(mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

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j?kqohj lgk; j?kqohj lgk; j?kqohj lgk; j?kqohj lgk; j?kqohj lgk; tUe % lu~ 1929] y[kumQ (mÙkj iz ns'k) iz eq [k jpuk,¡ % vKs ; }kjk la ikfnr nw ljk lIrd (1951)es a ] vkjafHkd dfork,¡] egÙoiw.kZ dkO;&ladyu lhf<+;ksa ij èkwi esa ] vkRegR;k osQ fojQ¼] g¡lks&g¡lks tYnh g¡lks i=kdkfjrk % vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks osQ fganh lekpkj foHkkx ls lac¼ jgs] fiQj gSnjkckn ls fudyus okyh if=kdk dYiuk vkS j mlosQ ckn nS fud uoHkkjr VkbEl rFkk fnueku ls lac¼ jgs lEeku % lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj fuèku % lu~ 1990] fnYyh esa oqQN gksxk @ oqQN gksxk vxj eSa cksywxk¡ @ u VwVs u VwVs frfyLe lÙkk dk @ esjs vanj ,d dk;j VwVsxk j?kqohj lgk; ledkyhu ¯gnh dfork osQ laosnu'khy ^ukxj* psgjk gSaA lM+d] pkSjkgk] + rj] v[kckj] laln] cl] jsy vkSj ck”kkj dh csykSl Hkk"kk esa mUgksaus dfork fy[khA ?kj&eqgYys osQ pfj=kksa ij dfork fy[kdj bUgsa gekjh psruk dk LFkk;h ukxfjd cuk;kA gR;k&ywVikV vkSj vkx”kuh] jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj Ny&Nn~e budh dfork esa mrjdj [kksth i=kdkfjrk dh luluh[kst jiVsa ugha jg tkrs] vkRekUos"k.k dk ekè;e cu tkrs gSaA ;g Bhd gS fd is'ks ls os i=kdkj Fks] ysfdu os flI + kZ Q i=kdkj gh ugha ] fl¼ dFkkdkj vkS j dfo Hkh FksA dfork dks mUgksaus ,d dgkuhiu vkS j ,d ukVdh; oS Hko fn;kA tkrh; ;k oS;fDrd Le`fr;k¡ muosQ ;gk¡ ugha osQ cjkcj gSaA blfy, muosQ nksuksa ik¡o orZeku esa gh xM+s gSaA ckotwn blosQ] ekfeZd mtkl vkSj O;aX;&cq>h [kqjnjh eqLkdkuksa ls mudh dfork iVh iM+h gSA Nankuq'kklu osQ fygk”k ls Hkh os vuqie gSa ij ”;knkrj ckrphr dh lgt 'kS yh esa gh mUgksaus fy[kk vkS j c[kwch fy[kkA 4 2020-21 © NCERT not to be republished

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Page 1: (mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

j?kqohj lgk;j?kqohj lgk;j?kqohj lgk;j?kqohj lgk;j?kqohj lgk;

tUe % lu~ 1929] y[kumQ (mÙkj izns'k)izeq[k jpuk,¡ % vKs; }kjk laikfnr nwljk lIrd (1951)esa]vkjafHkd dfork,¡] egÙoiw.kZ dkO;&ladyu lhf<+;ksa ijèkwi esa] vkRegR;k osQ fojQ¼] g¡lks&g¡lks tYnh g¡lksi=kdkfjrk % vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks osQ fganh lekpkj foHkkxls lac¼ jgs] fiQj gSnjkckn ls fudyus okyh if=kdkdYiuk vkSj mlosQ ckn nSfud uoHkkjr VkbEl rFkkfnueku ls lac¼ jgslEeku % lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkjfuèku % lu~ 1990] fnYyh esa

oqQN gksxk @ oqQN gksxk vxj eSa cksywxk¡ @u VwVs u VwVs frfyLe lÙkk dk @ esjs vanj ,d dk;j VwVsxk

j?kqohj lgk; ledkyhu ¯gnh dfork osQ laosnu'khy ^ukxj* psgjk gSaA lM+d] pkSjkgk]nÝ+rj] v[kckj] laln] cl] jsy vkSj ck”kkj dh csykSl Hkk"kk esa mUgksaus dfork fy[khA?kj&eqgYys osQ pfj=kksa ij dfork fy[kdj bUgsa gekjh psruk dk LFkk;h ukxfjd cuk;kAgR;k&ywVikV vkSj vkx”kuh] jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj Ny&Nn~e budh dfork esa mrjdj[kksth i=kdkfjrk dh luluh[kst jiVsa ugha jg tkrs] vkRekUos"k.k dk ekè;e cu tkrs gSaA;g Bhd gS fd is'ks ls os i=kdkj Fks] ysfdu os flI+kZQ i=kdkj gh ugha ] fl¼ dFkkdkj vkSjdfo Hkh FksA dfork dks mUgksaus ,d dgkuhiu vkSj ,d ukVdh; oSHko fn;kA

tkrh; ;k oS;fDrd Le`fr;k¡ muosQ ;gk¡ ugha osQ cjkcj gSaA blfy, muosQ nksuksa ik¡oorZeku esa gh xM+s gSaA ckotwn blosQ] ekfeZd mtkl vkSj O;aX;&cq>h [kqjnjh eqLkdkuksa lsmudh dfork iVh iM+h gSA Nankuq'kklu osQ fygk”k ls Hkh os vuqie gSa ij ”;knkrj ckrphrdh lgt 'kSyh esa gh mUgksaus fy[kk vkSj c[kwch fy[kkA

