3Q GM 12 0 S b 0 3QG M 12 1
S b 0 3Q GM 11 0 S b 0 3QG M 12 2S b 0 3Q GM 11 1 R Z 4 44
s P b -6 8 82
S b 0 3Q GM 12 3
i su 1 6 6 S b 03 Q GM1 16S b 0 3Q GM 11 7 S b 0 3QG M 11 8
S b 0 3Q GM 11 9
s P b -1 0 68 tx p 57 2s P b -8 0 40 tx p 58 3
t x p4 4 7
t x s1 2 26m sb c ir 22 5
t x p2 8 5
S T 2 03 2 -2
t x p4 2 1t x p3 8
t x p4 4 8
R Z 5 3 8
t x p4 4 9
s P b -7 1 86 M18 8 84 6
s P b -2 6 82 sP b -3 6 70s P b -6 0 13 sP b -7 8 66
t x p4 2 2 s P b- 9 97 7
t x p4 2 0
t x S3 0 1
s P b -4 6 29
t x p3 4
S b 0 3Q GM 11 2 S b 0 3QG M 11 3
S b 0 3Q GM 11 4 S b 0 3QG M 11 5
t x p4 2 4b n l5 .3 7
s P b -6 9 25 sP b -3 2 28
s P b -6 6 49 is u6 8M 34 2 77 9 M 3 4 09 7 3
v p 1
M 18 8 34 7 M 3 4 23 0 5M 34 2 56 7 A lt S B
M 18 8 92 0
s P b -9 8 94 cu p 3 2
t x S1 0 7 5t x S1 0 7 5l s
m s3
s P b -0 2 08 sP b -4 8 27
s P b -6 7 70F P
t x p4 2 7
A
F T - lik e t xp 6 9
S b - ba 1
t x p4 2 5
S t r5 8
C U a 1 s P b -5 8 71
t x p4 2 6
s P b -1 6 42 sP b -5 5 80
s P b -8 8 02
QS
TG1_3
QS
TG2_3 Q
STG
3_3
QSTG
4_3 QSTG
12_3
QS
TG9_3
QS
TG11_3
QS
TG13_3
QSTG
15_3
QSTG
18_3
t xp 5 06
t xp 5 04 sP b - 94 3 2
S o c1 sP b - 90 0 6
s P b- 3 75 4 s P b -6 20 8
s P b- 6 46 5
s P b- 2 52 1 s P b -8 88 7
c d o9 6 2 is u 4 7
c u p4 8
t xs 7 54
s P b- 4 07 4
s P b- 6 64 0
s P b- 7 49 3 s P b -8 44 6
s P b- 2 73 9
U n g n h sb m3 2
ms b ci r3 4 0
s P b- 4 71 8 u m c 1 11
s P b- 2 55 8
s P b- 1 58 4
s P b- 4 23 3 S T 1 16 3 -1
s P b- 2 50 0 s P b -1 08 0
c u p0 5 s P b -3 0 78
s P b- 8 35 5 s P b -7 04 2s P b- 5 82 6
S G3 0
g p sb 0 5 0
GE 8
s P b- 1 18 3 s P b -1 96 9
t xp 2 6 b mr 6
s P b- 9 44 1 s P b -5 15 1
s P b- 6 74 1
is u 5 6
F C 2 9a FC 2 9 c
F C 2 9b
N E W - 7 s P b -3 34 3
s P b- 6 55 9
ms b ci r3 2 3 M 1 87 7 63
s P b- 1 85 3s P b- 2 00 9 s P b -9 46 8
s P b- 6 46 9
s P b- 7 25 6
s P b- 1 93 2
M1 8 79 8 5
s P b- 9 58 0 J H 1 4
s P b- 6 95 8
M1 8 83 2 3
GE 2
M2 0 04 1 3
s P b- 5 66 2
M1 8 80 0 5 M1 88 9 03
R Z 5 99
