^m¡jmo{bh$ {zx}eh$ am{u {dh|$Ðrh$au… · ^m¡jmo{bh$ {zx}eh$ am{u {dh|$Ðrh$au… ... m

$: ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U {dH|$ÐrH$aU… · ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U {dH|$ÐrH$aU… ... m$
1

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U {dH|$ÐrH$aU… ’o$UrMo CXmhaU

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a

2

g§emoYZ g„mJma’$m. amo‘mëS> {S>gmoPmg§ñWmnH$ g§MmbH$, Jmodm ì`dñWmnZ g§ñWm, ^maV

Am°ŠQ>m{d`mo EpñnZmogmg§MmbH$, bo{Oñbo{Q>ìh A±S> crJc A°S>ìhmB©g {d^mJ, OmJ{VH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm g§ñWm, pñdËPcªS>

Om°O© bmg©Z JwEamH${‘eZ Z°eZb n°am Eb H$moZmo{g{‘EÝVmo dm` `wgmo {S> bm ~m`moS>m`ìh©{gXmX (H$mZm~m`mo), ‘opŠgH$mo

Q>r. gr. Ooågg§MmbH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$, YmoaU d àmoËgmhZ {d^mJ, ^maV gaH$ma

Eg. Ho$. gmoA‘d[að> d¡km{ZH$, amï´>r` H¥$fr g§emoYZ ì`dñWmnZ AH$mX‘r, ^maV

So>pìhS> {ddmg-`wJwB©Cn àH$ën g§MmbH$, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma d emídV {dH$mg H|$Ð, pñdËPcªS>

gmamh Oo. dm°Q>‘moaàmÜ`m{nH$m, n`m©daU d OZYmoaU, Am°Šñ’$S>© {dÚmnrR> n`m©daU H|$Ð, {~«Q>Z

g§emoYZ ghmæ`H$… {dÚmam‘m MH«$dVu Z§~mbm, nrEMS>r ñZmVH$, H$m`Xm {dÚmb`, dm{d©H$ {dÚmnrR>

gh`moJr g§ñWm… g§emoYZ d {dH$mg g§ñWm (emoY), `m g§emoYZ nWH$mMo ZoV¥Ëd àUd ‘wImonmÜ`m` `m§Zr Ho$bo. Eg. ‘`wam d Eg. ‘m¡`© `m§Mo Ë`m§Zm ghH$m`© bm^bo. A{YH$ ‘m{hVr… http://www.shodh-research.org/.

g§emoYZ ‘mJ©Xe©H$… O°Z AmQ>© em°ëQ>, àmo’o$eZb [agM© ’o$bmo, grEgOrAma, dm{d©H$ {dÚmnrR>

à‘wI g§emoYH$… {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a, [agM© H$mCpÝgëg `wHo$ ’o$bmo d ghm. àmÜ`mnH$, grEgOrAma Am{U H$m`Xm {dÚmb`, dm{d©H$ {dÚmnrR>.

Am{W©H$ ghH$m`©`m g§emoYZ àH$ënmbm BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ A±S> gmoeb [agM© H$mCpÝgb (`wHo$) `m g§ñWoZo ’$ñQ>© J«±Q> ñH$s‘ (AmaB©gr-061-23-0119) `m EH$m CÎm‘ AW©gmø `moOZoVyZ Am{W©H$ nmR>~i {Xbo Amho. B©EgAmagr hr EH$ ñdV§Ì g§ñWm Amho. EH$ ñdV§Ì g§ñWm Agboë`m `m g§ñWog {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m {dkmZ ~OoQ>‘YyZ {ZYr àmá hmoVmo. B©EgAmagrMo gd© g§emoYZ nwañH$ma ho Iwë`m ñnY}Ûmao {Xbo OmVmV. `m ñnY}Mo nmaXe©H$ narjU Ho$bo OmVo VgoM ñnYm© g§në`mZ§Va A§VJ©V g‘rjUhr Ho$bo OmVo. A{YH$ ‘m{hVr… http//:www.esrc.ac.uk/

àH$ën nWH$

www.warwick.ac.uk/go/feni

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nmR> 1: AmoiI 5’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘iÊ`m‘mJMo à`ËZ 8"OrAm`' H$m`ÚmMo ^maVmgmR>r ‘hÎd 10^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mÛmao g§ajU 12‘mJmodm 14

nmR> 2 :^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§À`m Aä`mgm‘mJMr nmœ©^y‘r 15^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§Mm Aä`mg 16OrAm` Am{U {dH$mg g§H$ënZoVrb ~Xb 20^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§Mo ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç 24

nmR> 3:’o$Ur Šb~Mr ñWmnZm 27’o$Ur EH$ gm‘y{hH$ dmag 28H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm nwadR>m 34^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMm Aä`mg 38CÜd©nmVZ gm{hË` d V§Ìm{df`rMo {Z`‘ 43

nmR> 4: ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U ’o$Ur 45’o$Ur joÌ 46H$mOy‘ÚmMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr 49’o$Ur CËnmXZmMo àXoe 49^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ d ^{dî`mVrb bo~b 60

nmR> 5: ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r g¡Õm§{VH$ nÕVr 63OrAm`gmR>r {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU 65’o$UrMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ 66^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZXoe©H$mÛmao ’o$UrMo g§ajU 67^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U ’o$UrMo nwadR>m ‘mJ© 67

n[a{eï> 69

Mm¡H$Q>r d VŠË`m§Mr gyMr

nmR> 1Mm¡H$Q> 1 … ’o$Ur, ’o$Zr‘ … AmnU Zo‘Ho$ H$m` godZ H$aVmo?Mm¡H$Q> 2 … JmodmMm¡H$Q> 3… ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Zm|XUrMm B{VhmgMm¡H$Q> 4 … Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur {S>pñQ>bg© Am{U ~m°Q>bg© g§KQ>ZmMm¡H$Q> 5 - H$mg‘Vr … ~mg‘Vrda Hw$aKmoS>rMm à`ËZMm¡H$Q> 6 … ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ (OrAm`) … noQ>§Q> Zìho

nmR> 2Mm¡H$Q> 7 … ‘mdar ‘mH©$ Am{U nma§n[aH$ kmZ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo g§ajUMm¡H$Q> 8 … n‘m© h°‘ … g§a{jV XOm© dmnaVmZm g§ñWmMm¡H$Q> 9 … J«°Zm n°S>mZmo Šb~Mm¡H$Q> 10 … ’o$AaQ´>oS> - {ZH$f ñWmnZm d VnmgUrMm¡H$Q> 11 … OrAm` nwadR>m gmIir Am{U ghH$mar ñnY}Mo CXmhaUMm¡H$Q> 12 … ñH$m°M pìhñH$s … Zd{Z{‘©VrVrb gmVË` H$s na§naoMm èhmg?

