MobilizationRetaking Europe

The HolocaustThe War in the Pacific

The Social Impact of the War

World War II

Map of WWII Europe

FDR’s Four Freedoms

When the US declared war, they were not ready for war

Mobilizing the US Armed ForcesSelective Training and Service Act = The Draft

(21-36 yrs)Military Spending went from $2 billion to $10 billion

FDR’s “4 FREEDOMS” SpeechFreedom from WANT * Freedom from FEARFreedom of RELIGION * Freedom of SPEECH

The GI WarMore than 16 Million served as “GI’s”Normal everyday American men who left home to fight for

freedom

Mobilization

Diversity in the Armed Forces (despite facing racism at home, they served)

All racial/ethnic backgrounds served in the US Military300,000 Mexican American served25,000 “CODE TALKERS” (Native Americans) served1,000,000 African Americans served (Tuskegee Airmen)

Women in the Military - 35,000 volunteered to serveWorked as clerks, typists, airfield control towers,

mechanics, photographers andriversAnything to free up a soldier to fight

Mobilization

Wartime Work ForceWar production will employ our nation (ending

the Great Depression)Wages rose by more than 50% from 1940-1945Union membership roseLabor and Business agreed: No Strikes, No

LockoutsFinancing the War (US Gov’t vowed to spend

whatever necessary)Higher Taxes, War Bonds, borrowing financed the

$321 billion it took)

Mobilization

Daily Life on the Home Front (the war effected EVERYONE)

Shortages and ControlsPeople had money for first time since the 1920’s, but

many things were rationedMetal, rubber, nylon stockings, certain foodsRation cards (sugar, coffee, meat, butter, canned

fruit, shoes)Gasoline rationed too “Is this trip really

necessary?”Popular Culture

Books & MagazinesRadio & RecordsBaseball & Movies

Mobilization

Enlisting Public Support (Gov’t encouraged people to take part in the war effort)

Accept rationing, conserve precious resources

Hired writers and artists to create posters/ads to stir American patriotism

“VICTORY GARDENS” to grow veggies at home

“Blackouts”- People shuttered their homes at night

Civil DefenseRecycle efforts – metal, paper and other

war production materials (COLLECT AND CONSERVE)

Mobilization

Americans Join the Struggle (France in German hands, London under seige )

The Battle of the Atlantic Convoys used to get American Soldiers and supplies by the

German Uboats“Wolf Packs” hunted military and merchant shipsSonar and better tactics will decrease the “Wolf Pack’s”

successThe North Africa Campaign

Rommel and Montgomery fought for control of Northern Africa

When US troops arrived, they lost their first battle but learned and won later

Churchill and Roosevelt will meet at Casablanca and mapped out their strategy for the rest of the war: Europe first , then the Pacific

Only unconditional surrender from Italy and Germany

Retaking Europe

The Invasion of Italy (2 front war)US and British troops hit Sicily and the Italian

mainlandThe Fascist Italian government voted Mussolini

outAllied troops advanced thru Italy, nearing Rome,

and the Italians surrenderedThe Germans did not give up – (Fight or Die)Many months of brutal fightingFinally, Germans surrender, Mussolini shot by

Italians

Retaking Europe

War in the Soviet Union The Germans Advance – Hitler breaks “non-

aggression pact”Believing he could take Russia quickly, Hitler poured

into Russia100,000’s + Russian Soldiers taken prisoner Millions of Russian Soldiers and even more civilians

dig in for a fight(some saw German’s as liberators because Stalin was

brutal but quickly found out the Germans were worse. They were forced labor or executed)

As Red Army retreated, Germans destroyed everything

Russian’s asked America for LEND LEASE aid, and it was sent

As Germans threatened Moscow and other key cities, Stalin begged the Allies to attack Italy and take the pressure off Russia. The Allies weren’t ready and left Russia to deal with the full force of the German Army

Retaking Europe

The Battle of Stalingrad (Winter will hit and change everything)

Germany’s Army will bog down in the winterThe people of Stalingrad will hold out and the

battle will rage again in SpringWhen winter hit again, the Germans were stuck

without suppliesBy late January, 90,000 Germans surrendered.

