mobile communications chapter 2: wireless transmission · vhf-/uhf-ranges for mobile radio simple,...
TRANSCRIPT
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
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chill
er, h
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chen
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ller.
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MC
SS
022.
1
Mo
bile
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
sC
hap
ter
2: W
irel
ess
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Fre
quen
cies
Sig
nals
Ant
enna
Sig
nal p
ropa
gatio
n
Mul
tiple
Spr
ead
spec
trum
Mod
ulat
ion
Cel
lula
r sy
stem
s
Pro
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MC
SS
022.
2
Fre
quen
cies
for
com
mun
icat
ion
VLF
= V
ery
Low
Fre
quen
cyU
HF
= U
ltra
Hig
h F
requ
ency
LF =
Low
Fre
quen
cy
SH
F =
Sup
er H
igh
Fre
quen
cy
MF
= M
ediu
m F
requ
ency
E
HF
= E
xtra
Hig
h F
requ
ency
HF
= H
igh
Fre
quen
cy
UV
= U
ltrav
iole
t Lig
htV
HF
= V
ery
Hig
h F
requ
ency
Fre
quen
cy a
nd w
ave
leng
th:
λ=
c/f
wav
e le
ngth
λ, s
peed
of l
ight
c≅
3x10
8 m/s
, fre
quen
cy f
1 M
m30
0 H
z10
km
30 k
Hz
100
m3
MH
z1
m30
0 M
Hz
10 m
m30
GH
z10
0 µm
3 T
Hz
1 µm
300
TH
z
visi
ble
light
VLF
LFM
FH
FV
HF
UH
FS
HF
EH
Fin
frar
edU
V
optic
al tr
ansm
issi
onco
ax c
able
twis
ted
pair
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MC
SS
022.
3
Fre
quen
cies
for
mob
ile c
omm
unic
atio
n
VH
F-/
UH
F-r
ange
s fo
r m
obile
rad
iosi
mpl
e, s
mal
l ant
enna
for
cars
dete
rmin
istic
pro
paga
tion
char
acte
ristic
s, r
elia
ble
conn
ectio
ns
SH
F a
nd h
ighe
r fo
r di
rect
ed r
adio
link
s, s
atel
lite
com
mun
icat
ion
smal
l ant
enna
, foc
usin
gla
rge
band
wid
th a
vaila
ble
Wire
less
LA
Ns
use
freq
uenc
ies
in U
HF
to S
HF
spe
ctru
mso
me
syst
ems
plan
ned
up to
EH
Flim
itatio
ns d
ue to
abs
orpt
ion
by w
ater
and
oxy
gen
mol
ecul
es
(res
onan
ce fr
eque
ncie
s)w
eath
er d
epen
dent
fadi
ng, s
igna
l los
s ca
used
by
heav
y ra
infa
ll et
c.
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MC
SS
022.
4
Fre
quen
cies
and
reg
ulat
ions
ITU
-R h
olds
auc
tions
for
new
freq
uenc
ies,
man
ages
freq
uenc
y ba
nds
wor
ldw
ide
(WR
C, W
orld
Rad
io C
onfe
renc
es)
E
uro
pe
U
SA
J
ap
an
Ce
llu
lar
Ph
on
es
G
SM
45
0-4
57
, 4
79
-4
86
/46
0-4
67
,48
9-
49
6,
89
0-9
15
/93
5-
96
0,
17
10
-17
85
/18
05
-1
88
0
UM
TS
(F
DD
) 1
92
0-
19
80
, 2
11
0-2
19
0
UM
TS
(T
DD
) 1
90
0-
19
20
, 2
02
0-2
02
5
AM
PS
, T
DM
A,
CD
MA
8
24
-84
9,
8
69
-89
4
TD
MA
, C
DM
A,
GS
M
18
50
-19
10
, 1
93
0-1
99
0
PD
C
81
0-8
26
,
94
0-9
56
, 1
42
9-1
46
5,
1
47
7-1
51
3
Co
rdle
ss
P
ho
ne
s
CT
1+
88
5-8
87
, 9
30
-9
32
C
T2
8
64
-86
8
DE
CT
1
88
0-1
90
0
PA
CS
18
50
-19
10
, 1
93
0-
19
90
P
AC
S-U
B 1
91
0-1
93
0
PH
S
18
95
-19
18
J
CT
2
54
-38
0
Wir
ele
ss
L
AN
s
IEE
E 8
02
.11
2
40
0-2
48
3
HIP
ER
LA
N 2
5
15
0-5
35
0,
54
70
-5
72
5
90
2-9
28
IE
EE
80
2.1
1
24
00
-24
83
5
15
0-5
35
0,
57
25
-58
25
IEE
E 8
02
.11
2
47
1-2
49
7
51
50
-52
50
Oth
ers
R
F-C
on
tro
l 2
7,
12
8,
41
8,
43
3,
86
8
RF
-Co
ntr
ol
31
5,
91
5
RF
-Co
ntr
ol
42
6,
86
8
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MC
SS
022.