KQ>H$

4

Zmd N>m`m{MÌ Amoir1. H$mOy ~m|S:> H$mOy ~m|S> d Ë`mImbr bJS>Umao H$mOy’$i.2. H$mg‘Vr: ~mg‘Vrda Hw$aKmoS>rMm à`ËZ3. Xm{O©qbJ bmoJmo: Xm{O©qbJ bmoJmo Am{U B¹$bEŠñM|Oog Xm{O©qbJ Q>rbm {‘imbobo ’o$AaQ´>oS> d g¢{Ð` MhmMo à‘mUnÌ.4. MmBëS>hÿS> Aamo‘mO: ’o$Ur D$Üd©nmVZ à{H«$òMr gwadmVrgM AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo Á`m‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m bJÚmnmgyZ {Zamo Jmibr OmVo(S>mdrH$S>o) d ~m|S>mnmgyZ H$mOy’$i doJio Ho$bo OmV(COdrH$S>o)5. H$mOy~m|S>m§Mr VmoS>Ur:$mQ>çmgh VmoS>bobr H$mOy~m|S>o (S>mdrH$S>o), H$moi§~rV KmbÊ`mnydu H$mOy~m|S>m§Mo dOZ‘mnZ (‘Üò), H$moi§~r (COdrH$S>o).6. H$mOy~m|S>o O‘m H$aUmar bm°ar: H$mOy~m|S>o AmoVUmar bm°ar.7. nma§n[aH$ H$mOy~m|S>o ’$moS>Ê`mMr nÕVr: H$moi§~rV ’$moS>Ê`mnyduMr H$mOy~m|S>o (S>mdrH$S>o) Va {Zamo Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r AdOS> XJS>m§Imbr Agbobr Mw‘i (COdrH$S>o).8. ~m|S>o ’$moS>Ê`mMo Zdo V§Ì: nydu dmnabm OmUmam nmQ>m-dad§Q>m

àH$maMm H«$ea (S>mdrH$S>o), gÜ`m dmnabm OmUmam ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$ea (‘Ü`^mJr), {Zamo EŠñQ´>°ŠeZgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao qnOao (COdrH$S>o).9. bmdUr nm°Q>-ñQ>rb: nma§n[aH$ nm°Q>-ñQ>rbMr bmdUr (S>mdrH$S>o) nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sV ~wS>dboë`m Zì`m bmdUrMm àH$ma (COdrH$S>o).10. EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b nm°Q>-ñQ>rb: dmnaÊ`mV òV Agbobr EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b nm°Q>-ñQ>rb (S>mdrH$S>o) H$m°Bbgh nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s nwÝhm âbr OmV AgVmZm (‘Ü`^mJr) gXm{ed ‘amR>o `m§À`m {S>pñQ>barV dmnamV Agbobr ‘moR>r ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbMr nm°Q>-ñQ>rb (COdrH$S>o).11. J«mC: ñWm{ZH$ hm`S´>mo‘rQ>a, J«mC.12. em°Q>© S>màoŠQ> gßbm` éQ²>g: ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baH$Sy>Z ’o$UrMr ~mQ>br KoUo (S>mdrH$S>o) VmdoZm© ‘Úmb`mVyZ g°ånb Jmoim H$aUo (COdrH$S>o).13. bm±J A±S> ~m°Q>ëS> gßbm` éQ²>g: ’o$Ur ~m°Q>qbJ ßb±Q> (S>mdrH$S>o), H$mhr CnbãY ’o$UrMo ~«±S> (‘Ü`^mJr), H$moUVr ~mQ>br IaoXr H$amdr ho R>adVmZm (COdrH$S>o).

N>m`m{MÌm§Mr gyMr

nmR> 3Mm¡H$Q> 13 … ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo ~miH$Sy> - AmoiI ’o$UrMrMm¡H$Q> 14… e°ånoZÀ`m gr‘maofm … ghH$ma d gd©g‘mdoeH$ {dMmamMo H$m°H$Q>obMm¡H$Q> 15 … J«mC - ’o$UrÀ`m ‘ÚmH©$j‘Vm ‘moOUmao n[a‘mUMm¡H$Q> 16 … ’o$UrMr OrAm`-ì`m»`mMm¡H$Q> 17 … Zmai … EH$ H$ënd¥j

nmR> 4Mm¡H$Q> 18 … ’o$UrgmR>r A~H$mar nadmZmVm{bH$m 1 … ’o$Ur joÌ (2005-06)Vm{bH$m 2 … H$mOy nwadR>çm‘mJMo AW©H$maUVm{bH$m 3… ’o$Ur CËnmXZ d A~H$mar ‘hgybVm{bH$m 4 … H$mOy {nH$mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d^mJUr d ’o$Ur CËnmXZ

Vm{bH$m 5 … n`©Q>H$g§»`m Am{U ‘Ú{dH«$s nadmZo Mm¡H$Q> 19 … ’o$Ur EH$ n`©Q>H$ OmioMm¡H$Q> 20 … ’o$Ur H$m°H$Q>obMm¡H$Q> 21 … AZH$m°{Hª$J Q>o{¹$bm ñQ>moarMm¡H$Q> 22 … ñH$m°MMm emoY … ì`m»`m§Mm B{VhmgMm¡H$Q> 23 … OrAm` N>ÌrImbrb JQ>

AmH¥$Ë`m§Mr gyMrnmR> 3AmH¥$Vr 1- J«mCMo {dVaUnmR> 4AmH¥$Vr 2- ‘w»` VmbwHo$ … ‘Ú{dH«$s, bmoH$g§»`m d n`©Q>H$m§Mo à‘mUAmH¥$Vr 3- ’o$Ur nwadR>m ‘mJ© … N>moQ>o d WoQ>AmH¥$Vr 4 - ’o$Ur nwadR>m ‘mJ© … bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS>

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nmR> 1 AmoiI

27 ’o$~«wdmar 2009 amoOr ’o$UrMr ^maVmVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Xe©H$ ({OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eZ- OrAm`) åhUyZ Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mgmR>rMm Ahdmb {S>g|~a 2007‘Ü`o àW‘ gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm1. ’o$UrMr Aer "OrAm`' Zm|XUr hmoÊ`m‘mJo ñWm{ZH$ dV©‘mZnÌm§‘YyZ à{gÕ Pmboë`m boIZmMm ‘moR>m hmV^ma bmJbm. ~hþVoH$ boIZmV Jmoì`mVyZ “OrAm`’ åhUyZ Zm|X hmoÊ`mMm ’o$Urg n{hbm ‘mZ {‘iUma Agë`mMo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVmVyZ VgoM ^maVmVrb àW‘M "OrAm`' Zm|XUrMm ‘mZ ’o$UrÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ n{hë`m ‘ÚCËnmXZmg {‘imbm Amho.