330,000 deadRussian losses were worse. More than 1,000,000

died in Stalingrad

Retaking Europe

The Allied Air War (Allied planes also went after military and civilian targets)

Carpet Bombing –scattering large numbers of bombs over a wide area

Allied bombing of Germany intensified when US entered the war

Hundreds of bombers would rain destruction on German cities

In 1943, Allies stepped up their bombing in advance of invasion

British and German citizens took to spending nights underground to survive

40,000 Germans will die in 4 nights in bombings on HamburgBy 1944, US and British coordinated attacks

Americans bombed by day, British bombed by night3,000 planes a day took flight

Retaking Europe

Allies attack from England

Allies attack from Africa

Germany/Axis powers now had to deal with a 3 front war. Even with this, the Allies put to the test and had to commit everything they had to the effort to push Germany back

Russia Attacks from the East

Stalin (and some US Generals) were calling for the invasion of western Europe

Operation Overlord would be launched from EnglandGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower named Supreme

CommanderTHE PLAN: To attack Europe from Britain in

Normandy Massive troops buildup began

Germany, in response, fortified their defenses in N. France

SUBTRIFUGE: The British were masters of trickery. (youtube: D-Day Deception)A plan was devised to trick the Germans into thinking the

attack would come at Calais not Normandy Spys were turned and sent fake messages “Secret” battle plans were planted Fake troop build up across from Calais

Retaking Europe

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

D-Day4,600 invasion craft crossed the British Channel1,000 RAF aircraft bombed the coastline of

France23, 000 airborne parachuted behind enemy lines

(British and American)150,000 troops landed along 60 miles of French

coastHeavy casualties (2,000 on one beach), but the

Allies gained control (10,000 Allied casualties in one day)

Within 1 week, ½ million troops and their equipment were ashore

By late July, over 2 million Allied troops in France

D-DAY (June 6, 1944)

Liberating France (Aug. ‘44)August, 1944 – The French Resistance began an

uprising as Allied troops nearedFirst objective, retake Paris . . . then on to

GermanyHitler ordered Paris burned, the generals ignored

the orderMassive celebration as the Germans gave up

control of ParisBy late September, Allied troops were nearing

Germany

The Battle of the Bulge (Dec.‘44 – Jan.‘44)

Hitler’s last attempt to stop the Allies in a counter attack on Allied lines

Several units fought against overwhelming German attack and held off assault

80,000 Allies forces died, 100,000 German forces died

After this battle, German general (not Hitler) realized the war was lost

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

The War in Europe EndsSoviet Forces Advance

As Allied bombers continued to pound German cities, Soviet forces hit from the east

Fighting between Germany and USSR was horrific9 million Russian soldiers (and as many as 9 million civilians)

died3 million German soldiers diedSoviet leaders viewed the capture of Berlin a matter of honorSoviet Army meets up with Allied Armies outside Berlin

Germany Surrenders Hitler refused to leave Berlin (as his generals suggested)Went into his bunker and committed suicideA few days later, Germany surrendered (May 8, 1945) V-E

DayWar in Europe was over, but the War in the Pacific still

going on

The War in Europe Ends

The Yalta ConferenceFeb, 1945 – THE BIG THREE (Roosevelt,

Churchill & Stalin) met in YaltaPlanned what would happen after the war ended

Split Germany (and Berlin) into 4 zonesStalin agreed to elections in Eastern Europe

and to help in Japan(promises he later broke)

The War in Europe Ends

Berlin

Persecution in GermanyNazi Policies: The belief in “Aryan Superiority” drove German

policiesAnti-Semitism: discrimination or hostility (often violent)

directed at JewsAnti-Semitism became official policy under the Nazi’sEventually 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population (6 million +)

murderedOne-Day Boycott then a total boycott of Jewish owned

businessesGerman Citizenship stripped from JewsJews attacked as “enemies of the Germans” in the mediaJews expelled from German schoolsIdentification worn on clothing; Names changed to identifySS used to enforce German policiesMost Jews believed they could endure until Hitler lost power

(they were wrong)

The Holocaust

Kristallnacht (The Night of the Broken Glass) Nearly every Synagogue destroyed, 1000’s arrested and

sent to “Labor Camps” Jews forced to pay fines to pay for damages to German

property on that nightRefugees Seek an Escape

1 in 4 Jews fled Germany (with Nazi encouragement) to nearby countries

Few countries welcomed the refugees – The Great Depressions

A conference was called to discuss the refugees. 32 nations refused to take them in

The Holocaust

From Murder to GenocideThe Warsaw Ghetto: An enclosed city

Received little food (hunger, starvation the norm)Crowding brought disease; 1000’s died each monthStill the Nazi’s sought more efficient ways to kill the Jews

