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Lesson 22: Managing

Local StorageMOAC 70-687: Configuring Windows 8

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Working with DisksLesson 22: Managing Local Storage

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

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Working with Disks When you install Windows 8 on a computer,

the setup program automatically performsall preparation tasks for the computer's hard

disks. If you add another disk, you must:

o Select a partitioning style.

o Select a disk type.

o Divide the disk into partitions or volumes.

o Format the volumes with a file system.


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UnderstandingPartition Styles

The term partition style refers to the methodWindows operating systems use to organizepartitions on the disk.

Two hard disk partition styles in Windows 8:o MBR: This is the default partition style for x86- and

x64-based computers.

o GPT: First introduced in Windows Vista, you can

now use the GPT partition style on x86- as well asx64-based Windows 8 computers.


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Windows Operating Systems Supporting

MBR and GPT Partition Styles


Operat ing System x86-

based

x64-

based

IA-64-

based

Windows XP No Yes Yes

Windows Server 2003 SP1 (orlater)

Yes Yes Yes

Windows Vista Yes Yes N/A

Windows Server 2008 Yes Yes Yes

Windows 8 Yes Yes N/A

Windows Server 2008 R2 Yes Yes Yes

Windows Server 2012 N/A Yes N/A

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MBR and GPT PartitionStyle Comparison


Master Boo t Record (MBR) GUID Part it ion Table (GPT)

Supports up to four primary

partitions or three primary partitions

and one extended partition, with

unlimited logical drives on theextended partition.

Supports up to 128 primary

partitions.

Supports volumes up to 2 TB in size. Supports volumes up to 18 EB in

size.

Data critical to platform operations is

stored in hidden (unpartitioned)

sectors.

Data critical to platform operation is

stored in partitions rather than in

hidden sectors.Replication and CRC are not

features of MBRs partition table.

Replication and cyclical redundancy

check (CRC) protection of the

partition table provide increased

reliability.

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UnderstandingDisk Types

Windows 8 supports two disk types: basic disksand dynamic disks.

A basic disk uses primary partitions, extendedpartitions, and logical drives to organize data.

The alternative to using a basic disk is to convertit to a dynamic disk.

The process of converting a basic disk to adynamic disk creates a single partition that

occupies the entire disk. You can then createan unlimited number of volumes out of thespace in that partition.


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Comparison of Primaryand Extended Partitions


Primary Parti t ions Extended Parti t ions

A primary partition functions as if it is

a physically separate disk and can

host an operating system.

Extended partitions cannot host an

operating system.

A primary partition can be marked as

an active partition. You can have onlyone active partition per hard disk. The

system BIOS looks to the active

partition for the boot files it uses to

start the operating system.

You cannot mark an extended

partition as an active partition.

You can create up to four primary

partitions or three primary partitionsand one extended partition.

A basic disk can contain only one

extended partition, but an unlimitednumber of logical partitions.

You format each primary partition and

assign a unique drive letter.

You do not format the extended

partition itself, but the logical drives it

contains. You assign a unique drive

letter to each of the logical drives.

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UnderstandingVolume Types

When you create a volume on a dynamic diskin Windows 8, you can choose from these fourvolume types:o Simple volume: Consists of space from a single disk.

o Spanned volume: Consists of space from at least two,to a maximum of 32, physical disks, all of which mustbe dynamic disks.

o Striped volume: Consists of space from at least two, toa maximum of 32, physical disks, all of which must be

dynamic disks.o Mirrored volume: Consists of an equal amount of

space from two disks, both of which must be dynamicdisks.