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6

(N>m`m{MÌ 1 dmnaUo… H$mOyMo ’$i)

27 ’o$~«wdmar 2009 amoOr ’o$UrMr ^maVmVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Xe©H$ ({OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eZ- OrAm`) åhUyZ Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mgmR>rMm Ahdmb {S>g|~a 2007‘Üò àW‘ gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. ’o$UrMr Aer "OrAm`' Zm|XUr hmoÊ`m‘mJo ñWm{ZH$ dV©‘mZnÌm§‘YyZ à{gÕ Pmboë`m boIZmMm ‘moR>m hmV^ma bmJbm. ~hþVoH$ boIZmV Jmoì`mVyZ “OrAm`’ åhUyZ Zm|X hmoÊ`mMm ’o$Urg n{hbm ‘mZ {‘iUma Agë`mMo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVmVyZ VgoM ^maVmVrb àW‘M "OrAm`' Zm|XUrMm ‘mZ ’o$UrÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ n{hë`m ‘ÚCËnmXZmg {‘imbm Amho. ’o$Ur åhUOo AWm©VM H$mOy ’o$Ur hmo`. H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m agmMo {H$ÊdZ H$ê$Z Jmibobo no` åhUOoM ’o$Ur (Mm¡H$Q> 1 … ’o$Ur, ’o$Zr‘ … AmnU Zo‘Ho$ H$m` godZ H$aVmo?).

Mm¡H$Q> 1 … ’o$Ur, ’o$Zr‘ … AmnU Zo‘Ho$ H$m` godZ H$aVmo?’o$Ur `m eãXmg B§J«Or ^mfoV {d{dY àH$mao {b{hbo OmVo. (‘Feni’, ‘Fenny’, ‘Fennim’and ‘Fenni'). "’o$Ur' `m eãXmMm H$moH$Ur ^mfoV VgoM `m g§emoYZ AhdmbmXaå`mZ ‘wbmIVr KoVboë`m AZoH$ ‘mÝ`dam§À`m ‘Vo åhUOo ’o$g. H$mhtÀ`m ‘Vo CÎm‘ ’o$UrMm XOm© hm `m ’o$gmdê$Z R>adbm OmVmo. Mm§Jbr ’o$Ur EH$m ^m§S>çmVyZ Xwgè`m ^m§S>çmV AmoVë`mda {VMm A{YH$ ’o$g V`ma hmoVmo. Va H$mhtÀ`m ‘Vo H$mOy’$imMo {H$ÊdZ Pmbo H$s Omo ’o$gmi ag V`ma hmoVmo Vr ’o$Ur hmo`.

XmoZ àH$maÀ`m ‘Úm§Zm "’o$Ur' Ago g§~moYbo OmV… EH$ åhUOo

ZmaimnmgyZ ~Zboë`m VmS>rbm Am{U Xwgar åhUOo H$mOy’$imÀ`m agmda {H$ÊdZà{H«$`m H$ê$Z ~Zdbobo no`. gm‘mÝ`V… ‘Úmb`m‘Üò "’o$Ur' qH$dm "H$mOy’o$Ur'bm "H$mOy' AgoM åhQ>bo OmVo. ‘Úmb`m‘Üò Oar XmoÝhr no`m§Zm ’o$Ur Ago gm‘mÝ`V… g§~moYbo OmV Agbo Var hr XmoÝhr noò gdm©Wm©Zo doJdoJir AmhoV. H$moH$Ur ^mfoV ZmaimÀ`m ’o$Urbm "‘mS>r' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m XmoÝhr no`m§‘Üò H$moUVo CÎm‘, H$moUVo Mm§Jbo ho Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m MdrZwgma, gd`rZwgma Amho. Ë`m‘wio H$moUVr ’o$Ur loð> `m dmXmV H$moUË`mhr EH$m no`mMr ~mOy KoUo AZw{MV R>aob.

H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m agmda {H$ÊdZà{H«$`m (’$‘]Q>oeZ) H$ê$Z Z§Va D$Üd©nmVZmÛmao ({S>pñQ>boeZ) H$mOy’o$Ur V`ma Ho$br OmVo. EH$Xm

7

D$Üd©nmVZ Ho$ë`mda Oo ‘Ú {‘iVo Ë`mbm “hþam©H$’ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ho EH$ gm¡å` ‘Ú Amho. {H$ÊdZ Pmboë`m H$mOyagm‘Üò "hþam©H$' {‘giyZ nwÝhm Ë`mMo D$Üd©nmVZ Ho$ë`mda Oo ‘Ú {‘iVo Ë`mbm "H°$Owbmo' Ago åhUVmV. "H°$Owbmo' ho "hþam©H$'nojm A{YH$ H$S>H$ AgVo. Z§Va "H°$Owbmo'd {H$ÊdZ Ho$bobm H$mOy ag EH$Ì {‘giyZ Ë`mMo D$Üd©nmVZ Ho$ë`mda "’o$Ur' V`ma hmoVo. {Vgè`m D$Üd©nmVZ à{H«$ògmR>r H°$Owbmo d {H$ÊdZ Ho$bobm H$mOyag KoD$Z Ë`mnmgyZ ’o$Ur V`ma Ho$br OmVo. ’o$Ur V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nma§n[aH$ nÕVr‘Üò àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda H$mOy ag d hþam©H$, H°$Owbmo ho {H$Vr à‘mUmV {‘gimdoV `mMo H$mhr {ZH$f R>abobo AmhoV. ~mînr^dZ CnH$aUmgmR>rMo, {H$Vr n¹$ Pmbobo H$mOy’$i dmnamdo `mMo; ’o$Ur O‘m H$aÊ`mgmR>r, gmR>dUwH$sgmR>r, dmhVwH$sgmR>r H$moUVr ^m§S>r dmnamdrV; `m gmè`m§Mo H$mhr EH$ {ZH$f AmhoV. `m{df`rMo {dñV¥V {ddoMZ "OrAm`-Zm|XUr g§X^©' `m nmR> H«$. 3 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.