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Page 2: (mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

vkjksg

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cRkkSj i=kdkj vkSj dfo ?kVukvksa esa fufgr foMacuk vkSj =kklnh dks Hkh mUgksaus ns[kkAj?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa dh nwljh fo'ks"krk gS NksVs ;k y?kq dh egÙkk dk LohdkjA oseg”k cM+s dgs tkus okys fo"k;ksa ;k leL;kvksa ij gh nf"V ugha Mkyrs] cfYd ftudks lektesa gkf'k, ij j[kk tkrk gS] muosQ vuqHkoksa dks Hkh viuh jpukvksa dk fo"k; cukrs gSaA j?kqohjth us Hkkjrh; lekt esa rkdrojksa dh c<+rh gSfl;r vkSj lÙkk osQ f[kykI+kQ Hkh lkfgR; vkSji=kdkfjrk osQ ikBdksa dk è;ku [khapkA jkenkl* uke dh mudh dfork vkèkqfud gnh dforkdh ,d egÙoiw.kZ jpuk ekuh tkrh gSA

vR;ar lkèkkj.k vkSj vuk;kl&lh izrhr gksusokyh 'kSyh esa lekt dh nkjQ.kfoMacukvksa dks idM+us dh tks dyk j?kqohj lgk; dh dforkvksa esa feyrh gS] mldkizfrfufèk mnkgj.k gS ;gk¡ izLrqr dfork oSQejs esa can vikfgt tks yksx Hkwy x;s gSa laxzgls yh xbZ gSA 'kkjhfjd pqukSrh dks >syrs O;fDr ls Vsyhfo”ku&oSQejs osQ lkeus fdl rjgosQ loky iwNs tk,¡xs vkSj dk;ZØe dks liQy cukus osQ fy, mlls oSQlh Hkafxek dh vis{kkdh tk,xhµbldk yxHkx likV rjhosQ ls c;ku djrs gq, dfo us ,d rjg ls ihM+k osQlkFk n`';&lapkj ekè;e osQ lacaèk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA fdlh dh ihM+k dks cgqr cM+sn'kZd oxZ rd igq¡pkus okys O;fDr dks ml ihM+k osQ izfr Lo;a laosnu'khy gksus vkSj nwljksadks laosnu'khy cukus dk nkosnkj gksuk pkfg,A ysfdu foMacuk ;g gS fd vki tc ihM+kdks insZ ij mHkkjus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] rc dkjksckjh ncko osQ rgr vkidk joS;k laosnughugks tkrk gSA lgk; th dh ;g dfork Vsyhfo”ku LVwfM;ks osQ Hkhrj dh nqfu;k dks mHkkjrh”k:j gS] ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha gS fd bls flI+kZQ Vsyhfo”ku ekè;e ls tksM+dj ns[kktk,A viuh O;atuk esa ;g dfork gj ,sls O;fDr dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gS] tks nq[k&nnZ];kruk&osnuk dks cspuk pkgrk gSA

bl dfork dks 'kkjhfjd pqukSrh >syrs yksxksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy u”kfj;k viukus osQ fy,izsfjr djrs ikB osQ :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blosQ fy, dfo us èkqj laosnughurk dksjs[kkafdr djus dk rjhdk viuk;k gSA og fn[kykrk gS fd fdl rjg djQ.kk txkus osQ edlnls 'kq: gqvk dk;ZØe Øwj cu tkrk gSA

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Page 3: (mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

dSejs esa can vikfgt

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dddddSSSSS ejs esa can vikfgtejs esa can vikfgtejs esa can vikfgtejs esa can vikfgtejs esa can vikfgt

ge nwjn'kZu ij cksysaxsge leFkZ 'kfDrokuge ,d nqcZy dks yk,¡xs,d can dejs esa

mlls iwNsaxs rks vki D;k vikfgt gSa\rks vki D;ksa vikfgt gSa\vkidk vikfgtiu rks nq[k nsrk gksxknsrk gS\(oSQejk fn[kkvks bls cM+k cM+k)gk¡ rks crkb, vkidk nq[k D;k gStYnh crkb, og nq[k crkb,crk ugha ik,xk

lksfp,crkb,vkidks vikfgt gksdj oSQlk yxrk gSoSQlk;kuh oSQlk yxrk gS(ge [kqn b'kkjs ls crk,¡xs fd D;k ,slk\)lksfp,crkb,FkksM+h dksf'k'k dfj,(;g volj [kks nsaxs\)vki tkurs gSa fd dk;ZØe jkspd cukus osQ okLrs