s P b- 6 54 7 s P b -2 94 4
F T s P b -3 8 73
s P b- 6 75 9 GW D
s P b- 2 69 9 s P b -4 03 9
s P b- 4 92 8 s P b -5 61 8s P b- 2 13 8 s P b -9 63 5
s P b- 0 25 8 s P b -2 44 9
s P b- 0 54 3 s P b -5 27 6s P b- 1 81 1 s P b -6 23 1
s P b- 1 84 1 s P b -8 13 8
s P b- 8 37 8 s P b -7 21 0s P b- 8 52 1 s P b -9 39 3
s P b- 5 74 2 s P b -0 86 7
s P b- 1 29 5 s P b -1 79 8s P b- 3 90 3 s P b -4 50 6
s P b- 7 27 4 s P b -7 31 0
s P b- 9 03 3 s P b -9 35 9
s P b- 9 98 7 s P b -8 47 0s P b- 2 73 6 s P b -9 30 0
s P b- 0 27 9 s P b -1 57 4
s P b- 5 53 0 s P b -8 29 6s P b- 0 70 3
M3 4 09 3 0
s P b- 2 84 2
s P b- 4 66 1
s P b- 5 22 0
M1 8 77 1 6
s P b- 4 85 1
s P b- 3 93 9
M1 8 75 0 2 s Pb - 43 4 3s P b- 8 48 8
s P b- 1 63 7
t xp 1 2 t xp 3 43s P b- 1 14 7
s P b- 0 72 4
M3 4 30 0 7
s P b- 7 53 4
M1 8 76 6 1
F C 2 6
S T 97 7
s P b- 6 53 5
t xS 1 11 3 t x S1 1 13 ls
s P b- 4 82 5
s P b- 5 14 3 s P b -5 44 2
t xs 1 09 0 s P b -2 31 3
s P b- 6 94 5
c u p2 8
s P b- 8 01 3 s P b -6 11 5
s P b- 9 30 3
E S T 33
S T 51 7
s P b- 9 35 5
s P b- 0 45 9
S B 1 -1 0
s P b- 0 14 2 s P b -3 98 1
s P b- 6 59 9 s P b -7 79 4
s P b- 8 28 0s P b- 7 32 4
s P b- 9 99 5
s b AG G O2R Z 1 66 M34 0 88 6
M3 4 18 5 1 M3 40 4 82
s P b- 1 93 9 s P b -6 38 8s P b- 7 21 6 s P b -3 83 8
s P b- 4 73 4 s P b -6 13 4
F T -l ik e s Pb - 25 3 7
s P b- 8 33 7 s P b -1 36 8s P b- 9 68 4
M3 4 09 9 0 s Pb - 20 8 4
s P b- 9 04 1 s P b -3 52 0s P b- 3 68 6
S b 5- 2 14
s P b- 7 81 1 s P b -4 55 2s P b- 0 85 4 c d o 13 8 0
s P b- 9 71 3 i su 4 2
s P b- 2 68 9 s P b -7 31 5
s P b- 2 85 2t xp 2 5
t xs 1 07 2s P b- 9 30 4 s P b -4 19 8
s P b- 4 47 3
u mc 54 sP b - 06 1 5s P b- 8 80 6
s P b- 5 44 6 s P b -0 63 7
s P b- 0 92 8 s P b -9 37 4s P b- 9 43 1
s P b- 4 07 0
u mc 68
s P b- 4 64 9is u 1 32
M3 4 06 6 4 M3 42 4 64
M3 4 24 7 0 M1 87 5 39
g p sb 0 7 3 s Pb - 38 5 8t xp 1 77 sP b - 10 3 1
t xp 2 4 t xp 4 1
s P b- 3 45 2 s P b -4 51 7s P b- 9 25 2 C O ?