5
Sig
nals
I
phys
ical
rep
rese
ntat
ion
of d
ata
func
tion
of ti
me
and
loca
tion
sign
al p
aram
eter
s: p
aram
eter
s re
pres
entin
g th
e va
lue
of d
ata
clas
sific
atio
nco
ntin
uous
tim
e/di
scre
te ti
me
cont
inuo
us v
alue
s/di
scre
te v
alue
s
anal
og s
igna
l = c
ontin
uous
tim
e an
d co
ntin
uous
val
ues
digi
tal s
igna
l = d
iscr
ete
time
and
disc
rete
val
ues
sign
al p
aram
eter
s of
per
iodi
c si
gnal
s:
perio
d T
, fre
quen
cy f=
1/T
, am
plitu
de A
, pha
se s
hift
ϕsi
ne w
ave
as s
peci
al p
erio
dic
sign
al fo
r a
carr
ier:
s(t)
= A
tsi
n(2
πf t
t + ϕ
t)
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MC
SS
022.
6
Fou
rier
repr
esen
tatio
n of
per
iodi
c si
gnal
s )2
cos(
)2
sin(
21)
(1
1
nft
bnf
ta
ct
gn
nn
nπ
π∑
∑∞ =
∞ =
++
=
1 0
1 0
tt
idea
l per
iodi
csi
gnal
real
com
posi
tion
(bas
edon
har
mon
ics)
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022.
7
Diff
eren
t rep
rese
ntat
ions
of s
igna
ls
ampl
itude
(am
plitu
de d
omai
n)
freq
uenc
y sp
ectr
um (
freq
uenc
y do
mai
n)
phas
e st
ate
diag
ram
(am
plitu
de M
and
pha
se ϕ
in p
olar
coo
rdin
ates
)
Com
pose
d si
gnal
s tr
ansf
erre
d in
to fr
eque
ncy
dom
ain
usin
g F
ourie
rtr
ansf
orm
atio
nD
igita
l sig
nals
nee
din
finite
freq
uenc
ies
for
perf
ect t
rans
mis
sion
mod
ulat
ion
with
a c
arrie
r fr
eque
ncy
for
tran
smis
sion
(an
alog
sig
nal!)
Sig
nals
II
f [H
z]
A [V
]
ϕ
I= M
cos
ϕ
Q =
M s
in ϕ
ϕ
A [V
]
t[s]
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MC
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022.
8
Rad
iatio
n an
d re
cept
ion
of e
lect
rom
agne
tic w
aves
, cou
plin
g of
w
ires
to s
pace
for
radi
o tr
ansm
issi
onIs
otro
pic
radi
ator
: equ
al r
adia
tion
in a
ll di
rect
ions
(th
ree
dim
ensi
onal
) -
only
a th
eore
tical
ref
eren
ce a
nten
naR
eal a
nten
nas
alw
ays
have
dire
ctiv
e ef
fect
s (v
ertic
ally
and
/or
horiz
onta
lly)
Rad
iatio
n pa
ttern
: mea
sure
men
t of r
adia
tion
arou
nd a
n an
tenn
a
Ant
enna
s: is
otro
pic
radi
ator
zy
x
z
yx
idea
lis
otro
pic
radi
ator
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MC
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022.