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Page 4: (mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

vkjksg

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ge iwN&iwNdj mldks jQyk nsaxsbar”kkj djrs gSa vki Hkh mlosQ jks iM+us dkdjrs gSa\(;g iz'u iwNk ugha tk,xk)

fiQj ge ijns ij fn[kyk,¡xsiwQyh gqbZ vk¡[k dh ,d cM+h rlohjcgqr cM+h rlohjvkSj mlosQ gksaBksa ij ,d dlelkgV Hkh(vk'kk gS vki mls mldh viaxrk dh ihM+k ekusaxs),d vkSj dksf'k'kn'kZdèkhjt jf[k,nsf[k,gesa nksuksa ,d lax jQykus gSa

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Page 5: (mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

dSejs esa can vikfgt

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vki vkSj og nksuksa(oSQejkcl djksugha gqvkjgus nksijns ij oDRk dh dher gS)vc eqLkoqQjk,¡xs ge

vki ns[k jgs Fks lkekftd mís'; ls ;qDr dk;ZØe(cl FkksM+h gh dlj jg xbZ)èkU;oknA

vH;klvH;klvH;klvH;klvH;kl

dfork osQ lkFk

1- dfork esa oqQN iafDr;k¡ dks"Bdksa esa j[kh xbZ gSaµvkidh le> ls bldk D;k vkSfpR; gS\2- oSQejs esa can vikfgt djQ.kk osQ eq[kkSVs esa fNih Øwjrk dh dfork gSµfopkj dhft,A3- ge leFkZ 'kfDroku vkSj ge ,d nqcZy dks yk,¡xs iafDr osQ ekè;e ls dfo us D;k O;aX;

fd;k gS\4- ;fn 'kkjhfjd :i ls pqukSrh dk lkeuk dj jgs O;fDr vkSj n'kZd] nksuksa ,d lkFk jksus yxsaxs]

rks mlls iz'udrkZ dk dkSu&lk mís'; iwjk gksxk\5- ijns ij oDr dh dher gS dgdj dfo us iwjs lk{kkRdkj osQ izfr viuk u”kfj;k fdl :i esa

j[kk gS\

dfork osQ vklikl

1- ;fn vkidks 'kkjhfjd pqukSrh dk lkeuk dj jgs fdlh fe=k dk ifjp; yksxksa ls djokuk gks]rks fdu 'kCnksa esa djok,¡xh\

2- lkekftd mís'; ls ;qDr ,sls dk;ZØe dks ns[kdj vkidks oSQlk yxsxk\ vius fopkj la{ksiesa fy[ksaA

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Page 6: (mÙkj izns'k) (1951)

vkjksg

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3- ;fn vki bl dk;ZØe osQ n'kZd gSa rks Vh-oh- ij ,sls lkekftd dk;ZØe dks ns[kdj ,d i=kesa viuh izfrfØ;k nwjn'kZu funs'kd dks HkstsaA

4- uhps fn, x, [kcj osQ va'k dks if<+, vkSj fcgkj osQ bl cqfèk;k ls ,d dkYifud lk{kkRdkjdhft,µ

mez ik¡p lky] laiw.kZ :i ls fodykax vkSj nkSM+ x;k ik¡p fdyksehVjAlquus esa FkksM+k vthc yxrk gS] ysfdu ;g dkjukek dj fn[kk;k gS iouusA fcgkjh cqfèk;k osQ uke ls izfl¼ iou tUe ls gh fodykax gSA blosQnksuksa gkFk dk iqyok ugha gS] tcfd iSj esa flI+kZQ ,M+h gh gSA

iou us jfookj dks iVuk osQ dkjfxy pkSd ls lqcg 8-40 ij nkSM+uk'kq: fd;kA Mkdcaxyk jksM] rkjkeaMy vkSj vkj Cykd gksrs gq, iou dklI+kQj ,d ?kaVs ckn 'kghn Lekjd ij tkdj [kRe gqvkA iou }kjk r; dhxbZ bl nwjh osQ nkSjku mEehn LowQy* osQ rdjhcu rhu lkS cPps lkFk nkSM+dj mldk gkSlyk c<+k jgs FksA lM+d fdukjs [kM+s n'kZd ;g ns[kdj grizHkFks fd fdl rjg ,d fodykax cPpk tks'k ,oa mRlkg osQ lkFk nkSM+rk pyktk jgk gSA tgkukckn f”kys dk jgus okyk iou uojluk ,osQMeh] csmj esad{kk ,d dk Nk=k gSA vly esa iou dk liuk mM+hlk osQ cqfèk;k tSlk djrcfn[kkus dk gSA oqQN ekg iwoZ cqfèk;k 65 fdyksehVj nkSM+ pqdk gSA ysfdu cqfèk;kiwjh rjg ls LoLFk gS tcfd iou iwjh rjg ls fodykaxA iou dk liukd'ehj ls dU;koqQekjh rd dh nwjh iSny r; djus dk gSA

µ9 vDrwcj] 2006 ¯gnqLrku ls lkHkkj

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