s P b- 2 71 7
M3 4 03 7 5 M3 41 9 49c su 2 6
is u 3 5
M3 4 29 2 8M3 4 20 1 0
M3 4 20 6 5
t xp 3 27 C C D 8
t xs 6 04
s P b- 9 56 8
s P b- 5 36 7
t xp 6 0
s P b- 4 26 2 s P b -2 46 8
ms b ci r2 3 2
s P b- 3 70 3 s P b -5 23 1
s P b- 7 40 2
s P b- 8 10 0
M1 8 71 7 0 s Pb - 62 6 5
M1 8 72 2 3 M3 42 9 16M1 8 72 0 7 M3 40 9 52
M1 8 83 0 5
t xp 5 1
M1 8 87 1 0
t xp 2 12
t xs 1 90 1
s P b- 3 69 4 s P b -0 09 5s P b- 8 20 7
g p sb 0 4 5
b c d1 4 2 7
s P b- 2 83 2
t xs 1 10 3
s P b- 8 01 6
t xp 2 7
t xp 2 1
s P b- 6 73 1
M3 4 19 0 2 M3 42 3 20M3 4 21 9 1 M3 42 6 43
M1 8 74 6 1
M1 8 71 1 8 tx p 2 65
s P b- 0 97 6 s P b -0 72 9s P b- 8 25 5 s P b -1 71 1
s P b- 4 03 5
s P b- 4 69 2 s P b -8 21 8s P b- 5 34 3 s P b -6 09 8
s P b- 7 43 4
s P b- 5 97 6
u mc 10 4
s P b- 5 55 0
s P b- 0 11 0 s P b -2 34 3s P b- 9 92 9 s P b -6 26 9
QSTG
1_4Q
STG2_4
QSTG
6_4
t xs 2 03 1 s P b -8 5 99
m s b c ir3 2 9 s P b- 8 18 6
M 1 8 84 5 1
g p s b1 5 9
s P b -4 04 1 M 34 1 69 3
s P b -0 90 6
s P b -2 38 1
t xS 9 1 7
s P b -2 88 0
s P b -5 14 8 P S B 5 17 b
s P b -5 89 0
c u ti cu la r wa x
t xp 6 5
F C 4 a
S B 0 5- 2 13 6 71 3s P b -0 38 1
s P b -7 04 7 s P b -5 2 56
S B 0 5- 2 42 9 98 9 s P b -7 30 8
s P b -6 56 5
g p s b8 4 M 1 8 8 10 2s P b -8 27 8 t x p9 4
M 3 4 09 1 6 M3 4 28 6 5
S B 0 5- 3 69 3 45 9 s P b -5 69 2g p s b0 0 5
s P b -4 13 1
s P b -3 97 7
s P b -2 94 1s P b -4 31 3 s P b -8 1 64
s P b -5 39 0 s P b -1 2 27
s P b -2 53 9 s P b -6 6 27s P b -7 63 8 s P b -9 8 15
s P b -1 28 2 s P b -5 3 17
M 1 8 88 9 8 ms b ci r2 4 8u mc 8 g p sb 0 1 7
g p s b1 6 5 s P b- 0 51 0
s P b -8 24 7 s P b -3 1 55
s P b -6 13 7t xs 7 22
t xs 2 07 2 S b - tf l1
t xp 1 1 5s P b -3 29 0 s P b -2 6 26
t xp 3 0 S B 0 5- 4 79 1 64 8
s P b -8 05 3 s P b -6 0 39s P b -7 54 8
s P b -8 88 1
S B 0 5- 4 96 4 87 6 s P b -5 69 8S B 0 5- 5 35 2 10 5 s P b -5 01 7
s P b -7 29 3 s P b -9 0 80
s P b -5 40 8
P S B 6 00 S T 4 5 3s P b -5 65 0
R G5 8 04
s P b -3 99 5s P b -6 00 6
s P b -9 54 4 s P b -5 1 19
t xp 3 0 3
s P b -5 80 5 s P b -9 0 09
s P b -8 31 6
u mc 5 2
s P b -8 39 3 s P b -9 8 47
s P b -0 11 5 s P b -1 5 58s P b -2 87 5 s P b -9 9 14
s P b -2 75 2
s P b -0 65 2
s P b -0 93 2
s P b -8 11 6 s P b -5 8 39
s P b -1 98 9 s P b -2 1 62
s P b -2 61 6 s P b -1 2 53
t xS 3 8 7c
s P b -1 23 6
M 1 8 73 6 5