OrAm`-Zm|XUr Ahdmbm‘Üò ’o$UrÀ`m "Feni' Am{U "Fenny' `m XmoZ B§J«Or ñnoqbJMm C„oI AgyZ `m‘Üò "Feni' `m ñnoqbJbm àmYmÝ` {Xbobo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a “H$mOy’ åhUOo ’o$Ur AgoM J¥hrV YaÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ, Zmai’o$Urda {deof â XoÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr. `mg§X^m©V nmR> H«$.3‘Üò ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m gd© AhdmbmV "’o$Ur' åhUOoM "H$mOy ’o$Ur' Ago J¥hrV YaÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.

16ì`m eVH$m‘Üò nmoVw©{JOm§Zr H$mOy ~«mPrbhÿZ AmUyZ Ë`mMr ‘b~ma {H$Zmè`mda bmJdS> Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va nmoVw©{JOm§Mr dgmhV Agboë`m Jmoì`m‘Üòhr H$mOyMr bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. (Mm¡H$Q> 2 … Jmodm). H$mOyMo ’$i ho {H$S>ZrÀ`m AmH$mamVrb H$mOy-~r ho AgVo. Am{U Oo H$mOy~m|S> (H°$eyA°nb) åhUyZ AmnU gm‘mÝ`V… åhUVmo Vo O¡demór` ^mfoV ’$i Zìho Va EH$ (’w$Jra AmH$mamMr) EH$ e|J AgVo. (N>m`m{MÌ 1 … H$mOy~m|S>). eH©$aoMo Cƒ à‘mU (6.7 - 10.5 %) Am{U Ë`mMo hmoUmao ObX {H$ÊdZ `m‘wio H$mOy~m|S> ho EH$ CÎm‘ CÜd©nmVZmMm à{V{ZYr R>aVo. Varhr, H$mOy~m|S>mMo {H$ÊdZmÛmao ’o$UrV ê$nm§Va H$aUo hr à{H«$`m åhUOo Jmoì`mMr nma§n[aH$ AmoiI Amho. H$mhr ‘Úào‘rVa Ë`mhr nwT>o OmD$Z ’o$Ur hr "CÎma Jmoì`mMr' AmoiI Amho, Agohr R>m‘nUo gm§JVmV.

Mm¡H$Q> 2 … Jmodm^maVmÀ`m npíM‘ {H$Zmè`mda Am{U ‘w§~B©À`m X{jUobm 3702 Mm¡ag {H$bmo‘rQ>a joÌ’$im‘Üò Jmodm ngabobm Amho. Jmoì`mMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm VrZ ^mJ nS>VmV … npíM‘oMm {H$Zmar ^mJ, nyd}À`m {g‘odarb npíM‘KmQ>mVrb nd©Vam§J (gømÐr nd©Vam§J), Am{U

C§MgIb Q>oH$S>çm d nR>mam§Zr {d^mJbobm hm ‘Ü`^mJ. nmoVwJrOm§À`m 451 dfmªÀ`m gÎmoZ§Va, 1961gmbr Jmodm ‘wº$ Pmbm Am{U ^maVXoem‘Üò {dbrZ Pmbm. 1987 gmbr Jmoì`mbm amÁ`mMm XOm© àmá Pmbm. Am{U òWrb H$moH$Ur `m ñWm{ZH$ ^mfobm amO^mfoMm XOm© {‘imbm.

Jmodm amÁ` ho CÎma Jmodm Am{U X{jU Jmodm {Oëhm `m XmoZ à‘wI àemgH$s` {d^mJmV {d^mJbobo Amho. VgoM `m XmoÝhr {Oëøm§Mr {d^mJUr EHy$U 11 VmbwŠ`m§‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. CÎma Jmoì`m‘Üò ~mX}e, {S>Mmobr, noS>Uo, ’$m|S>m, gÎmar Am{U {VgdmS>r; Va X{jU Jmoì`m‘Üò H$mUH$moU, ‘waJmd, Ho$no, gmgï>r d gm§Jo `m VmbwŠ`m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.

Jmodm Am{U BVa àXoemVhr H$mOy~m|S>mnmgyZ ‘Ú (AZ{S>pñQ>ëS> dmBZ), {dZoJa, O°‘, H$mOyag, AmXr CnnXmW© ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. Jmoì`m‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m VmÁ`m agmbm "Zram' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. Zram ho no` CËgmhdY©H$ d e{º$dY©H$ Amho. npíM‘ Am{’«$H$m Am{U ~«mPrb‘Yrb H$mhr àXoem§V H$mOyagmMo {H$ÊdZ H$ê$Z ‘Ú V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. X{jU A‘o[aHo$Vrb H$mhr àm§Vm§V, VoWrb bmoH$ H$mOy~m|S>mMm dmna ImÚnXmW© åhUyZ H$aVmV. H$mOy{~`m§Mm

Jmoì`mMm ZH$mem

8

EH$ à‘wI CËnmXH$ Agboë`m ‘m|Pm{~H$‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>mnmgyZ ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr Am{U ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrMm Ago {deof Agm Img B{Vhmg Zmhr. nU ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrÀ`m OmJ{VH$ B{Vhmgm‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>mnmgyZ ’o$UrMr {Z{‘©Vr hr nyU©V… Jmoì`mMr na§nam Amho, AmoiI Amho. H$mOyCËnmXZmMo OmJ{VH$ {MÌ nm{hë`mda Jmoì`mMr hr ’o$Urna§nam ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. OmJ{VH$ H$mOynrH$ bmJdS>r joÌm‘Üò Jmoì`mMm dmQ>m hm Ho$di 1.4 % Q>¸o$ BVH$m hmoVm, Va 1990À`m XeH$mnmgyZ hm dmQ>m gw‘mao 2 Q>ŠŠ`m§da nmoMbobm Amho.

’o$UrMr Zm|X OrAm`-Zm|XUr‘Üò Pmë`mZ§Va AmVm XoemVrb BVa nma§n[aH$, ñWm{ZH$ ‘ÚnXmW© hmM ‘mJ© MmoImiVrb H$m?

