...................... Mobii6-Ad-Hoc-Networ-k-ing and the'IETF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph E Macker a " M. Scott Corson b

macker@ it, d. nrl. navy.mil corson @ isr. umd. edu a Information Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

# Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

This is a continuing article in a series [2, 3, 4, 5] providing a snapshot of work underway within the Mobile Ad hoc Networks (manet) Working Group (WG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) [1]. This article summarizes proceedings of the last manet WG meeting held in December 1998 and presents issues currently under discussion within the WG.

O v e r v i e w of the Orlando Manet WG Meet ing

The manet WG met at the recent 43rd IETF meeting held in December 1998. As in previous meetings, updates were given to existing drafts and several new protocol drafts were pre- sented covering both unicast and multicast manet routing pro- posals. There were discussions regarding the group guidance documents presently under consideration: manet performance issues [6], manet terminology [7], and the manet applicability statement [16]. In addition, new discussions began regarding comparative performance results of early manet-related simu- lation studies. The following sections recount various portions of the meeting.

State of the Working Group

The meeting began with a state of the WG overview by co- chair Joe Macker. It was initially pointed out that there are now many technical proposals on the table [6-18] and this should be marked as an achieved milestone goal of the working group. Working group members are also now developing open simu- lation models and several system implementations are under- way. The group has achieved a reasonable amount of initial technical progress in these areas. The WG must now gain a better understanding of which protocol solutions are suit- able for standards consideration and follow-on work, which approaches and techniques should possibly be combined, and which no longer merit consideration. This process begins with comparative performance analysis and simulation along with implementation experience. As there are many performance and architecture trade-offs to consider in the comparative pro- cess, we need to proceed using a "good science" discipline. We need to begin answering questions, such as: Under what conditions and when do various protocols experience perfor- mance problems? How well do approaches scale in different performance dimensions and scenarios of interest? Detailed answers to these questions are largely unknown at the present

time. Recent implementation and development progress is en-

couraging. Design lessons learned from recent development reiterate the possibilities of significant performance enhance- ments when operating over specific link layers. It is clear that specific link layer considerations are going to play an increas- ingly important role in mobile ad hoc networking specifica- tions. We would like to take advantage of these specific in- terface capabilities and enhancements, but retain flexibility for manet operation across multiple MAC layers. Specification and consideration of these issues will be an ongoing process.

In terms of the ultimate group goal, there may be multi- ple protocols advanced to a standards track as the result of this WG's efforts. This is only suitable if the approaches are shown to be non-redundant in functionality and demonstrate signifi- cantly different characteristics to warrant separate considera- tion. A common simulation toolkit is now developing which we need for this cross comparison, analysis, and common im- plementation set. Additional interested technical parties are encouraged to contribute to this important process.

Guidance Draft D i s c u s s i o n

There was an open period of discussion for each of the WG guidance drafts. The issue of transitioning the performance is- sues draft to informational RFC was delayed as various WG members felt it was still immature and had not received suf- ficient review. It was agreed that all protocol-specific lan- guage be removed, and that the section on addressing either be generalized or removed. Regarding the applicability state- ment draft, the group agreed that the statement should form a required section in future and revised protocol drafts. There was also discussion of several suggested additions from the mailing list, and several of these such as protocol interaction with TCP were approved. There was contentious discussion of the terminology draft, and the general consensus was that the draft might not be very useful. It was pointed out that protocol- specific terminology is often best put in individual drafts. In so far as the draft is an attempt to create a common language for the group, the likely result seemed not worth the effort to many WG members. The group decided to take further discussion of this matter to the mailing list.

Technica l P r e s e n t a t i o n s

This section briefly summarizes technical presentations that took place at the December 1998 meeting. Please refer to the appropriate draft documents or meeting minutes for more de- tailed technical information.

Sung-Ju Lee from the University of California at Los An- geles (UCLA) presented their work on the On-Demand Mul- ticast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) [17], a new "mesh-based" multicast routing protocol, which uses the concept of a "for- warding group" to send data along shortest-path trees from senders to receivers. The protocol achieves route maintenance using on-demand mechanisms. A forwarding group provides redundancy in the face of link failures. These groups are be established by a sender which floods join requests. A DSR- like caching strategy is used for loop avoidance and sequence

Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Volume 3, Number I 11

numbers are used to remember previous traffic for duplicate suppression.

Vaduvur Bharghavan from University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign (UIUC) presented the Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing (CEDAR) protocol [15]. The CEDAR proto- col is a manet proposal with QoS considerations that factors in "bandwidth requirements" during route selection. This proto- col does not provide deterministic or statistical guarantees, but models the dynamics of the network and computes a measure of available bandwidth over time.