9
Ant
enna
s: s
impl
e di
pole
s
Rea
l ant
enna
s ar
e no
t iso
trop
ic r
adia
tors
but
, e.g
., di
pole
s w
ith le
ngth
s λ/
4 on
car
roo
fs o
r λ/
2 as
Her
tzia
ndi
pole
shap
e of
ant
enna
pro
port
iona
l to
wav
elen
gth
Exa
mpl
e: R
adia
tion
patte
rn o
f a s
impl
e H
ertz
ian
dipo
le
Gai
n: m
axim
um p
ower
in th
e di
rect
ion
of th
e m
ain
lobe
com
pare
d to
th
e po
wer
of a
n is
otro
pic
radi
ator
(w
ith th
e sa
me
aver
age
pow
er)
side
vie
w (
xy-p
lane
)x
y
side
vie
w (
yz-p
lane
)z
y
top
view
(xz
-pla
ne)
x
z
sim
ple
dipo
le
λ/4
λ/2
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022.
10
Ant
enna
s: d
irect
ed a
nd s
ecto
rized
side
vie
w (
xy-p
lane
)x
y
side
vie
w (
yz-p
lane
)z
y
top
view
(xz
-pla
ne)
x
z
top
view
, 3 s
ecto
r
x
z
top
view
, 6 s
ecto
r
x
z
Ofte
n us
ed fo
r m
icro
wav
e co
nnec
tions
or
base
sta
tions
for
mob
ileph
ones
(e
.g.,
radi
o co
vera
ge o
f a v
alle
y)
dire
cted
ante
nna
sect
oriz
edan
tenn
a
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022.
11
Ant
enna
s: d
iver
sity
Gro
upin
g of
2 o
r m
ore
ante
nnas
mul
ti-el
emen
t ant
enna
arr
ays
Ant
enna
div
ersi
tysw
itche
d di
vers
ity, s
elec
tion
dive
rsity
rece
iver
cho
oses
ant
enna
with
larg
est o
utpu
t
dive
rsity
com
bini
ngco
mbi
ne o
utpu
t pow
er to
pro
duce
gai
n
coph
asin
gne
eded
to a
void
can
cella
tion
+
λ/4
λ/2
λ/4
grou
nd p
lane
λ/2
λ/2
+
λ/2
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022.
12
Sig
nal p
ropa
gatio
n ra
nges
dist
ance
send
er
tran
smis
sion
dete
ctio
n
inte
rfer
ence
Tra
nsm
issi
on r
ange
com
mun
icat
ion
poss
ible
low
err
or r
ate
Det
ectio
n ra
nge
dete
ctio
n of
the
sign
al
poss
ible
no c
omm
unic
atio
n po
ssib
le
Inte
rfer
ence
ran
gesi
gnal
may
not
be
dete
cted
sign
al a
dds
to th
e ba
ckgr
ound
noi
se
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022.
13
Sig
nal p
ropa
gatio
n
Pro
paga
tion
in fr
ee s
pace
alw
ays
like
light
(st
raig
ht li
ne)
Rec
eivi
ng p
ower
pro
port
iona
l to
1/d²
(d
= d
ista
nce
betw
een
send
er a
nd r
ecei
ver)
Rec
eivi
ng p
ower
add
ition
ally
influ
ence
d by
fadi
ng (
freq
uenc
y de
pend
ent)
shad
owin
g
refle
ctio
n at
larg
e ob
stac
les
refr
actio
n de
pend
ing
on th
e de
nsity
of a
med
ium
scat
terin
g at
sm
all o
bsta
cles
diffr
actio
n at
edg
es
refle
ctio
nsc
atte
ring
diffr
actio
nsh
adow
ing
refr
actio
n
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SS
022.
14
Rea
l wor
ldex
ampl
e
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022.