^maVm‘Üò {d{dY ’$i-’w$bo (CXm. ‘hþAm) d H$S>YmÝò (CXm. ‘H$m, ^mVmnmgyZ amjrMr {Z{‘©Vr) `mnmgyZ BVa nXmWmªMm dmna H$ê$Z ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrMr {demb na§nam MmbV Ambobr Amho. {d{dY g‘mOm§‘Üò ‘Úna§nam AmT>iV Ambr Agbr Var ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrMo CJ‘ñWmZm~m~V ‘mÌ H$moUr R>m‘nUo gm§Jy eH$V Zmhr. D$Üd©nmVZ hr à{H«$`m Oar gmonr à{H«$`m Agbr Am{U {H$ÊdZà{H«$òMr ‘m{hVr Agbr Var, `mgmR>r dm’$ Jmoim H$ê$Z {VMo ÐdmV ê$nm§Va H$aUo Am{U àËòH$ D$Üd©nmVZ {H«$òZ§Va ÐdmVrb ‘Úà‘mU dmT>V OmVo `mMo kmZ AgUo ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho. AboŠPm§{S´>`m àXoemVrb J«rH$ bmoH$m§Zm D$Üd©nmVZ à{H«$òMo kmZ hmoVo Am{U Aa~ bmoH$ D$Üd©nmVZmÛmao gwdm{gH$ Vobo, AÎmam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVmV Agm OJâ gm‘mÝ` g‘O Amho. VgoM `m B{VhmgmZwgma, 12ì`m eVH$m‘Üò npíM‘ `wamonmV D$Üd©nmVZmÛmao ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr Ho$br OmV Agë`mMo ‘mZbo OmVo. Var, CÎma npíM‘ ’«§${Q>à àm§VmÀ`m B{VhmgmMm, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemÀ`m Ho$boë`m nwamVÎd A^mgmZwgma {S>pñQ>boeZÛmao ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrMm CJ‘ òWo AmT>iVmo. Am{U hr à{H«$`m ^maVmMr EH$ OJmbm XoUJr Agë`mMo {gÕ hmoVo. åhUyZM ’o$Urbm OrAm`Mr ‘mÝ`Vm {‘iÊ`mMr KQ>Zm åhUOo ^maVmV nydm©nma MmbV Amboë`m XrK© Aem à{H«$`m d CËnmXZ B{Vhmgmbm OmJ{VH$ ‘mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mgmR>r n{hbo Am{U EH$ ‘hÎdmMo nmD$b R>aUma Amho. VgoM ’o$UrMr OrAm` åhUyZ Zm|X Pmë`mZ§Va Jmoì`mVrb BVa CËnmXH$m§‘Üòhr Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZm§Zm OrAm` Zm|XUr ñWmZ {‘idÊ`mgmR>r OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U hmoB©b. `m‘Üò ‘mZHw$X© Am§~m, VmiJmdMr dm§Jr, H$mUH$moUMr ’$Ugnmoir, ag~mir Ho$ir `m§Mmhr g‘mdoe Amho. ’o$UrMr OrAm` Zm|X H$aVmZm Ambobm AZw^d hm BVa nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr H$aUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm ‘mobmMm R>ê$ eH$Vmo.

’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘iÊ`m‘mJMo à`ËZ’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘iUo hr EH$ ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm Amho. `m gmè`m à{H«$òVrb {H$MH$Q> nÕVr, `m gmè`mgmR>r O‘dbobr gmar ‘m{hVr, ’o$Urg§X^m©Vrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm, {dMmam§Zm, JQ>m§Zm EH$Ì AmUyZ Ho$bobr OrAm` Zm|XUr `mgmR>r ‘moR>çm {Xì`mVyZM Omdo bmJbo Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 3 … àm`‘a Am°Z OrAm`) 1999 gmbr ^maVmV OrAm` H$m`Xm ~Zë`mZ§Va, bJoMM Jmoì`mVyZ ’o$UrMr OrAm` åhUyZ Zm|X H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘mJUr hmoD$ bmJbr. ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Mr ‘mJUr, ’o$Urbm Agbobr "Xoer Xmê$'À`m ‘mÝ`Vo‘wio Jmoì`mVyZ BVa àm§Vm§‘Üò ’o$UrMr {dH«$s d dmhVwH$sda Ambobo àemgH$s` {Z~ªY `mH$S>o bj XoÊ`mV Ambo. ’o$UrMr OrAm` Zm|XUrgmR>r Mmbbobo à`ËZ nmhÿZ Jmoì`mÀ`m eoOmarb amÁ`m§Vrb H$mOy‘Ú{Z‘m©Ë`m§H$Sy>Zhr J§^ra XIb KoÊ`mV Ambr. ’o$UrMr OrAm` Zm|X H$aUo ho A`mo½` Agë`mMohr Xmdo Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z `m g§emoYZH$mbmdYrXaå`mZ Ho$bo Jobo. ’o$Urda Jmoì`mMr ‘mbH$s Amho `m Am‘À`m ‘Vmbm OrAm`‘wio AmVm XwOmoam {‘imbm Amho. AmVm ‘opŠgH$moVrb Q>o{¹$bmà‘mUo OmJ{VH$ è MmIÊ`mMr dmQ>hr ’o$UrZo MmoImimdr Aerhr Amem Amho. hmM {dMma "{X qhXwñWmZ Q>mBåg' `m ^maVmVrb EH$m à‘wI B§J«Or dV©‘mZnÌmV à{gÕ Pmboë`m “{db ’o$Ur {~ {X Ý`y Q>o{¹$bm?’ `m boImV ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambobm Amho.

Mm¡H$Q> 3… ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Zm|XUrMm B{Vhmgì`mdgm{`H$ÑîQ>çm ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm A{YH$ma (Q´>rßg)À`m H$amamZwgma ^maVmZo 1999 gmbr CËnmXZm§Mr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ (Zm|XUr d g§ajU) H$m`Xm A‘bmV AmUbm. `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMr `m H$m`ÚmV Ho$bobr ì`m»`m Aer…

EImÚm CËnmXZmMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ åhUOo Xoem‘Üò qH$dm XoemÀ`m EImÚm {d{eï> àm§VmV, àXoemV V`ma hmoUmao H¥${fCËnmXZ, Z¡g{J©H$ CËnmXZ, qH$dm CËnm{XV Ho$bobm Agm ‘mb Á`mMm XOm©, Á`mMr CËnmXZ à{H«$`m, Á`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç ho Ë`m ‘mbmÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ CJ‘ñWmZmbm {ZX}{eV H$aVo. VgoM CËnm{XV ‘mbmMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ åhUOo Ë`m ‘mbmMr {Z{‘©Vr qH$dm à{H«$`m qH$dm V`mar hr EImÚm {d{eï> ^mJmV, àm§VmV hmoV Agob Va Vr AmoiI hmo`.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mÀ`m `m ì`m»ò‘Üò VrZ à‘wI KQ>H$ AmhoV …

hm {ZX}eH$ Ë`m {d{eï> CËnmXZmMo doJionU {ZX}{eV H$aUmar Agmdm. hm {ZX}eH$ EImXo {MÝh Agob (CXm. VmO ‘hb) qH$dm eãXà`moJ Agob (CXm. MhmgmR>r Xm{O©qbJ), VgoM `mgmR>r Ë`m àXoemMo ZmdM {ZX}eH$m‘Üò Z‘yX AgUo H$mhr JaOoMo Zmhr. (CXm. ~mg‘Vr).