t xp 2 2 5
C D S C 1 46
i su 1 20
s P b -5 07 7
o p r
s P b -5 89 2
s P b -6 78 7 s P b -1 2 49
s P b -3 16 4 s P b -6 5 05s P b -1 26 0 s P b -9 0 59
s P b -5 39 9 s P b -0 3 68
M 1 8 90 5 8 M3 4 04 6 4C C D 8 s P b -1 0 47
i su 6 5 M3 40 3 9 7
M 3 4 04 4 4 is u 5 9
s P b -4 80 6 s P b -5 2 09s P b -2 48 0 t x p2 9 9
s P b -8 10 8 s P b -4 7 52
M 3 4 09 5 3 M3 4 15 2 1s P b -8 30 6 s P b -7 8 71
s P b -6 86 1 t x p1 4
t xp 1 5 t xs 3 87s P b -3 84 5 t x s7 1 3
M 3 4 05 0 2 F C 4 b
s P b -4 43 3
s P b -9 64 2s P b -0 73 8 s P b -6 5 08
s P b -3 03 1 s P b -3 7 66
s P b -5 19 4s P b -6 34 1 s P b -4 3 23
M 1 8 85 1 2 s P b- 8 14 9
M 3 4 11 5 5M 3 4 15 1 7 s P b- 7 89 3
s P b -9 31 2
s P b -9 05 4s P b -1 50 1
s P b -7 16 7
s P b -9 34 7
s P b -6 63 6s P b -8 67 7
s P b -1 10 4 s P b -6 3 47
s P b -0 20 5t xS 6 4 5b
M 3 4 30 6 5 s P b- 4 76 6
M 1 8 88 7 8s P b -3 86 3 s P b -6 6 04
s P b -8 97 3 s P b -2 1 87
s P b -8 47 0s P b -4 08 6 M 34 2 39 8
c s u1 6 6
s P b -7 20 3 s P b -6 3 23
s P b -6 85 5s P b -7 10 6
s P b -7 03 0
s P b -1 76 6s P b -3 81 7 s P b -9 5 35
s P b -3 52 9
g p s b0 0 3s P b -1 45 4
P S B 2 62
t xp 2 3c d o 52 0
s P b -1 98 5 s P b -7 7 24
R G. S1
P S B 3 02s P b -6 28 7
M 1 8 88 3 4
g p s b1 7 6
s P b -3 49 4
s P b -4 86 1
S b R P G60 8
s P b -9 49 0 S b K A F GK 1_ I
s P b -1 74 0
s P b -7 74 5 S o c 1
s P b -6 83 2 s P b -0 8 14S B K A F G K 1 a lp h ak a fi rin
t xp 1 2 3 al p h ak a fir in
s P b -9 85 8 s P b -2 5 70
t xp 2 6 2 al p h ak a fir in ?E f 4
s P b -1 18 1
t xp 1 3 6
s P b -1 37 3 s P b -2 1 67
s P b -8 88 8 S b 0 5QG M 16 3
M 3 4 20 4 6 M3 4 05 4 7
s P b -3 30 4 M 34 2 03 3
M 3 4 12 7 4 M3 4 33 1 2
s P b -3 41 8
s P b -7 89 2m s b c ir2 2 2
S S c ir1 2 0
g p s b0 3 2
s P b -1 39 6 s P b -0 8 73s P b -2 87 4
S b 0 5QGM 1 6 5
s P b -1 63 1
s P b -5 56 2 s P b -3 8 77
s P b -9 10 7 S b 0 5QG M 16 6
s P b -1 79 4 s P b -9 9 90s P b -7 46 9 s P b -9 7 82
S b 0 5QGM 1 6 7
QS
TG1_5
QSTG
2_5
QSTG
3_5
QS
TG4_5
QS
TG5_5
s Pb - 16 0 2
s Pb - 41 8 3
s Pb - 97 7 2 s P b- 1 67 7
s Pb - 49 0 2 tx p 5 21
s Pb - 14 9 1
s Pb - 49 3 7 s P b- 0 52 0
s Pb - 12 7 9 s P b- 6 49 0
M 3 42 6 40 ms bc ir 2 11
s Pb - 09 8 7
s Pb - 51 8 2
s Pb - 87 9 3 s P b- 9 18 8s Pb - 83 4 2 s P b- 5 37 1
s Pb - 49 9 2
s Pb - 36 4 4
s Pb - 25 5 1 MT 2