15
Sig
nal c
an ta
ke m
any
diffe
rent
pat
hs b
etw
een
send
er a
nd r
ecei
ver
due
to
refle
ctio
n, s
catte
ring,
diff
ract
ion
Tim
e di
sper
sion
: sig
nal i
s di
sper
sed
over
tim
ein
terf
eren
ce w
ith “
neig
hbor
” sy
mbo
ls, I
nter
Sym
bol I
nter
fere
nce
(IS
I)T
he s
igna
l rea
ches
a r
ecei
ver
dire
ctly
and
pha
se s
hifte
ddi
stor
ted
sign
al d
epen
ding
on
the
phas
es o
f the
diff
eren
t par
ts
Mul
tipat
hpr
opag
atio
n
sign
al a
t sen
der
sign
al a
t rec
eive
r
LOS
pul
ses
mul
tipat
hpu
lses
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MC
SS
022.
16
Effe
cts
of m
obili
ty
Cha
nnel
cha
ract
eris
tics
chan
ge o
ver
time
and
loca
tion
sign
al p
aths
cha
nge
diffe
rent
del
ay v
aria
tions
of d
iffer
ent s
igna
l par
tsdi
ffere
nt p
hase
s of
sig
nal p
arts
quic
k ch
ange
s in
the
pow
er r
ecei
ved
(sho
rt te
rm fa
ding
)
Add
ition
al c
hang
es in
dist
ance
to s
ende
rob
stac
les
furt
her
away
slow
cha
nges
in th
e av
erag
e po
wer
re
ceiv
ed (
long
term
fadi
ng)
shor
t ter
m fa
ding
long
term
fadi
ng t
pow
er
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SS
022.
17
Mul
tiple
in 4
dim
ensi
ons
spac
e (s
i)
time
(t)
freq
uenc
y (f
)
code
(c)
Goa
l: m
ultip
le u
se
of a
sha
red
med
ium
Impo
rtan
t: gu
ard
spac
es n
eede
d!
s 2
s 3
s 1
Mul
tiple
f
t
c
k 2k 3
k 4k 5
k 6k 1
f
t
c
f
t
c
chan
nels
ki
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022.
18
Fre
quen
cy m
ultip
lex
Sep
arat
ion
of th
e w
hole
spe
ctru
m in
to s
mal
ler
freq
uenc
y ba
nds
A c
hann
el g
ets
a ce
rtai
n ba
nd o
f the
spe
ctru
m fo
r th
e w
hole
tim
eA
dvan
tage
s:no
dyn
amic
coo
rdin
atio
n ne
cess
ary
wor
ks a
lso
for
anal
og s
igna
ls
Dis
adva
ntag
es:
was
te o
f ban
dwid
th
if th
e tr
affic
is
dist
ribut
ed u
neve
nly
infle
xibl
egu
ard
spac
es
k 2k 3
k 4k 5
k 6k 1
f
t
c
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022.
19
f
t
c
k 2k 3
k 4k 5
k 6k 1
Tim
e m
ultip
lex
A c
hann
el g
ets
the
who
le s
pect
rum
for
a ce
rtai
n am
ount
of t
ime
Adv
anta
ges:
only
one
car
rier
in th
em
ediu
m a
t any
tim
eth
roug
hput
hig
h ev
en
for
man
y us
ers
Dis
adva
ntag
es:
prec
ise
sync
hron
izat
ion
nece
ssar
y
Pro
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ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
20
f
Tim
e an
d fr
eque
ncy
mul
tiple
x
Com
bina
tion
of b
oth
met
hods
A c
hann
el g
ets
a ce
rtai
n fr
eque
ncy
band
for
a ce
rtai
n am
ount
of t
ime
Exa
mpl
e: G
SM
A
dvan
tage
s:be
tter
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t ta
ppin
g
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t fre
quen
cy
sele
ctiv
e in
terf
eren
cehi
gher
dat
a ra
tes
com
pare
d to
code
mul
tiple
x
but:
prec
ise
coor
dina
tion
requ
ired
t
c
k 2k 3
k 4k 5
k 6k 1
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
21
Cod
e m
ultip
lex
Eac
h ch
anne
l has
a u
niqu
e co
de
All
chan
nels
use
the
sam
e sp
ectr
um
at th
e sa
me
time
Adv
anta
ges:
band
wid
th e
ffici
ent
no c
oord
inat
ion
and
sync
hron
izat
ion
nece
ssar
ygo
od p
rote
ctio
n ag
ains
t int
erfe
renc
e an
d ta
ppin
g
Dis
adva
ntag
es:
low
er u
ser
data
rat
esm
ore
com
plex
sig
nal r
egen
erat
ion
Impl
emen
ted
usin
g sp
read
spe
ctru
m
tech
nolo
gy
k 2k 3
k 4k 5
k 6k 1
f
t
c
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
22
Mod
ulat
ion
Dig
ital m
odul
atio
ndi
gita
l dat
a is
tran
slat
ed in
to a
n an
alog
sig
nal (
base
band
)
AS
K, F
SK
, PS
K -
mai
n fo
cus
in th
is c
hapt
erdi
ffere
nces
in s
pect
ral e
ffici
ency
, pow
er e
ffici
ency
, rob
ustn
ess
Ana
log
mod
ulat
ion
shift
s ce
nter
freq
uenc
y of
bas
eban
dsi
gnal
up
to th
e ra
dio
carr
ier
Mot
ivat
ion
smal
ler
ante
nnas
(e.
