mla, apa & cms citation comparison chart
DESCRIPTION
Comparison of the following citation methods: Modern Language Association (MLA), The American Psychological Association (APA) and The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). The chart is compiled by the Purdue OWL and is very helpful for an overview of the citation method. Including: citing books, articles in periodicals, in-text citations, government publications and more.TRANSCRIPT
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Category MLA APA CMSGeneralApproach TheModernLanguageAssociation
(MLA)providesamethodforsourcedocumentationthatisusedinmosthumanitiescourses.Thehumanitiesplaceemphasisonauthorship,somostMLAcitationinvolvesrecordingtheauthorsnameinthephysicaltext.TheauthorsnameisalsothefirsttoappearintheWorksCitedpageattheendofanessay.ThemostrecentMLAformattingcanbefoundintheseventheditionoftheMLAmanual.
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)providesamethodforsourcedocumentationthatisusedinmostsocialsciencescourses.Thesocialsciencesplaceemphasisonthedateaworkwascreated,somostAPAcitationinvolvesrecordingthedateofaparticularworkinthephysicaltext.ThedateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyaftertheauthorsnameintheReferencespageattheendofanessay.ThemostrecentAPAformattingcanbefoundinthesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual.
TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesamethodforsourcedocumentationthatisusedinmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuchemphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesandendnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpagewhereaparticularpieceofinformationwasderivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedtoaparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteorendnotewillappearatthebottomofthepagelinkingthesourcetothetext.ThemostrecentCMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteentheditionoftheCMSmanual.
CitingBooks BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequiretheauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,publisher,yearpublished,andanindicationofthepublicationmedium,suchasprint.
BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequireauthorname,publicationyear,worktitle,publicationcity,andpublisher.
BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequiretheauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,publisher,andpublicationyear.
Generalbookformat
Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.Print.
Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivoresdilemma.NewYork,NY:PenguinGroup.
Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.
Singleauthor Pollan,Michael. Pollan,M.(2006). Pollan,Michael.Twoorthreeauthors
Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn. Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968).
Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn.
Morethanthreeauthors
Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S.(1993).
Kernis,MichaelandOthers,
Morethansevenauthors
Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.SLastAuthorsName(1993).
Kernis,MichaelandOthers,
Corporate/Organizationauthor
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(2005).
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.
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Unknownauthor
OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001). OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.
Twoormoreworksbythesameauthor
Nochangetonameformat;changenotedbytitle.
Slechty,P.C.(1997).Slechty,P.C.(2001).
Nochangetonameformat.
Twoormoreworksbythesameauthorinthesameyear.
Nochangetonameformat;changenotedbytitle.
Slechty,P.C.(1997a).Slechty,P.C.(1997b).
Nochangetonameformat.
Authorwithaneditor
Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed.KathleenA.Hauke.
Poston,T.(2000).AdraftofhistoryK.A.Hauke,(Ed.).
Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.EditedbyKathleenA.Hauke.
Authorwithatranslator
Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayonProbabilities.Trans.F.W.TruscottandF.L.Emory.
Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophicalessayonprobabilities.(F.W.Truscott&F.L.Emory,Trans.).
P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayonProbabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.TruscottandF.L.Emory.
Editorwithnoauthor
ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor.Eds.G.J.DuncanandJ.BrooksGunn.
Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.).(1997).Consequencesofgrowinguppoor.
Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.
Workinananthology
Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:EngagingReluctantWriters."ATutor'sGuide:HelpingWritersOnetoOne.Ed.BenRafoth.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann,2000.2434.Print.
Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome:Engagingreluctantwriters.InBenRafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide:Helpingwritersonetoone(pp.2434).Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann.
Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:EngagingReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide:HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedbyBenRafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann,2000.
Editionotherthanfirst
Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5thed.
Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman,R.D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5thed.).
Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5thed.
Multivolumework
DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed.P.Wiener.4Vols.
Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryofthehistoryofideas(Vols.14).
Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.4vols.
Encyclopedia/Dictionary
Posner,Rebecca.RomanceLanguages.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia.15thed.1987.Print.
Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages.InTheencyclopediaBritannica:macropedia(15thed.).
Citedinendnotesonly.1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,
15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.
Foreword,introduction,
Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction.PermanenceandChange:An
Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke,PermanenceandChange:An
Duncan,HughDalziel.IntroductiontoPermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof
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preface,orafterword
AnatomyofPurpose. AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv).UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrillCompany,Inc.
Purpose.
ArticlesinPeriodicals Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarlytomostbooksources,MLAsseventheditionmakessomedistinctionsspecifictoperiodicals.
InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsarenamedbytheirlastnamefollowedbyinitials;thepublicationyeargoesbetweenparenthesesandisfollowedbyaperiod.Thetitleofthearticleiswritteninsentencecase,inwhichonlythefirstwordandpropernounsarecapitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswrittenintitlecaseandisfollowedbythevolumenumber,which,withthetitle,isalsoitalicizedorunderlined.
CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname,articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate,andissueinformation.CMSalsorequirescitationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessedonline.
Magazine Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooCloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:7071.Print.
Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TVmakesatooclosecall.Time,20,7071.
Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooCloseCall."Time,November20,2000.
Journalpaginatedbyissue
Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahaswetaDevi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesinWomen'sLiterature15.1(1996):4150.Print.
Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflictingnationalisms:ThevoiceofthesubalterninMahaswetaDevisBashaiTudu.TulsaStudiesinWomensLiterature(15.1),4150.
Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahaswetaDevi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesinWomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150.
Dailynewspaper
Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1.Print.
Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearofeating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1.
Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYorkTimes,May2007.
Editorialinnewspaper
"OfMinesandMen."Editorial.WallStreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.2003:A14.Print.
Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24).[Editorial]TheWallStreetJournaleast,p.A14.
Citedinnotesonly.1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24,
2003.Lettertotheeditor
Hamer,John.Letter.AmericanJournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan.2007:7.Print.
Hamer,J.(2006/2007,December/January).[Lettertotheeditor].AmericanJournalismReview,7.
Citedinnotesonly.1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor,
AmericanJournalismReview,December2006/January2007.
Bookorfilmreview
Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawlingSuburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt
Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthesprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreallycall
Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity,DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown.
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Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir.GaryBurnsandJimBrown.NewYorkTimes30May2007lateed.:E1.Print.
itliving[ReviewofthefilmRadiantCity,directedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown].NewYorkTimes,lateed.:E1.
NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Lateedition.
OnlineSources MLAguidelinesformostonlinesourcesweredevelopedundertheassumptionthatcontentcanbefoundonlineaslongasinformation,suchasauthorandtitle,wereincluded.Therefore,MLAdoesnotrequireaURLlisting.MLAcitationofonlinesourcesdoes,however,askforapublisherorsponsorofthewebpage.Authorsforwebsitesareoftencorporations,orgovernments(Hacker).
InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoftenincludewhatareknownasDOIs,ordigitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIisavailable,itisusedinplaceofaURL.TheDOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthesourceregardlessofURLchanges,anditcanoftenbefoundonthefirstpageofanonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APAgenerallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle,sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,andaURLorDOI.
CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedattheendofthecitationbutnotthedatethecontentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsourceistimesensitive,includethedateofaccessaftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMSdocumentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.
Generalformat
Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Datecreated(usen.d.ifnotgiven).Medium.Dateaccessed.
Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]).Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublicationTitle,volumeorissuenumber.Retrievedfromhttp://urladdress
Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.
EntireWebsite
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.DrinkingWaterStandards.EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan.2006
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2004,July).Drinkingwaterstandards.RetrievedfromUSEPAwebsitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.DrinkingWaterStandards.http://water.epa.gov/drink.