c do 4 5 6
s Pb - 35 3 9
S T 18 0 7
s Pb - 89 6 3 s P b- 9 51 1
D s en h s bm 2
tx p 6 s P b- 1 38 7
s Pb - 40 3 6 s P b- 1 63 5
M 3 40 4 48
s Pb - 23 2 2
s Pb - 84 2 2
c do 7 1 8F P
M 1 87 8 05
s Pb - 81 9 8 s P b- 0 03 3
s Pb - 24 0 4 F T
s Pb - 33 4 2 s P b- 8 36 2s Pb - 55 6 4 s P b- 6 01 7
s Pb - 71 6 9 s P b- 1 39 5
d w2B G0 50 4 02
M a 1g ap 7 g a p 72
M 1 87 5 89 sP b - 76 6 0
s Pb - 55 0 6 s P b- 2 11 4s Pb - 60 5 9
M 3 42 0 89 SS m sb c ir 92
M 3 41 5 30
is u 14 2
s Pb - 23 6 2 s P b- 5 41 2
tx p 5 68 s P b -6 7 67s Pb - 26 3 0 s P b- 4 03 0
s Pb - 49 4 7
s Pb - 45 0 3 s P b- 3 01 9
s Pb - 80 6 0
s Pb - 38 3 7 s P b- 2 45 7
s Pb - 84 2 5
s Pb - 91 4 6
u mc 11 9
M 3 41 6 35
S tr 1
M T 8
s Pb - 56 6 1
c up 3 6
s Pb - 46 3 2
s Pb - 50 3 0
S G2 tx S 1 20 6
s Pb - 11 6 9 is u 1 38
s Pb - 24 6 3
g c
s Pb - 81 9 6 s P b- 4 83 3
s Pb - 21 0 3 s P b- 5 40 2
s Pb - 15 4 3
s Pb - 64 4 5
s Pb - 43 2 4 tx p 1 45
u mc 53
d
s Pb - 89 2 8 tx s 1 03 0s Pb - 84 3 6 s P b- 9 06 6
s Pb - 65 7 3 F T -l ik e
s Pb - 83 6 1 s P b- 9 95 0s Pb - 15 7 2
tx p 2 65 -1
is u 58tx p 3 17 s P b -1 9 21
s Pb - 85 3 0 s P b- 1 75 5
tx p 2 65tx p 2 74 s P b -7 7 77
tx S 1 16 1 t xS 1 4 39 b
S T 13 8 1 S T7 2
tx p 1 04 t x p2 1 9
tx p 9 7 sP b - 75 4 4
s Pb - 97 5 2
u mc 34
g p sb 1 27 M1 88 0 23
tx s 15 4 6
s Pb - 01 8 8
s Pb - 72 9 0
D s en h s bm 37
s Pb - 88 5 1
P S B 14 0
M 3 40 9 45 M3 41 0 47M 3 41 7 12
M 3 42 5 81
M 3 42 3 91
M 3 42 7 64
g p sb 0 69
M 3 41 1 92
R s 1
s Pb - 58 0 2 s P b- 7 58 1
tx s 11 7 3
tx p 4 84 F Ls Pb - 77 5 3 s P b- 5 23 0
tx s 19 0 6 c up 1 2
u mc 44 b n l1 0 .1 3 .2
S b -lf y
b n l1 0. 13
s Pb - 53 7 4s Pb - 02 5 5 S o c1
L F Y
tx p 9 5
s Pb - 17 2 1
K S 1
M 3 43 1 62 sP b - 13 7 2
M 1 87 8 24
M 1 89 1 79
s Pb - 39 6 2
tx s 11 3 9
tx p 1 76 s P b -5 4 03
tx s 18 6 8
s Pb - 79 6 0 s P b- 5 76 5
L g
S T 98 2
tx p 5 7
s Pb - 00 1 7 s P b- 1 48 6
s Pb - 47 3 2 s P b- 5 60 3
s Pb - 65 2 6 tx s 2 06 3
s Pb - 97 3 6
M 3 42 0 82
P
is u 14 7
tx s 15 3 3
M 3 40 4 15 sP b - 50 8 6
s Pb - 89 5 4
s Pb - 52 1 2 s P b- 6 07 6
s Pb - 94 2 2 s P b- 5 10 1tx p 1 7 sP b - 05 8 1
s Pb - 16 5 7 s P b- 7 62 7
s Pb - 43 3 4 P d s
tx s 10 8 5 is u 5 3
tx s 11 2 4s Pb - 84 1 0
S G36
s Pb - 96 6 7
is u 14 4
M 1 87 3 62 sP b - 74 2 8
s Pb - 35 1 6 s P b- 7 84 0E S T1 sP b -1 6 2 3