Chun Weh of the University of Singapore presented the Ad Hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing increasing Identifi- cation Sequence Numbers (AMRIS). This approach assumes multicast applications are long-lived, and trades off very fast route discovery for speedy recovery. The approach is also in- dependent of the underlying unicast routing algorithm.

Dave Johnson of Carnegie Mellon University presented a series of simulations results comparing DSR, DSDV, AODV and TORA/IMEP that also appeared within a recent Mobi- Com paper [20]. The protocols were tested running atop a reasonably detailed 802.11 MAC layer model which was im- plemented over a simple "wavelan-like" radio model. The net- work topologies had a somewhat linear shape, with a 300m- to-1500m width-to-length ratio for the rectangular box con- straining node movement. The chosen traffic patterns where generally a set of low rate, long-lived, constant bit rate con- nections between randomly-chosen source-destination pairs. Each run contained 50 nodes with maximum transmission radii of 250m, creating a densely-connected topology, which never partitioned during any of the simulations. Node move- ment rates were varied from static to highly mobile.

Some conclusions from the presentation and comparative analysis include the following:

• DSDV-SEQ fails to converge when mobility factor in- creases past a certain point.

• TORA [10] link reversal process leads to loss of data. IMEP's [11] present message overhead requirement is quite high, especially during congestion.

• DSR's aggressive caching and optimizations are critical. Byte overheads for source routes may be important and were not modeled here.

• AODV could benefit from optimizations as its protocol overhead currently grows faster than DSR.

The simulation code and protocol implementations are openly available at http://www.monarch, cs. cmu. edu [ 19] i

Erik Guttman of Sun Microsystems briefly discussed mobile scenario issues and proposed that the group begin to collect and use real world based models. Erik pointed out that there is potentially "real world" mobility data available which could be useful input to the manet evaluation process. Some examples include modeling traffic flow on roads, military maneuvers, crowds shopping or public gatherings. There seemed to be general agreement that it would be useful to try to and obtain this sort of data to share amongst the group.

Jay Strater of MITRE provided an overview of a routing evaluation of various MANET protocols. Several protocols were evaluated in their study including: WIRP, TORA, Link

State, Distance Vector version of WIRP, ZRP (no results yet). It was pointed out that this study concentrated on evaluating proactive protocols. In summary, the initial conclusions of this study were that in dense networks WIRP and TORA per- formed best, but in sparse networks, WIRP and link state did better. There were a number of discussions relating to un- known effect of the link layer abstractions and assumptions used in this early study.

Charles Perkins of Sun Microsystems and Elizabeth Royer of UCSB provided an update on the status of the AODV draft [9] and related multicast functionality. It was indicated that, the newest version of the AODV protocol specification includes features not included in the routing protocol compar- ison from CMU. In particular, AODV stops retrying transmis- sions now and reduces its reliance on hello mechanisms. There were a number of other enhancements discussed in detail. It was also indicated, that recent early simulations (in PARSEC) of up to 1000 nodes using unicast and 64 byte packets have shown 90% goodput. These early simulation results are en- couraging and will include a voice benchmark in the future. Additional changes to the multicast portion of the specifica- tion were presented in detail as well.

Dave Johnson, CMU presented proposed enhancements to the existing DSR draft specification [12]. DSR's interface ad- dressing model based upon interface indexing was discussed. This change added some new flexibility to the protocol, while retaining efficiency in the source route headers. An additional recent enhancement termed, packet salvaging, was presented which provides some additional localized route recovery capa- bility under failure conditions. Dave indicated that multicast DSR enhancements/considerations were under development. There was a short discussion of ongoing DSR implementa- tion and real world experiments. At present, CMU has DSR working in FreeBSD 2.2.7 using wavelan PCMCIA cards. Nu- merous mobile vehicles are being outfitted with equipment to produce real world experimentation scenarios. Early results indicate the protocol stands up but performs worse than in sim- ulations and this is probably due to observed radio effects.

Marc Pearlman of Cornell presented an update of the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) [8]. Marc started by reviewing the ba- sic ZRP design. ZRP includes a new feature "reduced source route specification". Also ZRP's proactive routing protocol has switched to split horizon from the distance vector in the present reference design. The reactive protocol is currently a source routing protocol with optimizations. The presenter noted that AODV and TORA would also satisfy the reactive routing protocol requirements for ZRE Mark indicated that ZRP with radius one looks like DSR and with an infinite ra- dius, it looks like the internet. It was claimed the hybrid nature of the protocol makes it versatile. Many in the working group argued that the ZRP authors need to prove that ZRP overhead and complexity is worthwhile. At the present time, Mark indi- cated that current simulation experience with ZRP is limited.

