mobile gas turbines

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Mobile Gas Turbines

As the worlds leading provider of fast-track mobile turbine power, APR Energy

uses the most rapidly deployable and reliable mobile turbine technology in the

market today. Featuring the dual-fuel GE TM2500+, our mobile turbine fleet

can be mobilized to deliver large blocks of power within days or weeks.

The high power density and reliability of these units allows APR Energy to

deliver scalable solutions of 300MW or more that can integrate into existing

infrastructure and operate on a semi-permanent basis. A key advantage of a

mobile turbine solution over alternatives using reciprocating technology is the

fuel flexibility it brings, with the ability to switch seamlessly between diesel and

natural gas. Mobile turbines also produce significantly less emissions than

reciprocating engine solutions, making them the best fit for environmentally

conscious customers and developed markets with stringent regulatory controls.

The GE TM2500+APR ENERGYS MOBILE TURBINE FLEET FEATURES THE GE TM2500+, one

of the worlds most experienced, reliable gas turbine solutions for fast -track applications. The highly mobile aeroderivative turbine is capable of

producing up to 30 megawatts of power and is quick to dispatch, achieving full power in less than 10 minutes.

The high power density and reliability of these units allows APR Energy to deliver scalable solutions of 400MW or more that can integrate into existing

infrastructure and operate on a semi-permanent basis.

Developed specifically for delivering fast-track and mobile power, the TM2500+ is packaged on a two-trailer system with a top-mounted air inlet filter and

exhaust assemblies. It offers a space-conscious design with a 24m x 6.5m footprint, and can be shipped by land, air, or sea to anywhere in the world for

quick installation.

A key advantage of turbines over reciprocating technology is the fuel flexibility they bring. The TM2500+ has the ability to operate on, and switch seamlessly

between, diesel and liquid distillate fuels. It is also dual frequency, with the ability to easily convert from 50 to 60Hz.

Mobile turbines produce significantly less emissions than reciprocating engine solutions, making them a good fit for environmentally conscious customers

and developed markets with stringent regulatory controls. The TM2500+ offers the option of water injection for NOx suppression down to 25ppm.


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Compressed natural gas(CNG) (Methane stored at high pressure) can be used in place ofgasoline(petrol),Diesel fuelandpropane/LPG.

CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the fuels mentioned above. It is safer than other fuels in the event of aspill,because natural gas is

lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. CNG may be found aboveOIL deposits, or may be collected from landfills or wastewater treatment

plants where it is known asbiogas.

CNG is made by compressingnatural gas(which is mainly composed ofmethane,CH4), to less than 1 percent of the volume it occupies atstandard

atmospheric pressure.It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 2025 MPa (2,9003,600 psi), usually incylindricalor spherical shapes.

CNG is used in traditional gasoline/internal combustion engineautomobiles that have been modified or in vehicles which were manufactured for CNG use,

either alone ('dedicated'), with a segregated gasoline system to extend range (dual fuel) or in conjunction with another fuel such as diesel (bi-fuel).Natural

gas vehiclesare increasingly used inIran,especiallyPakistan,[1]theAsia-Pacificregion, Indian capital ofDelhi,and other large cities

likeAhmedabad,Mumbai,Kolkataas well as cities such as Lucknow, Kanpur, etc. Its use is also increasing inSouth America,EuropeandNorth

Americabecause of rising gasoline prices.[2]In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also intuk-

tuksandpickup trucks,transitandschool buses,andtrains.

The cost and placement of fuel storage tanks is the major barrier to wider/quicker adoption of CNG as a fuel. It is also why municipal government, public

transportation vehicles were the most visible early adopters of it, as they can more quickly amortize the moneyINVESTED in the new (and usually cheaper)

fuel. In spite of these circumstances, the number of vehicles in the world using CNG has grown steadily (30 percent per year).[3]

Now, as a result of industry'ssteady growing, the cost of such fuel storage tanks have been brought down to a much acceptable level. Especially for the CNG Type 1 and Type 2 tanks,

many countries are able to make reliable and cost effective tanks for conversion need.[4]

CNG's volumetricenergy densityis estimated to be 42 percent that ofliquefied natural gas(because it is notliquefied), and 25 percent that of diesel fuel.[5]

Comparison with other natural gas fuels[edit]

Compressed natural gas is often confused with LNG (liquefied natural gas). While both are stored forms of natural gas, the key difference is that CNG

isgasthat is stored (as a gas) at high pressure, while LNG is stored at very low temperature, becomingliquidin the process. CNG has a lower cost of

production and storage compared to LNG as it does not require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks. CNG requires a much larger volume tostore the same mass of gasoline or petrol and the use of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to 275 bar). As a consequence of this, LNG is often

used for transporting natural gas over large distances, in ships, trains or pipelines, and the gas is then converted into CNG before distribution to the end

user.
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CNG is being experimentally stored at lower pressure in a form known as an ANG (adsorbednatural gas) tank, at 35 bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in

natural gas pipelines) in various sponge like materials, such asactivated carbon[21]and MOFs (metal-organic frameworks).[22]The fuel is stored at similar or

greater energy density than CNG. This means that vehicles can be refueled from the natural gas network without extra gas compression, the fuel tanks can

be slimmed down and made of lighter, weaker materials.

Compressed natural gas is sometimes mixed with hydrogen (HCNG)which increases the H/C ratio (heat capacity ratio)of the fuel and gives it aflame

speedabout eight times higher than CNG.[23]

PowershipFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

MH-1A,the first floating nuclear power ship

A powership(or power ship) is a special purposemarine ship shaped vessel,on which apower plantis installed to serve as apower generationresource.