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UnderstandingFile Systems

In Windows 8, there are two basic file systemoptions to choose from:

o NTFS:The preferred file system for Windows 8.

o FAT:Windows 8 supports these file systems: exFAT

FAT

FAT32


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Using the DiskManagement Snap-In

Disk Management is a Microsoft ManagementConsole (MMC) snap-in that you use to performdisk-related tasks, such as:o Initializing disks

o Selecting a partition styleo Converting basic disks to dynamic diskso Creating partitions and volumeso Extending, shrinking, and deleting volumeso Formatting partitions and volumes

o Assigning and changing drive letters and pathso Examining and managing physical disk properties,

such as disk quotas, folder sharing, and error-checking


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Opening the DiskManagement Snap-In

The Disk Management window


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Disk Managements Disk List view


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Disk Managements Volume List view


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Disk Managements Graphical View


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Disk Management GraphicalView Information


Disk Status Column Volume Status Column

Informat ion

displayed

Disk number

Disk type

Disk capacity

Disk status

Volume name

Volume size

File system

Volume status

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Disk Management GraphicalView Information


Disk Status Column Volume Status ColumnContext

menu

commands

Convert a basic disk to a

dynamic disk

Convert an MBR disk to a

GPT disk

Create a new spanned,

striped, or mirrored volume

Take the disk offline

Open the disks Properties

sheet

For a mounted partition or volume:

Mark a basic disk as active

Change the drive letter and paths

Format the partition or volume

Extend the volumeShrink the volume

Add a mirror

Delete the volume

Open the volumes Properties sheet

For unallocated space:

Create a new simple volume

Create a new spanned volume

Create a new striped volume

Create a new mirrored volume

Open the disks Properties sheet

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Viewing PhysicalDisk Properties

To view and configure certain propertiesand settings for the physical disk:

o Right-click the disk status column in Disk

Managements graphical view.o Select Properties from the context menu.

A Properties sheet appears with the Generaltab active.


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Viewing Physical Disk Properties

The General tab on a disks Properties sheet


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Viewing Partition orVolume Properties

To view or configure the properties of apartition or volume:

o Right-click the volume status column in Disk

Managements Graphical View.o Select Properties from the context menu.

The volumes Properties sheet appears.


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Viewing Partition orVolume Properties

The General tab on a volumes Properties sheet


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Add a New Disk

The Initialize Disk dialog box


Ch i h

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Changing thePartition Style

If you are running an x86-based computer,Disk Management has most likely selectedthe MBR partition style by default.

You can quickly check which partition stylethe hard disk has assigned by right-clickingthe disk status column in the Graphical view.

You can also check the volumes

information by opening the Properties sheetfor disk and clicking the Volumes tab.


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Changing the Partition Style

The Volumes tab of a disks Properties sheet


C i B i Di k

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Converting a Basic Disk toa Dynamic Disk

Before you convert a basic disk to a dynamicdisk, you must be aware of the followingconditions:

Make sure that you have enough hard diskspace available for the conversion.

You should not convert a basic disk to adynamic disk if you are multibooting the

computer. You cannot convert removable media todynamic disks.


C i B i Di k

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Converting a Basic Disk toa Dynamic Disk (cont.)

Before you convert a basic disk to a dynamicdisk, you must be aware of the followingconditions:

You cannot convert drives that use anallocation unit size (sector size) greater than512 bytes unless you reformat the drive witha smaller sector size before the conversion.

Once you change a basic disk to adynamic disk, the only way you can changeit back again is to back up the entire diskand delete the dynamic disk volumes.


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Convert a Basic Disk toa Dynamic Disk

The Convert to Dynamic Disk dialog box


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The Disks to Convert dialog box


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The Convert Details dialog box


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A Disk Management information box


C ti B i Di k t

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Converting a Basic Disk toa Dynamic Disk

When you convert from a basic disk to adynamic disk, Disk Management performsthe following tasks:

o Basic disk partitions are converted to dynamicdisk volumes of equal size.

o Basic disk primary partitions and logical drives inthe extended partition are converted to simple

volumes.o Any free space in a basic disk extended partition

is marked as unallocated.


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Create a Volume

The Specify Volume Size page


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Create a Volume

The Assign Drive Letter or Path page


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Create a Volume

The Format Partition page


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Create a Volume

The Completing the New Simple Volume Wizard page


E t di d

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Extending andShrinking Volumes

To extend or shrink a partition or volume, right-click a partition or volume and select ExtendVolume or Shrink Volume from the contextmenu, or from the Action menu.

Windows 8 extends existing primary partitions,logical drives, and simple volumes byexpanding them into adjacent unallocatedspace on the same disk.