9

`m CËnmXZm‘Üò doJio Ago Img d¡{eîQ>ç, Ë`mbm Img XOm© AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

`m CËnmXZmMo ho d¡{eîQ>ç ho Ë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemer g§~§{YV Agbo nm{hOo, Ë`m àXoemVrb dmVmdaUr` KQ>H$, ‘mZdr MmcrarVr, gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam `m§À`mer g§~§{YV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

EImÚm CËnmXZmÀ`m OrAm` Zm|XUrgmR>r, Ë`m CËnmXZmMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ç XmIdUmar ‘m{hVr, nwwamdo OmoS>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo. MoÞB© òWrb OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`m‘Üò hr gmar ‘m{hVr Vnmgbr OmVo, nS>VmiyZ nm{hbr OmVo. `m Zm|XUr à{H«$ò‘Üò Imbrb KQ>H$ {gÕ H$aUo H«$‘àmá AgVo.

Amnë`m CËnmXZmMo Agm H$moUVm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ g§a{jV H$amd`mMm Amho. `m CËnmXZmgmR>r H$mhr R>am{dH$ {MÝh dmnamd`mMo Amho H$m? `mgmR>r `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>çmMm ñnï> C„oI AgUo, Amnë`m CËnmXZmMm bmoJmo ñnï> Z‘yX AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

`m CËnmXZmMr Img Aer d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr AmhoV? CËnmXZmMr Img d¡{eîQ>ço hr ñnï>nUo Z‘yX Ho$ë`mg ^{dî`mV `m ‘yi CËnmXZ d ZH$br CËnmXZ `m§À`mVrb ’$aH$ ñnï>nUo XmIdVm òB©b.

CËnmXZ Am{U ñWi qH$dm àXoe `m§À`mVrb H$m` g§~§Y Agmdm? hm g§~§Y XmIdÊ`mgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwamdo AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. `m nwamì`m‘Üò Ë`m CËnmXZm‘YyZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmoiI, CËnmXZmÀ`m {Z{‘©Vr‘Üò dmnabr OmV AgUmar {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ à{H«$`mnÕVr, doJionU `m Jmoï>r ñnï> hmoV Agë`m nm{hOoV. `mgmR>r CËnmXZ hmoV Agboë`m àXoemMm ZH$mem dmnaUo `mo½` R>aVo.

AO©Xma H$moU Agmdm? `m CËnmXZmer g§~§{YV Agbobm CËnmXH$dJm©Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmar, CËnmXZ hmoV Agboë`m àXoemMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmar ì`º$s qH$dm g§ñWm AO©Xma Agmdr.

‘hÎdmMo åhUOo, Á`m CËnmXZmMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ g§a{jV H$amd`mMm Amho, Ë`m CËnmXZmMr {Z`{‘V MmMUr H$aUmar `§ÌUm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo, VgoM ho CËnmXZ gd© H$m`Xoera {ZH$f nmiUmao Agmdo.

A{YH$ ‘m{hVr … OrAm` a{OñQ´>r; n[a{eï> 1 nhm.

^maV gaH$maZo “^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$’ `m {df`m‘Üò J§^ra d àm‘m{UH$ ^y{‘H$m ñdrH$mê$Z, Xoeâ `m g§H$ënZo{df`r OmJ¥Vr

H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ ~¡R>H$m, g^m, CnH«$‘ am~dbo AmhoV. "^m¡Jmo{cH$ {ZX}eH$'À`m ‘mYå`mVyZ CËnmXH$m§Zm Amnbr nma§n[aH$ CËnmXZo, nma§n[aH$ CËnmXZà{H«$`m `m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b hmM CÔoe `m g§H$ënZo‘mJMm Amho. OmZodmar 2002‘Üò `mg§~§Yr EH$ ~¡R>H$ KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Jmodm CÚmoJ ‘hmg§K d Jmodm amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m g§`wº$ {dÚ‘mZo Am`mo{OV `m ~¡R>H$s‘Üò, Jmoì`mgmR>r "^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$' H$m`ÚmMo ‘hÎd d `m H$m`ÚmMm bm^ {‘iy eH$Vrb Aer H$mhr CËnmXZo `m{df`r MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m MM}VyZ "’o$Ur' `m CËnmXZmMr “OrAm`’ Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. `mVyZM ‘J "H$mOy'Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

nwT>rb H$mhr dfmªVM, Jmodm gaH$maZo, {deofV… {dH$mg Am`wº$ Oo. Ho$. XmXy Am{U Z§Va amÁ` {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImË`mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ, ’o$UrMm OrAm`-Zm|XUrgmR>r AO© H$aÊ`m{df`r nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mH$m‘r nÌH$ma, nwamVÎd {df`mMo Aä`mgH$, H¥${fVÁk, d¡km{ZH$, ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ `m§Mm g‘mdoe Agbobr EH$ g{‘Vr ~ZdÊ`mV Ambr. ’o$UrMr {Z{‘©Vrà{H«$`m eãX~Õ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ’o$UrÀ`m B{Vhmgmda g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ’o$UrÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ MmMÊ`m KoD$Z gmar ‘m{hVr EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Owb¡ 2006‘Üò, Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur {S>pñQ>bg© A±S> ~m°Q>bg© g§KQ>ZoMr Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. amÁ` {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImË`m~amo~a hr g§KQ>Zmhr ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm` Zm|XUrgmR>r EH$ AO©Xma ~Zbr. (Mm¡H$Q> 4 … ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm). ‘mM© 2007n`ªV `m AOm©Mm ‘gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mg§~§Yr OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mVrb A{YH$mè`m§Mm g„m, ‘mJ©Xe©Z KoÊ`mV Ambo. {S>g|~a 2007‘Üò MoÞB©Vrb OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mH$S>o AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Am{U AIoa, ’o$~«wdmar 2009‘Üò `mH$m‘r è Ambo Am{U ’o$Urbm “^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$’ H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU bm^bo.