g., λ
/4)
Fre
quen
cy D
ivis
ion
Mul
tiple
med
ium
cha
ract
eris
tics
Bas
ic s
chem
esA
mpl
itude
Mod
ulat
ion
(AM
)
Fre
quen
cy M
odul
atio
n (F
M)
Pha
se M
odul
atio
n (P
M)
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
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w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
23
Mod
ulat
ion
and
dem
odul
atio
n
sync
hron
izat
ion
deci
sion
digi
tal
data
anal
ogde
mod
ulat
ion
radi
oca
rrie
r
anal
ogba
seba
ndsi
gnal
1011
0100
1ra
dio
rec
eive
r
digi
tal
mod
ulat
ion
digi
tal
data
anal
ogm
odul
atio
n
radi
oca
rrie
r
anal
ogba
seba
ndsi
gnal
1011
0100
1ra
dio
tra
nsm
itte
r
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
24
Dig
ital m
odul
atio
n
Mod
ulat
ion
of d
igita
l sig
nals
kno
wn
as S
hift
Key
ing
Am
plitu
de S
hift
Key
ing
(AS
K):
very
sim
ple
low
ban
dwid
th r
equi
rem
ents
very
sus
cept
ible
to in
terf
eren
ce
Fre
quen
cy S
hift
Key
ing
(FS
K):
need
s la
rger
ban
dwid
th
Pha
se S
hift
Key
ing
(PS
K):
mor
e co
mpl
ex
robu
st a
gain
st in
terf
eren
ce
10
1
t
10
1
t
10
1
t
Pro
f. D
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ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
25
Adv
ance
d F
requ
ency
Shi
ft K
eyin
g
band
wid
th n
eede
d fo
r F
SK
dep
ends
on
the
dist
ance
bet
wee
n th
e ca
rrie
r fr
eque
ncie
ssp
ecia
l pre
-com
puta
tion
avoi
ds s
udde
n ph
ase
shift
s
MS
K (
Min
imum
Shi
ft K
eyin
g)bi
t sep
arat
ed in
to e
ven
and
odd
bits
, the
dur
atio
n of
eac
h bi
t is
doub
led
depe
ndin
g on
the
bit v
alue
s (e
ven,
odd
) th
e hi
gher
or
low
er
freq
uenc
y, o
rigin
al o
r in
vert
ed is
cho
sen
the
freq
uenc
y of
one
car
rier
is tw
ice
the
freq
uenc
y of
the
othe
rE
quiv
alen
t to
offs
et Q
PS
K
even
hig
her
band
wid
th e
ffici
ency
usi
ng a
Gau
ssia
n lo
w-p
ass
filte
r G
MS
K (
Gau
ssia
n M
SK
), u
sed
in G
SM
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
26
Exa
mpl
e of
MS
K
data
even
bits
odd
bits
11
11
00
0
t
low
fr
eque
ncy
high
freq
uenc
y
MS
Ksi
gnal
bit
even
0 1
0 1
odd
0 0
1 1
sign
alh
n n
hva
lue
--
+ +
h: h
igh
freq
uenc
yn:
low
freq
uenc
y+
: orig
inal
sig
nal
-: i
nver
ted
sign
al
No
phas
e sh
ifts!