When you extend a simple volume across

multiple disks, the simple volume becomes aspanned volume. You cannot extend striped volumes.


E t di d

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To extend a partition on a basic disk, the systemmust meet these requirements:

A basic partition must be either unformatted orformatted with the NTFS file system.

If you extend a logical drive, the console firstconsumes the contiguous free space remainingin the extended partition.

You can extend the partition of logical drives,

boot volumes, or system volumes only intocontiguous space, and only if the hard disk canbe upgraded into a dynamic disk.


E te di a d

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To extend a simple or spanned volume on adynamic disk, the system must meet theserequirements: When extending a simple volume, you can only

use the available space on the same disk, if thevolume is to remain simple. You can extend a simple volume across

additional disks if it is not a system volume or aboot volume.

You can extend a simple or spanned volume ifit does not have a file system (a raw volume) orif you formatted it using the NTFS file system.(You cannot extend FAT volumes.)


E te di a d

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To shrink a basic disk partition or any kind ofdynamic disk volume except for a striped volume,the system must meet these requirements: The existing partition or volume must not be full

and must contain the specified amount ofavailable free space for shrinking. The partition or volume must not be a raw

partition (one without a file system). Shrinking araw partition that contains data mighty destroy

the data. You can shrink a partition or volume only if you

formatted it using the NTFS file system. (Youcannot shrink FAT volumes.)


C ti S d St i d

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Creating Spanned, Striped,and Mirrored Volumes

Spanned, striped, or mirrored volumesrequire dynamic disks.

When you create a spanned, striped, or

mirrored volume, you create a singledynamic volume that extends acrossmultiple physical disks.


C i S d S i d d

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Creating Spanned, Striped, andMirrored Volumes

A spanned volume in the Disk Management snap-in


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Using Storage Spaces Windows 8 includes a new disk virtualization

technology called Storage Spaces, whichenables a computer to concatenate

storage space from individual physical disksand use that space to create a virtual disk.

Storage Spaces uses unallocated disk spaceto create storage pools.


Using Storage Spaces

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Using Storage Spaces(cont.)

A storage pool can span multiple drivesinvisibly, providing an accumulated storageresource that you can expand or reduce as

needed by adding disks to or removingthem from the pool.

When you create a storage pool, it appearsto the operating system as a single volume,

called a storage space, even if it consists ofmany physical disks.


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Create a Storage Pool

The Storage Spaces control panel


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The Select drives to create a storage pool page


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The Enter a name, resiliency type, and size for thestorage space page


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The Storage Spaces control panel, with a storage pool


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Using Diskpart.exe Diskpart.exe:

o Is a powerful utility that can perform any task theDisk Management snap-in can and more.

o Has two operational modes, a script mode andan interactive mode.

If you choose to create Diskpart scripts, youcan run them from the command prompt

using:Diskpart.exe /s scriptname


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Using Diskpart.exe

Shifting object focus in Diskpart.exe


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Using Disk Tools The Windows 8 disk tools are all accessible

from each volumes Properties sheet.

You can access the tools from any File

Explorer window or from the DiskManagement snap-in.


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Disk Cleanup When a disk starts to run low on storage

space, it is often possible to reclaim spaceoccupied by unnecessary files, such as

temporary files, setup logs, and files in theRecycle Bin.

Windows 8 refers to the process of deletingthese files as cleaning up a disk.


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Defragmenting Disks Hard disk drives write data in clusters, units of a

standard size designated when you format thedisk.

Over time, as files are written and rewritten tothe disk, the contiguous spaces grow smaller,and the drive is forced to split files into clusterslocated at different places on the disk. Thisprocess is called fragmentation.

Windows 8 includes a tool that enables you to

defragment your volumes by recopyingfragmented files to contiguous space on thedisk.


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Defragment a Volume

The Optimize Drives dialog box


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Checking for Disk Errors Windows 8 includes a tool that can check

disks for errors and, in many cases, repairthem.

If, for example, one of a systems volumes isunavailable for defragmentation, it couldbe due to errors that you must repair first.

You can use the Chkdsk.exe utility to check

for disk errors from the command prompt.


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Check for Disk Errors

The Error Checking message box

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