PagefromWebsite
Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorldIssue.Nativeweb.Nativeweb,n.d.Web.22Feb.2006.
Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:Athirdworldissue.Nativeweb.Retrievedfromhttp://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html
Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorldIssue.Nativeweb.http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html.
PagefromWebsitewithunknownauthor
MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsofCool.PBSOnline,2001.Web.7Feb.2006.
Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:TheMerchantsofCool.RetrievedfromPBSOnlinehttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants/
MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsofCool.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants.
Imagefroma Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV. Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV.
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Website IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid.MuseoNationaldelPrado.Web.22May2006.
MuseoNationaldelPrado.Retrievedfromhttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm
MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800.Painting.http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm
Onlinebook Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI.Poetryfoundation.org.PoetryFoundation,2008.Web.14Dec.2008.
Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI.PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfromhttp://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=174002
Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateofOriginalPublication.http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=174002
Portionofanonlinebook
Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationofHenryAdams.ByAdams.Boston:Houghton,1918.N.pag.Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.Web.8Jan2007.
Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.Theeducationofhenryadams.Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.Retrievedfromhttp://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationofHenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition,Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Articleinanonlinejournal
Bent,HenryE."ProfessionalizationofthePh.D.Degree.TheJournalofHigherEducation30.3(1959):140145.Web.5Dec.2008.
Bent,H.(1959).ProfessionalizationofthePh.D.degree.TheJournalofHigherEducation,30.3,140145.http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.
Bent,HenryE."ProfessionalizationofthePh.D.Degree.TheJournalofHigherEducation30,no.3(1959):140145.AccessedDecember5,2008.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Articleinanonlinemagazine/newspaper
Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWritingtheLivingWeb."AListApart:ForPeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AListApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4May2009.
Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwritingthelivingweb.AListApart:ForPeopleWhoMakeWebsites.Retrievedfromhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLivingWeb.AListApartMagazine.August16,2002.http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Entireblog Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout.WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007.Web.19Jan.2007.
Mayer,C.(2007,January10).Thecheckout.[Weblogpost].Retrievedfromhttp://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout/
Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog).http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout/
Responseinablog
Editor,screenname,author,orcompilername(ifavailable).PostingTitle.NameofSite.Versionnumber(ifavailable).Nameofinstitution/organizationaffiliatedwiththesite(sponsororpublisher).
Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectofpost.[Weblogcomment].Retrievedfrom:URLorDOI
BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentrybyWritersName,Dateofpost.
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Mediumofpublication.Dateofaccess.
CDROM Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.
Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.
Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.
Email Kunka,Andrew."Re:ModernistLiterature."Messagetotheauthor.15Nov.2000.Email.
Notincludedinreferences. Citedinnotesonly.1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto
author,November15,2000.MultimediaSources MLAformatformultimediasources
requiresamediumdescriptionattheendofthecitation.Film,DVD,radio,Web,aperformance,andotherdescriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicatethetypeofmultimediathatisbeingreferenced.
ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmayincludeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmaybeusedinplaceofaURLaddress.AnonlinesourceshouldincludeeitheraDOIoraURL.
WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat,includeasmuchinformationasisavailableregardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,andanyavailableURL.AnaccessdateisnotneededinCMSformatting.
Videoorfilm AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.DavidGuggenheim.Narr.AlGore.Paramount,2006.DVD.
Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L.(Producer).(2006).Aninconvenienttruth[DVD].UnitedStates:ParamountHomeEntertainment.
AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates:ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94min.
Podcast/YouTube
Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.Project:Report.YouTube,7Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008.
Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tipsforagoodprofilepiece.[YouTube].Project:Report.Retrievedfromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2VcdqB9k/
Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.Project:Report.YouTube.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2VcdqB9k/
Lecture/Publicaddress
Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:AProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.AnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,California.March,2005.Presentation.
Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram,K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005).Earlyviolentdeathindelinquentyouth:aprospectivelongitudinalstudy.[Presentation].PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,CA.
Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM.Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.EarlyViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:AProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,CA,March2005.
OtherSources ThePurdue Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7). Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain
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OWL MainComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity,7April,2010.Web.20Dec.2010.
Fourmaincomponentsforeffectiveoutlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.Retrievedfromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/
ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity.http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/
Governmentpublication
ContinentalCongress.JournalsoftheContinentalCongress,17741789.WashingtonDC.19041937.
ContinentalCongress.(17741789).Journalsofthecontinentalcongress.Washington,DC.19041937.
ContinentalCongress,JournalsoftheContinentalCongress,17741789,EditedbyWorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols.Washington,DC,190437.
Dissertation Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesinDeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.Diss.UniversityofChicago,2008.Web.ContestingImaginariesinDeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.
Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginariesindeathritualsduringthenorthernsongdynasty(Doctoraldissertation).AvailablefromProQuestdatabase.(AAT3300426).
Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesinDeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,2008.ProQuest(AAT3300426).
InTextCitations
CitingBooks
Likemostsourcedocumentationsystems,MLAusesintextcitationstogivereadersinformationanddirectsreaderstothemorespecificWorksCitedpageshouldareaderwanttopursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLAintextcitationrequiresanauthornameandapagenumberwheretheinformationbeingcitedcanbefound.Citationscanbeformattedinavarietyofways.
APAaddstoMLAstylebyincludinganauthorname(s),pagenumber(s),anddate.Thedateisgenerallyprovidedparentheticallywhenevertheauthors(s)name(s)is(are)givenwhilepagenumbersalwaysappearattheendofthesentence.Thedateisimportantinsocialsciencebecauseithelpsdemonstratetherelevance(newness)oftheworkbeingcited.
FootnotesorendnotesareusedwhencitingwithinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument.Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinalbibliographypage;instead,endnotesandfootnotesworktostrengthenadocumentscredibilitybyprovidingspecificsourceinformationatthebottomofthepageorinaseparatenotessectionforreaderstoreview.FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludetheauthorname,thepublicationtitle,publicationdateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcitedforthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber.
Authornamedinasignalphrase
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(49).
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961)referstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(p.49).
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence.12
(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottomofthepage)
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12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.
Authornotnamedinasignalphrase
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper49).
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence.12
12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.
Unknownauthor
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses49).
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.49).
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence.12
12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:
UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.Unknownpagenumber
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper).
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper,EvidenceandCorroborationsection,para.22).
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence.12
12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961).
Morethanoneworkbythesameauthor
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses49),whichhehintstowardinearlierworkaswell(Emergence241).
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehintstowardinearlierworkaswell(Emergence,1926,p.241).
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence,12whichhehintstowardinearlierworkaswell.13
12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.
13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,TheJournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926).
Twoorthreeauthors
ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoingPublictheimportanceofredefiningexpectationsforfacultywork
RoseandWeiser(2010)notetheimportanceofredefiningexpectationsforfacultywork(p.3).
ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoingPublictheimportanceofredefiningexpectationsforfacultywork.6
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(3). 6.ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeiser,GoingPublic,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010).
Fourormoreauthors
Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyonundergraduateperspectivesofacademicwritingfoundavarietyofapproaches(Andersonetal.11).
In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst,Miller,andMillerproducedastudythatfocusedspecificallyonundergraduateperspectivesofacademicwriting,andtheyfoundavarietyofapproachesinplace(p.11).
Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyonundergraduateperspectivesofacademicwritingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2
2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross
CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReportonWayswithAcademicWords,CollegeCompositionandCommunication41,no.1.
Corporateauthor
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationsstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleofprayerasacopingmechanismforhealth(67).
Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleofprayerasacopingmechanismforhealth(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2011,p.67).
Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleofprayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9
9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCopingMechanismforHealthConcerns:Changesfrom2002to2007,PsychologyofReligionandSpirituality.