The Einsatzgrupppen (Mobile Killing Squads)Sent to kill Communist leaders and Jews in German

occupied territoriesRounded up Jews, dug a big ditch and shot themBabi Yar: 33,000 Jews killed in 2 days and put in a mass

graveWannsee Conference

Nazi officials met to discuss what to do with the Jews“Final Solution” = Genocide

The Holocaust

The Death Camps (Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, Sobibor, Treblinka &

others)Sorting process as trains deposited Jews

The ones they could use for labor were sent to camps The young, old, infirmed, etc were sent to the showers Nazi’s decided that poison gas would be the most efficient way to kill Showers designed to allow as many to be killed at a time as possible

Fighting Back Underground Resistance Escape Survival

Rescue and Liberation US knew as early as 1942, but no political will to do anything

about it 1944 – FDR created War Refugee Board (WRB) to try to help

those threatened by the NAZI’s. It will help save more than 200,000 lives

As Allies advanced on Germany, the camps were abandoned. Thousands will die before the rescuers get to them.

NUREMBERG TRIALS: Crimes against Humanity

The Holocaust

The Japanese AdvanceThe Philippines Fall

After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese move to take control of Asia

The Philippines taken – 76,000 Filipinos and Americans taken prison

Bataan Death March – 10,000 die on march, 15,000 die in camps

Defending China and BurmaJapan takes control of China and Burma, ending

British aid to the rebels2 Aircraft Carriers were out at the time of attack2 were damaged but reparable

The War in the Pacific

The War at SeaPearl Harbor had crippled the US Navy, but

not totallyDoolittle Raid

After PH, the US needed to strike back (for morale reasons)

Plan devised to hit Japan and fly to China and land

Most pilots survived (many captured by Japanese in China)

Minimal damage but a HUGE morale boost for US and its military

The War in the Pacific

Allied Victories Turn the TideThe Battle of Midway

Japan wanted to deal a final blow to the US NavyThe base on Midway was the key to their plansUS had a surprise for Japan – the 2 aircraft carriers

damaged were fixedJapan lost 4 carriers, 250+ planes, & most of its

skilled pilotsLast offensive attack by Japan

The Battle of Guadalcanal1st island the Allies try to retake6 month battle – Japanese and Allies reinforced their

troopsJungle warfare – fanatical Japanese fighters – heavy

casualties1st Japanese controlled territory the Allies took back

The War in the Pacific

Island Hopping

Struggle for the IslandsIsland Hopping

Strategy to block food and supplies was successful Japanese fighters were still fierce fighters

The Philippines CampaignPlanners wanted to “hop” over the Philippines, but

McArthur pressedTough battles (Leyte Gulf), Japanese did not want to lose

this baseKAMIKAZES: used for the first time, to great effect Japanese Navy virtually destroyed, the Allies marched on

toward Japan80,000 Japanese troops died, less than 1,000 taken

prisoner

The War in the Pacific

The closer the US got the Japan, the deadlier the fighting became

Iwo Jima and Okinawa (now on to Japanese soil)

Iwo Jima (700 miles from Japan) 74 days of bombing to “soften up” the Japanese fighters 100,000+ US troop vs. 25,000 Japanese soldiers = 1 month of

brutal battle Only 216 Japanese fighters taken prisoner US lost 25,000 on this little island

Okinawa (350 miles from Japan) US – 1,300 warships, 180,000+ troops Japan – 100,000 defenders who would fight until the death

2000 kamikaze attacks on US warshipsBanzai attacks – to kill as many as possible before they

were killedOnly 7,200 surrenderedUS lost 50,000+ on this little island

War in the Pacific

The Manhattan ProjectSuper Secret Project to Build the Atomic Bomb

Einstein letter to FDR Best scientists put on the project with unlimited funding Segmented into different parts of project (only a few knew whole

plan) **Hanford, WA** **Oak Ridge, TN** **Los Alamos, NM** Race to develop an atomic weapon Los Alamos NM test sight

Scientists sent letter to FDR to urge him NOT to use the weapon Truman informed of successful test (3 weapons ready for use)

The Decision to Drop the Bomb 1. A Massive Invasion (millions of casualties) 2. Naval Blockade (long, conventional bombing needed) 3. A Demonstration (might not work, only 3 bombs) 4. Softening the Allied Demands 5. Drop the Bomb

The War in the Pacific

Japan SurrendersAugust 6, 1945 – The Enola Gay drops bomb on

HiroshimaJapan given 3 days to surrender or another bomb

droppedAugust 9, 1945 – Nagasaki is bombedAugust 14, 1945 – Japan surrenders

(J-V Day)