g p sb 1 69
S b R PG 2 2 5
s Pb - 68 0 1 s P b- 9 24 9
s Pb - 04 7 7 s P b- 3 77 3
M 3 41 1 10
M 3 41 3 92 M3 42 4 92M 3 43 3 04 gp s b 0 19
M 1 88 0 96 M1 88 2 51
M 3 40 4 83 cu p 3 7
M 3 42 6 78
QSTG
1_6Q
STG3_6
t xp 4 1 6 tx p 6 60
t xp 6 5 9 tx p 4 18
t xp 5 9 5 s Pb - 24 3 4
t xp 5 9 4 tx p 5 96t xp 1 1 8 H H U 2 0
t xi 46 tx p 66 5
s P b -6 5 45 t x i4 5t xp 6 5 7 tx i4 7
s P b -9 8 66 t x i4 4
t xp 5 2 6 tx p 4 15t xp 4 0
t xp 3 6 t xp 4 1 4
s P b -4 7 40 s P b -7 0 64s P b -9 5 95 s P b -9 3 09
s P b -3 9 95 s P b -8 3 16
s P b -2 0 34 s P b -0 1 38s P b -4 3 88 s P b -5 7 21
s P b -7 1 05 s P b -7 6 98
s P b -1 1 52 t x p4 1 9
s P b -3 8 31
s P b -9 2 23
t xs 1 67 4 s P b -0 9 07
g p s b1 4 8
m s b c ir 34 8s P b -8 9 80
s P b -9 9 31
i su 1 39
t xp 4 1 7
t xp 4 1 3
t xS 6 4 4
s P b -6 4 17
S G- 37
s P b -9 5 13
s P b -3 3 61
t xs 1 93 1
s P b -6 5 18
s P b -9 9 78 s P b -8 7 97
u mc 8 5
S T 3 29
t xp 4 8 1
s P b -8 2 96
s P b -1 3 11
t xp 1 5 9
s P b -8 2 16
F C 2 0
t xs 1 09 6
s P b -6 8 25
F L
s P b -1 9 82
s P b -7 3 81
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Stg3bStg1
Stg2
Stg4
Stg3a
Crasta et al 1999Hausmann et al 2002
Kebede et al 2001Srinivas et al 2009Subudhi et al 2000
Tao et al 2000Xu et al 2000 Mace and Jordan 2011. Theor Appl Genet. 123: 169-191
All Published stay-green QTL - 87 QTL; 27 unique regions
Four major regions of interest have received detailed study
Reducedplant size
Reduced water use at anthesis
Reduced tillering
Reduced leaf size
Deeper rooting OR
lateral spread
Root architecture
Increased water availability anthesis
Increased water accessibility
Better water
extraction
Increased growth rate and panicle mass
Increased HI
Increased grain number
Early anthesis
Fig. 1
Increased TE
Increased grain mass
Increased yield
• Studies with NILs and contrasting hybrids to seek mechanisms conferring yield advantage (Borrell, van Oosterom)
• Focus on canopy dynamics (water demand); root system architecture (water capture); transpiration efficiency
• Basis for modelling via effects on dynamics of water balance through the crop cycle
• Understanding supports gene discovery
3. What mechanisms underpin staygreen? • Staygreen is a complex trait – not all mechanisms are desirable
(eg reduced grain number)