Mingliang Jiang from the University of Singapore presented updates to the Cluster-Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) [13]. It was indicated that protocol simulations have been devel- oped using NS2 from Berkeley and mobility extensions from CMU. A brief presentation of the CBRP protocol followed. It was stated that CBRP aims at good service for large, dense clouds. Other protocols (AODV and DSR, for instance) in-

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volve all nodes in the routing. CBRP builds routing trees to avoid this requirement.

In addition to technical presentation, general implementa- tion insight and experience was queried among the group. CMU provided insight that it was presently difficult to do physical experiments. They were still using Wavelan 1.1 as the 802.1 l-based hardware was not available to them. CMU indicated they had already successfully run gateways at the pe- riphery of the mobile ad hoc network for internet connectivity. Also, it was noted that initial device drivers are lacking for the new hardware releases coming out. UMD participants indi- cated their experience was similar to CMU's - they are using wavelan-equipped laptops running Linux and are producing TORA implementations.

Summary In summary, overall WG progress has been evidenced in sev- eral directions: proposal development, comparative analysis, and early implementation experience. The group is moving on a standardization and development path based upon sound engineering. Simulation models are being used to assist pro- tocol engineering, evaluation, and comparison. The group is adopting the DARPA VINT project network simulator version 2 (ns2) [21] as a simulation environment of choice, mainly due to recently developed mobility extensions and the open avail- ability of manet related source code. Future simulation results and scenario development will be best received if performed within this shared simulation framework. Work remains in de- veloping a set of recommended network scenarios to be used in evaluating and exploring candidate routing protocol perfor- mance.

References [1] IETF Manet Charter,

http ://www.ie(.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html.

[2] J.R Macker, M.S. Corson, "Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF", Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 2, Number 4, October 1998.

[3] J.E Macker, M.S. Corson, "Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF", Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 2, Number 3, July 1998.

[4] J.E Macker, M.S. Corson, "Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF", Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 2, Number 2, April 1998.

[5] J.E Macker, M.S. Corson, "Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF", Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 2, Number 1, January 1998.

[6] S. Corson, J. Macker, Mobile Ad Hoc Network- ing (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations, draft-ietf-manet-issues- 02.txt, October 1998, Work in progress.

[7] C. E. Perkins, Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Terminol- ogy, draft-ietf-manet-term-01.txt, November 1998, Work in progress.

Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Volume 3, Number 1

[8] Z.J. Haas, M.R. Pearlman, The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks, draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp- 01.txt, August 1998, Work in progress.

[9] C. E. Perkins, E.M. Royer, Ad Hoc On Demand Dis- tance Vector (AODV) Routing, draft-ietf-manet-aodv- 02.txt, November 1998, Work in progress.

[10] V. Park, S. Corson, Temporally-Ordered Routing Al- gorithm (TORA)"Version 1 Functional Specification, draft-ietf-manet-tora-spec-01.txt, August 1998, Work in progress.

[11] S. Corson, S. Papademetriou, R Papadopoulos, V. Park, A. Qayyum, An Internet MANET Encapsulation Pro- tocol (IMEP) Specification, draft-ietf-manet-imep-spec- 01.txt, August 1998, Work in progress.

[12] J. Broch, D. Johnson, D. Maltz, The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, draft- ietf-manet-dsr-00.txt, March 1998, Work in progress.

[13] M. Jiang, J. Li, Y.C. Tay, Cluster Based Routing Pro- tocol(CBRP) Functional Specification, draft-ietf-manet- cbrp-spec-00.txt, August 1998, Work in progress.

[14] Bommaiah, McAuley, Talpade, Liu, AMRoute: Ad- hoc Multicast Routing Protocol, draft-talpade-manet- amroute-00.txt, August 1998, Work in progress.

[15] R. Sivakumar, R Sinha, V. Bharghavan, Core Extrac- tion Distributed Ad hoc Routing (CEDAR) Specification, draft-ietf-manet-cedar-spec-00.txt, October 1998, Work in progress.

[16] S. Corson, MANET Routing Protocol Applicability Statement, draft-ietf-manet-appl-00.txt, November 1998, Work in progress.

[17] M. Gerla, G. Pei, S. Lee, C. Chiang, On-Demand Multi- cast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) for Ad-Hoc Networks, draft-ietf-manet-odmrp-00.txt, November 1998, Work in progress.

[18] R Jacquet, E Muhlethaler, A. Qayyum, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, draft-ietf-manet-olsr-00.txt, November 1998, Work in progress.

[19] The CMU Monarch Project. http://www.monarch.cs.cmu.edu/. Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University. (ns2 mobility extensions and manet simulation code).

[20] J. Broch, D. Maltz, D. Johnson, Y. Hu, and J. Jetcheva, "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols," in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, ACM, Dallas, TX, October 1998.

[21] Network Simulator version 2 (ns2), http://ww~y- mash. c s. berkeley, edu/ns/.

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