Effect of the use of the Atomic BombQuick surrender by Japan, end of World War 2Displayed U.S. power to USSR/worldShowed U.S. would use any means necessary to winEstablished the U.S. as THE SUPERPOWER of the

world

The War in the Pacific Ends

Instantly: 5-10 mile radius incineratedDeaths: More than 150,000-200,000 died

instantlyCities destroyedJapanese culture forever altered

US – Only country EVER to use an atomic bombBegan the “COLD WAR” arms race with the

Soviet Union

Impact of the Atomic Bomb

Use your books to find 2-3 facts about each area on the worksheet

You can work in groups of 2-4, but each must complete the worksheet

If time, teacher will use power points to review each different group that was covered

Book Work (p.623-629)

What were the conditions life for African Americans just before WWII?

What were the following acts of government and what were they trying to achieve?

Executive Order 8802FEPC

Once the US entered the war, how were African Americans treated by the military?

Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?What was CORE and what were they formed

to do?

Quick Review

African AmericansEconomic Discrimination: Industry needed millions of

workersStill 1 of 5 African Americans out of work at the beginning

of warExecutive Order 8802: Desegregated Defense ProgramsFEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee) set up

to hear complaints about hiring/work practicesSoldiers and Segregation: Both served, but in different

unitsTuskeegee Airmen

Divided OpinionsMost whites believed African American soldiers satisfied

with conditions in the military and new opportunities in society

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) formed to fight for equality

Social Impact of the War

Mexican AmericansThe BRACERO Program: to meet the need for

agricultural workers during the war, 200,00+ Mexican workers were brought inAlso worked in military programs (aircraft industry)

Zoot Suit Riots: Mexican Bracero’s livedin BARRIO’s, especially in LA and SD. Military soldiers based in area conflicted with “Zoot Suiters”

Soldiers confined to base

Social Impact of the War

Native Americans (Culture Shock)Most N.A. lived on reservations in abject povertyMost N.A’s had never left the reservation, in their

entire life25,000 volunteered 23,000 worked in war industries“CODE TALKERS”

Unique unwritten language Difficult for Japanese to infiltrate

Social Impact of the War

Japanese AmericansJapanese Internment

Executive Order 9066 – Presidential order for interment of Japanese

Remove “any or all persons” of Japanese dissent (2/3 were American born)

They would be “interned” or contained during war Poor conditions common

Legal ChallengesThere were legal challenges to this policy

Korematsu v. US (1944) S.C. found US government acted within the rules of a nation at war. The S.C. would later overturn this ruling

Japanese Americans in the Military17,000+ will volunteer, would serve in segregated units

After the WarThose in camps returned to find their property had been takenThey had to start all over1988 – US Congress passed a law giving $20,000 to each

surviving internee or their family

Social Impact of the War

Camps were widespread in West

Working WomenNew Kinds of Jobs

Traditional jobs for women no longer enough for war effort Higher paying jobs in factories and plants opened as men

went to war By 1944, 19.4 million women working in war industries “Rosie the Riveter”

Benefits and Problems with Employment Women got more money and more self-confidence They earned less than men, often faced resentment for

working Had to juggle home and work

After the War “For the duration”, women expected to give up jobs when men

returned Most content to leave, but many wanted to stay

Social Impact

I. MobilizationI. How the US mobilized for warII. Effect of war on daily life

II. Retaking EuropeI. War in the Soviet Union (impact on Allies decisions)II. Invasion into ItalyIII. Invasion into Northern Europe (D-Day, Battle of the Bulge)

III. The HolocaustI. How/why the Nazi’s used the “Final Solution”II. US response to the Holocaust

IV. The War in the PacificI. Midway & GuadalcanalII. Island Hopping (Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa)III. The Atomic Bomb (Choices, Decision to use, Effects)

V. The War’s Social EffectsI. African Americans & MexicansII. Native AmericansIII. Japanese InternmentIV. Women

Review – Chapter 18

1) What factors motivated Italy, Germany and Japan and its leaders to pursue aggressive foreign policies during the 1930’s?

2) Do you think the Allies could have won World War II without the aid of the United States? EXPLAIN!!

3) What were some alternatives to using the atomic bomb against Japan? EXPLAIN whether or not you think dropping the atomic bomb was the best strategy and WHY

4) How might the events of World War II have been different if Germany had honored its non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union?

Ch 18 Essays