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
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MC
SS
022.
27
Adv
ance
d P
hase
Shi
ft K
eyin
g
BP
SK
(B
inar
y P
hase
Shi
ft K
eyin
g):
bit v
alue
0: s
ine
wav
e
bit v
alue
1: i
nver
ted
sine
wav
eve
ry s
impl
e P
SK
low
spe
ctra
l effi
cien
cy
robu
st, u
sed
e.g.
in s
atel
lite
syst
ems
QP
SK
(Q
uadr
atur
eP
hase
Shi
ft K
eyin
g):
2 bi
ts c
oded
as
one
sym
bol
sym
bol d
eter
min
es s
hift
of s
ine
wav
e
need
s le
ss b
andw
idth
com
pare
d to
B
PS
K
mor
e co
mpl
ex
Ofte
n al
so tr
ansm
issi
on o
f rel
ativ
e, n
ot
abso
lute
pha
se s
hift:
DQ
PS
K -
Diff
eren
tial Q
PS
K (
IS-1
36, P
HS
)11
1000
01
Q
I0
1
Q
I11 01
10 00
A
t
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
28
Qua
drat
ure
Am
plitu
de M
odul
atio
n
Qua
drat
ure
Am
plitu
de M
odul
atio
n (Q
AM
): c
ombi
nes
ampl
itude
and
ph
ase
mod
ulat
ion
it is
pos
sibl
e to
cod
e n
bits
usi
ng o
ne s
ymbo
l2n
disc
rete
leve
ls, n
=2
iden
tical
to Q
PS
Kbi
t err
or r
ate
incr
ease
s w
ith n
, but
less
err
ors
com
pare
d to
co
mpa
rabl
e P
SK
sch
emes
Exa
mpl
e: 1
6-Q
AM
(4
bits
= 1
sym
bol)
Sym
bols
001
1 an
d 00
01 h
ave
the
sam
e ph
ase,
bu
t diff
eren
t am
plitu
de. 0
000
and
1000
hav
e di
ffere
nt p
hase
, but
sam
e am
plitu
de.
used
in s
tand
ard
9600
bit/
s m
odem
s
0000
0001
0011
1000
Q
I
0010
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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chen
schi
ller.
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MC
SS
022.
29
Hie
rarc
hica
lMod
ulat
ion
DV
B-T
mod
ulat
estw
ose
para
te d
ata
stre
ams
onto
a si
ngle
DV
B-T
str
eam
Hig
h P
riorit
y(H
P)
embe
dded
with
ina
Low
Prio
rity
(LP
) st
ream
Mul
ti ca
rrie
rsy
stem
, abo
ut20
00 o
r80
00 c
arrie
rsQ
PS
K, 1
6 Q
AM
, 64Q
AM
Exa
mpl
e: 6
4QA
Mgo
od r
ecep
tion:
res
olve
the
entir
e64
QA
M c
onst
ella
tion
poor
rece
ptio
n, m
obile
rec
eptio
n:
reso
lve
only
QP
SK
por
tion
6 bi
tper
QA
M s
ymbo
l, 2
mos
tsi
gnifi
cant
dete
rmin
eQ
PS
K
HP
ser
vice
code
din
QP
SK
(2
bit)
, LP
use
sre
mai
ning
4 bi
t
Q
I
0010
0000
1001
0101
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
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MC
SS
022.
30
Spr
ead
spec
trum
tech
nolo
gy
Pro
blem
of r
adio
tran
smis
sion
: fre
quen
cy d
epen
dent
fadi
ng c
an w
ipe
out
narr
ow b
and
sign
als
for
dura
tion
of th
e in
terf
eren
ceS
olut
ion:
spr
ead
the
narr
ow b
and
sign
al in
to a
bro
ad b
and
sign
alus
ing
a sp
ecia
l cod
epr
otec
tion
agai
nst n
arro
w b
and
inte
rfer
ence
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t nar
row
band
inte
rfer
ence
Sid
e ef
fect
s:co
exis
tenc
e of
sev
eral
sig
nals
with
out d
ynam
ic c
oord
inat
ion
tap-
proo
f
Alte
rnat
ives
: Dire
ct S
eque
nce,
Fre
quen
cy H
oppi
ng
dete
ctio
n at
rece
iver
inte
rfer
ence
spre
ad
sign
al
sign
al
spre
adin
terf
eren
ce
ff
pow
erpo
wer
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
31
Effe
cts
of s
prea
ding
and
inte
rfer
ence
dP/d
f
f
i)
dP/d
f
f
ii)
send
er
dP/d
f
f
iii)
dP/d
f
f
iv)
rece
iver
f
v)
user
sign
albr
oadb
and
inte
rfer
ence
narr
owba
ndin
terf
eren
ce
dP/d
f
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
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chill
er, h
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ller.