van Oosterom, Borrell et al 2011. Crop Sci. 51: 2728-2740
Reducedplant size
Reduced water use at anthesis
Reduced tillering
Reduced leaf size
Deeper rooting OR
lateral spread
Root architecture
Increased water availability anthesis
Increased water accessibility
Better water
extraction
Increased growth rate and panicle mass
Increased HI
Increased grain number
Early anthesis
Fig. 1
Increased TE
Increased grain mass
Increased yield
• Staygreen regions associated with reduced tillering and canopy leaf area
• QTLs for tillering co-locate with some staygreen QTLs
3. What mechanisms underpin staygreen?
• Reduced tillering is associated with staygreen
van Oosterom, Borrell et al 2011. Crop Sci. 51: 2728-2740
Reducedplant size
Reduced water use at anthesis
Reduced tillering
Reduced leaf size
Deeper rooting OR
lateral spread
Root architecture
Increased water availability anthesis
Increased water accessibility
Better water
extraction
Increased growth rate and panicle mass
Increased HI
Increased grain number
Early anthesis
Fig. 1
Increased TE
Increased grain mass
Increased yield
3. What mechanisms underpin staygreen?
van Oosterom, Borrell et al 2011. Crop Sci. 51: 2728-2740
• Staygreen regions associated with smaller leaves and reduced canopy leaf area
• Reduced leaf size is associated with staygreen
0
200
400
600
800
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Leaf length ( mm )
Leaf number
‐NIL (Stg2)RTx7000Le
af S
ize
(cm
2)
Reducedplant size
Reduced water use at anthesis
Reduced tillering
Reduced leaf size
Deeper rooting OR
lateral spread
Root architecture
Increased water availability anthesis
Increased water accessibility
Better water
extraction
Increased growth rate and panicle mass
Increased HI
Increased grain number
Early anthesis
Fig. 1
Increased TE
Increased grain mass
Increased yield
3. What mechanisms underpin staygreen?
van Oosterom, Borrell et al 2011. Crop Sci. 51: 2728-2740
• Staygreen regions associated with enhanced total water extraction
• QTLs for narrow root angle co-locate with staygreen QTLs
• Additional water capture is associated with staygreen
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Days after emergence
Cum
ulat
ive
crop
wat
er u
se (m
m)
Stg2Tx7000
Mace et al. 2012. Theor Appl Gen, 124: 97-109
Reducedplant size
Reduced water use at anthesis
Reduced tillering
Reduced leaf size
Deeper rooting OR
lateral spread
Root architecture
Increased water availability anthesis
Increased water accessibility
Better water
extraction
Increased growth rate and panicle mass
Increased HI
Increased grain number
Early anthesis
Fig. 1
Increased TE
Increased grain mass
Increased yield
• Staygreen regions associated with enhanced TE
• May be linked to leaf size (SLA, SLN) and/or limited maximum transpiration rate mechanism
3. What mechanisms underpin staygreen?
• Enhanced TE is associated with staygreen
Sincalir et al 2005. Funct Plant Biol. , 32: 945-952.van Oosterom, Borrell et al 2011. Crop Sci. 51: 2728-2740
Gholipoor et al 2010. Field Crops Res. . 119:85-90
4. Modelling staygreen - mechanisms Incorporate effects in APSIM – sorghum model
• Modelling the tangled web of interactions and feedbacks
Hammer et al. 2010. J Exp Bot, 61:2185-2202
4. Modelling staygreen - mechanisms
• Tillering – reduce propensity to tiller (0.5 tillers/plant)• Leaf size – reduce potential leaf area per leaf by 10%• Root architecture – increase potential extractable soil water by a
maximum of 15mm over soil depth from 1-2m• TE – increase intrinsic TE from 9 to 9.5Pa in combination with
leaf size reduction− impose maximum transpiration rate of 1mm/hr
• Does this generate simulated staygreen phenotype under terminal stress?
• What are consequences on yield across environments?• Simulation study for conventional agronomy and hybrid at key
locations in NE Australia (with 100 years historical weather)
Incorporate estimates of known effects
5. Modelling staygreen - phenotype Staygreen phenotype emerges as consequence of dynamics
5. Modelling staygreen - phenotype Staygreen phenotype emerges as consequence of dynamics
6. Simulating consequences on grain yield Yield consequences reflect trends in field data (eg Dalby)
6. Simulating consequences on grain yield Yield consequences relate to Environ Type (eg Dalby)
7. So What?
• Model captures dynamics and consequences of mechanisms • Staygreen phenotype an emergent consequence• Shifting a small amount of water from pre- to post-anthesis
makes a big difference• Different mechanisms generate different consequences and
GxE • Opportunity for targeted phenotyping and molecular breeding• Opportunity for plant design/improvement simulation (G-to-P
models & G(QTL)*M*E)• Confidence to pursue use of model in molecular breeding• Support for gene function targets in gene discovery
Modelling the ecophysiological and genetic control of the staygreen trait
in sorghum
Graeme Hammer, Erik van Oosterom, Greg McLean, Al Doherty, David Jordan, Emma Mace and Andrew Borrell
QAAFI, The University of QueenslandDAFF Qld
Working together with theQueensland Government