Mm¡H$Q> 4 … Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur {S>pñQ>bg© Am{U ~m°Q>bg© g§KQ>Zm`m joÌmVrb g§~§{YVm§À`m h¸$ajUmgmR>r PQ>Umar VgoM ^maVmÀ`m OrAm` H$m`ÚmÝdò ’o$Urbm Ý`m` {‘idyZ XoUmam `mo½` g§KQ>Zm hdr hmoVr. `m g§KQ>ZoMr H$ënZm, g§KQ>ZoMr JaO, g§KQ>ZoMo ‘hÎd `m{df`r OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`m{df`r {dH$mg Am`wº$ Oo. Ho$. XmXy `m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoV {d{dY ~¡R>H$m Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m. 21 Owb¡ 2006 amoOr “Jmodm H°$ey ’o$Ur {S>pñQ>bg© Am{U ~m°Q>bg© g§KQ>Zm’ (`mnwT>o ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm Agm C„oI Agob) `m g§ñWoMr Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mdoir Imbrb nXm{YH$mar g§KQ>ZoMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aV hmoVo …

AÜ`j … lr. ‘°H$ dmP ga{MQ>Urg … lr. JwéXÎm S>r. ^º$m CnmÜ`j … lr. VwH$mam‘ hiXUH$a

10

I{OZXma … lr. aoJZ ho{Z«ŠgEH$m nXm{YH$mè`mZo `m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z{‘©Vr{df`r gm§{JVbo

H$s, ’o$Urbm h¸$ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Or H$mhr gm§Jmonm§J MMm© hmoV hmoVr Ë`mVyZ `m ì`dgm`mVrb ì`mdgm`qH$`m‘Üò ñnY}da ‘mV H$aV gdmªMo {hV OnÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì òÊ`mMr JaOobmM àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo H$mhr ì`mnH$ C{Ôï>o ZOaog‘moa R>odbobr AmhoV. `m‘Üò ’o$UrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ CËnmXZ H$boMo g§dY©Z, `m H$boMm àgma H$aÊ`m~amo~aM `m à{H«$òV AmUIr gwYmaUm H$aUo `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. CËnmXZà{H«$òVrb ñdÀN>Vm, Amamo½àjUmÀ`m ~m~t{df`r OmJ¥Vr H$aUo g§KQ>Zobm ‘hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. `m joÌm{df`rMr ‘m{hVr EH${ÌV H$aUo, `m ‘m{hVrMm àgma H$aUo, gaH$maXa~mar `m joÌmVrb g‘ñ`m ‘m§S>Uo d gaH$mar gw{dYm§Mm `m joÌmVrb g§~§{YVm§Zm bm^ {‘idyZ XoUo, ’o$UrMm Jmoì`mV VgoM BVaÌhr àgma d àMma H$aUo hr C{Ôï>o g§KQ>ZoZo ~miJbr AmhoV.

OrAm` Zm|XUrgmR>r AO© H$aVodoir, ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr `mXr hr N>moQ>rM hmoVr. `m‘Üò H$mhr ‘moR>o ~m°Q>bg©, {S>pñQ>bg© `m§MmM g‘mdoe hmoVm. EH$ ì`mnH$, {dñV¥V {dMma ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo AmIbm hmoVm. EH$m nXm{YH$mè`mZo {Xboë`m ‘m{hVrà‘mUo, `m joÌmVrb ì`mdgm`mqH$‘Üò {d^mJUr H$aUo hm ‘moR>m AS>Wim R>aV hmoVm. ~m°Q>bg© ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mo H$m‘ df©â Mmby amhV Ago, Va {S>pñQ>boeZ {d^mJmVrb ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mm Y§Xm hm Ho$di ‘mog‘r hmoVm. Ë`m‘wio BVa doir ho ì`mdgm{`H$ BVa H$m‘o H$aV AgV. Ë`m‘wio `m gdmªZm EH$mM N>VmImbr AmUUo ‘moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo.

’o$Urbm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Zm|XUr à‘mUnÌ {‘imë`mZ§Va à{V{H«$`m XoVmZm, `m KQ>ZoMm AmZ§X Va AmhoM nU `m~amo~aM EH$ gmdY{JarMm Bemamhr {‘imbm Amho, Ago ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoMo CnmÜ`j VwH$mam‘ hiXUH$a `m§Zm X¡. "ZdqhX Q>mBåg'bm {Xboë`m ‘wbmIVrV åhQ>bobo Amho. Vo åhUVmV … ""hm EH$ AmZ§XXm`r jU Amho. Var AOyZhr Iyn H$mhr H$amd`mMo Amho. AmVm Amåhmbm gaH$mar ImË`m§er MMm© H$ê$Z ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMr à‘m{UV à{H«$`m R>adÊ`mgmR>r ì`mnH$ à`ËZ H$amdo bmJUma AmhoV.''

OrAm` Zm|XUr {‘iÊ`mMo d `mZ§Va Zo‘Ho$ H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo ho `m dº$ì`mVyZ {ZX}{eV hmoVo. Oar {deof "à‘m{UH$aUmMr' JaO Zgbr Var `mH$m‘r Zo‘H$s VnmgUr `§ÌUm C^maUo, ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mr Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mMo {ZH$f ~ZdUo ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho. {S>pñQ>bg©, ~m°Q>bg©, {dH«o$Vo `mn¡H$s Oo ì`mdgm{`H$ “OrAm`’Mm dmna H$aV AmhoV, Ë`m§Zr ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrMr na§nam d d¡{dÜ`Vm `mH$S>o Xwb©j Z H$aVm ’o$Ur{df`rMo {H$‘mZ à‘m{UV {ZH$f nmiUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

Voìhm ‘w»` àíZ Agm Amho, H$s OrAm`‘Üò na§nam d à‘m{UH$aU `m‘Üò H$mhr g‘Vmob gmYUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho H$m? d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo, ’o$Urdarb {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r AmUIr EH$ ñVa {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`m{df`rMohr àíZ CnpñWV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. OrAm`-Zm|XUr à{H«$`m Ooìhm àmW{‘H$ Q>ßß`mVM hmoVr Voìhm ‘mXm‘ amogm {S>pñQ>barMo ‘mbH$ {dÝg|Q> dmP `m§Zr "’$m`ZmpÝe`b EŠñàog'‘Üò ( 21 gßQ>|~a 2001 amoOr) Jmoì`m~mhoa ^maVmV ’o$Ur{dH«$s H$aÊ`m{df`r Agbobr CËnmXZH$a {ZH$fmVrb V’$mdV Am{U OrAm`Mr ‘mJUr `m‘Yrb {dg§JVr ñnï> Ho$br hmoVr. Vo åhUVmV … “AmnU EH$m {d{MÌ n[apñWVrV AS>H$bmo Amho. {OH$S>o Jmoì`mVyZ OJâ ’o$UrMr {Z`m©V Ho$br OmVo, {dH$br OmVo {VWo ^maVmVrb BVa amÁ`m§‘Üò ‘mÌ ’o$UrMr {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mg dm {dH«$s H$aÊ`mg ‘ZmB© Amho. ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-Zm|XUr{df`r Ooìhm H$m‘ gwê$ Pmbo Voìhm {S>pñQ>bg©Zr dm{f©H$ {Z{dXm gmXa H$aÊ`mMr {H$MH$Q> à{H«$`m, H$mOyag JmiUr, ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr Am{U ‘Ú{dH«$s `mgmR>r bmJUmao doJdoJio nadmZo, H$mOy CËnmXZmMo {dIwabobo àXoe `m{df`r Amnbr ‘Vo ‘m§S>br hmoVr. `m‘Üò `m gd© à{H«$òVrb {dñH${iVnUm, {S>pñQ>boeZ ì`dgm`mbm Agbobr h§Jm‘H$mbmdYrMr ‘`m©Xm `m g‘ñ`m AZoH$m§Zr AYmoao{IV Ho$ë`m. Va ~m°Q>qbJ joÌmÀ`m H$m‘mV WmoS>rer gwgyÌVm Amho, h§Jm‘H$mbmdYrMr H$mhr ‘`m©Xm Zmhr.