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MC
SS
022.
32
Spr
eadi
ng a
nd fr
eque
ncy
sele
ctiv
e fa
ding
freq
uenc
y
chan
nel
qual
ity
12
34
56
narr
owba
ndsi
gnal
guar
dsp
ace
22
22
2
freq
uenc
y
chan
nel
qual
ity
1
spre
adsp
ectr
um
narr
owba
nd c
hann
els
spre
ad s
pect
rum
cha
nnel
s
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
33
DS
SS
(D
irect
Seq
uenc
e S
prea
d S
pect
rum
) I
XO
R o
f the
sig
nal w
ith p
seud
o-ra
ndom
num
ber
(chi
ppin
g se
quen
ce)
man
y ch
ips
per
bit (
e.g.
, 128
) re
sult
in h
ighe
r ba
ndw
idth
of t
hesi
gnal
Adv
anta
ges
redu
ces
freq
uenc
y se
lect
ive
fadi
ng
in c
ellu
lar
netw
orks
ba
se s
tatio
ns c
an u
se th
e sa
me
freq
uenc
y ra
nge
seve
ral b
ase
stat
ions
can
de
tect
and
rec
over
the
sign
al
soft
hand
over
Dis
adva
ntag
espr
ecis
e po
wer
con
trol
nec
essa
ry
user
dat
a
chip
ping
se
quen
ce
resu
lting
sign
al
01
01
10
10
10
10
01
11
XO
R
01
10
01
01
10
10
01
=
t b
t c t b: b
it pe
riod
t c: c
hip
perio
d
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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schi
ller.
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MC
SS
022.
34
DS
SS
(D
irect
Seq
uenc
e S
prea
d S
pect
rum
) II
Xus
er d
ata
chip
ping
sequ
ence
mod
ulat
or
radi
oca
rrie
r
spre
adsp
ectr
umsi
gnal
tran
smit
sign
al
tran
smit
ter
dem
odul
ator
rece
ived
sign
al
radi
oca
rrie
r
X
chip
ping
sequ
ence
low
pass
filte
red
sign
al
rece
iver
inte
grat
or
prod
ucts
deci
sion
data
sam
pled
sum
s
corr
elat
or
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
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chill
er, h
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ller.
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MC
SS
022.
35
FH
SS
(F
requ
ency
Hop
ping
Spr
ead
Spe
ctru
m)
I
Dis
cret
e ch
ange
s of
car
rier
freq
uenc
yse
quen
ce o
f fre
quen
cy c
hang
es d
eter
min
ed v
ia p
seud
o ra
ndom
num
ber
sequ
ence
Tw
o ve
rsio
nsF
ast H
oppi
ng:
seve
ral f
requ
enci
es p
er u
ser
bit
Slo
w H
oppi
ng:
seve
ral u
ser
bits
per
freq
uenc
y
Adv
anta
ges
freq
uenc
y se
lect
ive
fadi
ng a
nd in
terf
eren
ce li
mite
d to
sho
rt p
erio
dsi
mpl
e im
plem
enta
tion
uses
onl
y sm
all p
ortio
n of
spe
ctru
m a
t any
tim
e
Dis
adva
ntag
esno
t as
robu
st a
s D
SS
S
sim
pler
to d
etec
t
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
36
FH
SS
(F
requ
ency
Hop
ping
Spr
ead
Spe
ctru
m)
II
user
dat
a
slow
hopp
ing
(3 b
its/h
op)
fast
hopp
ing
(3 h
ops/
bit)
01t b
01
1t
f f 1f 2f 3
t
t d
f f 1f 2f 3
t
t d
t b: b
it pe
riod
t d: d
wel
l tim
e
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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ller.