Authorswiththesamelastname
Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith19).
Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith,2009,p.19).
Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswilldifferentiate.
Encyclopedia Romancelanguageshaveacurioushistory(RomanceLanguages).
Romancelanguageshaveacurioushistory(Posner,1987).
Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearinbibliography.
1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.
Multivolumework
Usethevolumenumberfollowedbythepagenumberinthecitation,e.g.,(2:119).
Usethepagenumberanddate;indicatethevolumeinthereferencesectiononly.
10.PhillipP.Weiner,DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerandSons,2004).
Twoormoreworksinthesameparentheses
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnotedtheimportanceofreligioninconceivingnature(Emerson1123;Thoreau1994).
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnotedtheimportanceofreligioninconceivingnature(Emerson1836;Thoreau,1862).
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnotedtheimportanceofreligioninconceivingnature.22
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22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862;RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836.
Anentirework
ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesafascinationwithsauntering.
ThoreausWalking(1862)demonstratesafascinationwithsauntering.
ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesafascinationwithsauntering.22
22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862.
Workinananthology
Usetheselectionsnameandpagenumber,nottheeditor.ThelifeofpovertyinthesouthiscapturedbyHurstonscandidautobiography,FromDustTracksonaRoad(336).
Citethespecificworkonly,nottheanthologyoritseditor.ThelifeofpovertyinthesouthiscapturedbyHurstonscandidautobiography,FromDustTracksonaRoad(1942).
19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracksonaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmericanAutobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork:Norton,1999),336.
MultimediaSources Videoorfilm Citeasintextdocumentusingrelease
date.TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedincontemporaryfilmssuchasJohnSayless,TheSecretofRoanInish.
Citeasintextdocumentusingreleasedate.TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedincontemporaryfilmssuchasJohnSayless,TheSecretofRoanInish(1993).
45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directedbyJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA:ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).
Podcast/YouTube
Usevideoauthor/podcastnameandgiventitle.ThequirksofspendingbecomeobviouswhenlisteningtoproductionssuchasDavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABigBridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanetMoney.
Usevideo/podcastauthorname,ifknown,title,andpostingdate.ThequirksofspendingbecomeobviouswhenlisteningtoproductionssuchasDavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABigBridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanetMoney(2011).
Treatasadocumentfromawebsite.
31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeintheWrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast,NationalPublicRadio,http://www.npr.org/blogs/money
Lecture/Publicaddress
TheproblemofviolentdeathamongdelinquentyouthswascarefullydocumentedbyTeplinetal.inanaddressdeliveredin2005attheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychology
TheproblemofviolentdeathamongdelinquentyouthswascarefullydocumentedbyTeplinetal.inanaddressdeliveredattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychology
Ifusinganunpublishedlectureoraddress,citeinwritingonly.PresidentObamanotedduringanaddressonAugust1,2011that...
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ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
11
LawSociety. LawSociety(2005). Ifusingapublishedlectureoraddress,followthisexample:
41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,EarlyViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:AProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,CA,March2005.
OtherSources ThePurdueOWL
KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteintheOnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity,ResearchbasedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,botheducationalandcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularlybeginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhowtofollow(AvoidingPlagiarism).
KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011)writeintheOnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity,ResearchbasedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,botheducationalandcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularlybeginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhowtofollow.
KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenote,ResearchbasedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,botheducationalandcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularlybeginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhowtofollow.23
23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,AvoidingPlagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab,PurdueUniversity,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
Governmentpublication
AccordingtothePennsylvaniaDepartmentofConservationandNaturalResources,theEmeraldAshBorerinvasioninPennsylvaniahasledtodozensofcountyquarantinesinrecentyears.
TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasioninPennsylvaniahasledtodozensofcountyquarantinesinrecentyears(PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011).
27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentofConservationandNaturalResources,BureauofForestryPublications:Coleoptera:Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire,2011.