PowerShip is an existing ship that has been modified for power generation, amarine vessel,on which apower plantis installed to serve as apowergenerationresource. Converted from existing ships, powerships are self-propelled, ready to go infrastructure fordeveloping countriesthat plug into national gridswhere required.[1]Unmotorised powerships, known as power barges, are simply conventionalpower plantsinstalled on a deckbarge.These are sometimes called"floating power plants" or "barge mounted power plants". They were initially developed duringWorld War IIbyGeneral Electricfor theWar Production Boardas atransportable large scale power generation resource.

A Power Barge is basically the same as a PowerShip, except that is based on a deck barge and does not have the ability to get underway of it own accord.

Powerships can be equipped with single or multiplegas turbines,reciprocatingdiesel and gas engines,boilersornuclear reactorsfor electricity generation.BureauVeritas,an internationalcertificationagency with experience in overseeing both shipbuilding and power plant development, classifies such floating power plants as"special service power plants".[1]

A total of about four self-propelled powerships are currently deployed around the world, while there are over 75 power barges worldwide, including over 600 MW ofgeneration capacity in New York City. Power barges can be built very quickly in comparison to a power ship or a land based plant. A 100 MW gas turbine powerbarge can be built in about 3 months and be ready for deployment.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-1Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-1Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_ship_shaped_vessel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_ship_shaped_vessel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_ship_shaped_vessel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Production_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Production_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Production_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_Veritashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_Veritashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_Veritashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_Veritashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MH-1A.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_Veritashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_Veritashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Production_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powership#cite_note-md1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_ship_shaped_vessel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-1Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbed


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Current usage[edit]

Some recently built power ships are existing large bulk carriers, which are fitted with used reciprocating engines and new state-of-the-art, large-boredual-fuel diesel

enginesthat run on heavy fuel or natural gas to generate electricity,[5]relevanttransformersandelectric switchboards.The only other power ships were based on US

Naval vessels. Power ships utilizing new purpose built ships would not be competitive to a purpose built power barge due to the higher cost of construction. The

crew quarters and propulsion systems are under utilized during the power plant operational period which can be up to the life of the power plant.

It is expected that a power barge or power ship will moor at one place for an average duration of three to five years, or up to 20 years. For this reason, power ships

are an ideal solution to bridge the gap for a certain time until a local power plant is built or the high demand in electricity supply is over.[4]

Karadeniz Powership Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of Karadeniz Energy Group based in Turkey,developed and carries out a project named "Power of Friendship" that aims

to provide a total of 2,010MWof electricity to more than ten shortage-stricken countries in theMiddle East,northern Africaandsouthern Asiawith ten different ships

by the end of 2010.[6][7]The first powership of the project, which can supply 144 MW power, went into service at the beginning of 2010 off the shore nearBasrain

south-easternIraq,[8]and the second powership is on its way to the same place .[9]The company also signed a contract withPakistan.,[4]but the Pakistani government

terminated this project.

All other builders of power ships have gone out of business.

Power Barges[edit]

Power barges are in demand for their short construction cycles, flexibility in deployment, minimal land requirements. The capital costsof constructing and operating

power barges are very competitive with their land-based equivalents.

Construction and installation[edit]

Power barges are typically moored in protected harbors, and may be entirely self-contained with step-up transformers or connected with land-based transformers

that send electricity to domestic consumers. If the purchaser defaults, the manufacturer or intermediary can tow the barge(s) away and sell the plant to anothercustomer. Floating power plants are usually constructed off-site at a shipyard, and then transported via dry tow to the end-use location.

Vibration and thermal growth[edit]

Gas turbines and diesels generate substantial amounts of vibration both during start-up and operations. The gas turbine generator coupling is very sensitive to

alignment and therefore, controlling deflection is paramount. Foundation designs seek to either isolate the deck barge and the power island raft or to combine the
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structures of the power island and deck barge to gain the same structural rigidity. The difference is that the integrated structural approach yields a direct path for

vibration, while the isolated structural approach seeks the rigidity in an independent foundation and utilizes spring mounts or other mat type vibration dampening.

The deck barge will tend to exhibit thermal growth during the diurnal cycles and possible out-of-trim conditions referred to as hogging and saggingcaused by

changes in ballast or fuel.

The power island design requires certain deflection limitations at the generator coupling and vibration dampening from start-up or out-of-phase operations, as well

as significant trip loads mostly in the generator section. The power barge systems engineer must integrate power island engineering with naval architecture and

marine engineering.

From New York City to Bangladesh[edit]

During the 1990s, power barges became a popular way of providing energy to developing nations, with companies including equipment suppliers like General

Electric,Westinghouse,Wrtsil,andMAN;by developers such asSmith Cogeneration,AES,GMR Vasavi,which operate floating power plants for customers

located inNew York City(USA),Khulna(Bangladesh), theDominican Republic,Brazil, Ecuador, Angola, Nigeria, Thailand, Effassu (Ghana), as well as in

thePhilippines,Jamaica,Kenya,andMalaysia.Engineering, procurement and construction companies such as www.powerbargecorp.com/Power Barge

Corporation,Waller Marine Inc,Hyundai,IHI CorporationandMitsuioffer gas turbine power barge construction programs, and Karadeniz Energy, MAN and Wrtsil

offer medium speed engine power barges.

Today there are over 75 power barges deployed and operating around the world. The utilization rate of power barges is around 95% with only one or two power

barges available in the global market at any one time.

In April 2011,Waller Marinefinalized installation in Venezuela of two large floating power generation barges into a prepared basin at Tacoa. The two 171 MW

barges, each supporting a GE 7FA dual fuel industrial gas turbine, are connected to the grid and soon supply much needed power to Caracas. Power Barge

Corporation recently delivered a 96 MW gas turbine power barge to Angola, a 72 MW Wartsila power barge to Panama and a 105 MW gas turbine power barge to

Venezuela.
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mobile gas turbines

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