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MC
SS
022.
37
FH
SS
(F
requ
ency
Hop
ping
Spr
ead
Spe
ctru
m)
III
mod
ulat
orus
er d
ata
hopp
ing
sequ
ence
mod
ulat
or
narr
owba
ndsi
gnal
spre
adtr
ansm
itsi
gnal
tran
smit
ter
rece
ived
sign
al
rece
iver
dem
odul
ator
data
freq
uenc
ysy
nthe
size
r
hopp
ing
sequ
ence
dem
odul
ator
freq
uenc
ysy
nthe
size
rnarr
owba
ndsi
gnal
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
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chen
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ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
38
Cel
l str
uctu
re
Impl
emen
ts s
pace
div
isio
n m
ultip
lex:
bas
e st
atio
n co
vers
a c
erta
in
tran
smis
sion
are
a (c
ell)
Mob
ile s
tatio
ns c
omm
unic
ate
only
via
the
base
sta
tion
Adv
anta
ges
of c
ell s
truc
ture
s:hi
gher
cap
acity
, hig
her
num
ber
of u
sers
less
tran
smis
sion
pow
er n
eede
d
mor
e ro
bust
, dec
entr
aliz
ed
base
sta
tion
deal
s w
ith in
terf
eren
ce, t
rans
mis
sion
are
a et
c. lo
cally
Pro
blem
s:fix
ed n
etw
ork
need
ed fo
r th
e ba
se s
tatio
ns
hand
over
(ch
angi
ng fr
om o
ne c
ell t
o an
othe
r) n
eces
sary
inte
rfer
ence
with
oth
er c
ells
Cel
l siz
es fr
om s
ome
100
m in
citi
es to
, e.g
., 35
km
on
the
coun
try
side
(G
SM
) -
even
less
for
high
er fr
eque
ncie
s
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
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chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
39
Fre
quen
cy p
lann
ing
I
Fre
quen
cy r
euse
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ith a
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tain
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e ba
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Sta
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odel
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freq
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Fix
ed fr
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assi
gnm
ent:
cert
ain
freq
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ies
are
assi
gned
to a
cer
tain
cel
lpr
oble
m: d
iffer
ent t
raffi
c lo
ad in
diff
eren
t cel
ls
Dyn
amic
freq
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y as
sign
men
t:ba
se s
tatio
n ch
oose
s fr
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s de
pend
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on th
e fr
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s al
read
y us
ed in
nei
ghbo
r ce
llsm
ore
capa
city
in c
ells
with
mor
e tr
affic
assi
gnm
ent c
an a
lso
be b
ased
on
inte
rfer
ence
mea
sure
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ts
f 4f 5 f 1
f 3f 2
f 6 f 7f 3f 2 f 4
f 5 f 1
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
40
Fre
quen
cy p
lann
ing
II
f 1f 2 f 3
f 2f 1
f 1 f 2f 3f 2 f 3
f 1 f 2f 1
f 3f 3
f 3f 3
f 3
f 4f 5 f 1
f 3f 2
f 6 f 7f 3f 2 f 4
f 5 f 1f 3
f 5f 6
f 7f 2
f 2
f 1f 1
f 1f 2 f 3
f 2 f 3
f 2 f 3h 1
h 2 h 3g 1
g 2 g 3
h 1h 2 h 3
g 1g 2 g 3
g 1g 2 g 3
3 ce
ll cl
uste
r
7 ce
ll cl
uste
r
3 ce
ll cl
uste
rw
ith 3
sec
tor
ante
nnas
Pro
f. D
r.-I
ng. J
oche
nS
chill
er, h
ttp://
ww
w.jo
chen
schi
ller.
de/
MC
SS
022.
41
Cel
lbre
athi
ng
CD
M s
yste
ms:
cel
lsiz
ede
pend
son
cur
rent
load
Add
ition
al tr
affic
appe
ars
as n
oise
to o
ther
user
sIf
the
nois
ele
veli
sto
ohi
gh u
sers
drop
out
of c
ells