`m {dg§JV pñWVr‘Üò OrAm` Zm|XUr{df`rÀ`m MM}‘Üò, EH$m {dMmamda òÊ`m‘Üò AS>Wio òV hmoVo. `m‘wio `mH$m‘r `mo½` {Xem {‘iÊ`mgmR>r Jmodm gaH$maZo `mo½` ^y{‘H$m KoÊ`mMr JaO CËnÞ Pmbr. Owc¡ 2006‘Üò ~Zboë`m ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ñWmnZonwaVrM gaH$maMr ^y{‘H$m ‘`m©{XV ZìhVr. Va OrAm` Zm|XUr {‘iÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ì`mnH$ {df`hr Ë`m‘mJo hmoVo.

"OrAm`' H$m`ÚmMo ^maVmgmR>r ‘hÎdJmoì`mZo "OrAm`' H$m`Úm‘Üò XmIdbobr CËgwH$Vm hr EH$ amï´>r` ^mdZoVyZM Xe©{dbr Jobobr Amho. hrM ^y{‘H$m ^maVmZo OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m (S>ãbyQ>rAmo) OrAm` H$m`Úm~m~V KoVbobr Amho. 1990À`m XeH$m‘Üò ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXoMm A{YH$ma (Am`nrAma) `m{df`rhr ^maVmMr ^y{‘H$m AerM am{hbobr Amho. X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb VgoM nyd© `wamonmVrb gXñ`Xoem§À`m gmWrZo ^maVmZo "Q´>oS> [aboQ>oS> B§Q>coŠMçwAc àm°nQ>u amBQ²>g (Q´>rßg H$ama)' ‘Yrb OrAm` {Z`‘m§‘Üò H$S>H$ gwajmCnm` `moOÊ`mg§~§Yr gmVË`mZo nmR>nwamdm Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a `wamonZohr OrAm`‘Üò H$S>H$ VaVwXr Agmì`mV Aer R>m‘ ^y{‘H$m KoVbobr Amho.

~mg‘Vr Vm§Xyi, Xm{O©qbJ Mhm `m{df`r Amboë`m

11

AZw^dm§VyZ H|$Ð gaH$ma VgoM amï´>r` VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda `m joÌmV H$m`©aV Agboë`m g§ñWm, à{V{ZYtZr Xj amhÊ`mMm YS>m KoVbm Amho. ~mg‘Vr{df`r ~mobm`Mo Va "amBg Q>oH$ B§H$.' `m A‘o[aH$Z H§$nZrZo A‘o[aHo$‘Üò EH$m ^mVOmVrgmR>r noQ>§Q> {‘idyZ `m OmVr‘Üò ~mg‘VrgmaIo JwUY‘© Agë`mMm Xmdm Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`mhrnwT>o OmD$Z H§$nZrZo "H$mg‘Vr' d "Q>oŠg‘Vr' ho XmoZ Q´>oS>‘mŠg© Zm|X H$ê$Z ‘moR>r Ii~i CS>dyZ {Xbr hmoVr. VgoM "H$mg‘Vr' Vm§XimMo n°qH$J H$aVmZm H§$nZrZo ‘moR>r e¸$b bT>dV "^maVr` ~mg‘Vr'gmaImM hm Vm§Xyi Agë`mMo ^mgdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. VgoM n°qH$Jda VmO‘hbMo {MÌhr XmIdbo hmoVo. (Mm¡H$Q> 5 … H$mg‘Vr). EHy$UM A‘o[aH$Z Vm§Ximbm ^maVr` ~mg‘Vr Vm§Xyi Agë`mMo XmIdÊ`mMm hm Ë`m H§$nZrMm à`ËZ hmoVm. nU ^maV gaH$maZo doirM `m àH$mamMr XIb KoV A‘o[aHo$V {Xë`m Joboë`m noQ>§Q>bm Va {~«Q>Z‘Üò {Xë`m Joboë`m Q´>oS>‘mH©$bm èñdrnUo AmìhmZ {Xbo. nU ~mg‘Vrbm ^maVmVM ñWm{ZH$ g§ajU Zgë`m‘wio `mH$m‘r ~è`mM AS>Wù`m§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJbo hmoVo.

Mm¡H$Q> 5 - H$mg‘Vr … ~mg‘Vrda Hw$aKmoS>rMm à`ËZamBg Q>oH$ BZH$m°nm}aoeZ `m A‘o[aH$Z H§$nZrbm 1997gmbr {VZo {dH${gV Ho$boë`m ^mVOmVrbm ~mg‘Vrà‘mUoM JwUY‘© Agë`m~ÔbMo noQ>§Q> ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.nU ^maV gaH$maZo A‘o[aH$s Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò `m noQ>§Q>{déÕ èñdr AmìhmZ {Xbo. VgoM `m H§$nZrZo {d{dY Xoem§‘Üò "~mg‘Vr'gmaIoM Zmd Agbobo "H$mg‘Vr' d "Q>oŠg‘Vr' ho XmoZ Q´>oS>‘mŠg©hr Zm|X Ho$bo hmoVo. (N>m`m{MÌ 2 dmnaUo … H$mg‘Vr). "H$mg‘Vr'Zo Va "~mg‘Vr'da Hw$aKmoS>rM Ho$br hmoVr. H$maU "H$mg‘Vr' Vm§XimÀ`m n°H$da M¸$ VmO‘hbMo {MÌ N>mnÊ`mV Am{U "B§{S>`Z-ñQ>mBb ~mg‘Vr' Agm eãXà`moJhr dmnaÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. ^maV gaH$maZo `m{df`r {~«{Q>e Ý`m`mb`mV AmìhmZ {Xbo hmoVo. ~mg‘VrgmaIoM ho CËnmXZ Agë`mMm ^mg H§$nZr {Z‘m©U H$aV Amho Am{U ~mg‘VrMm bm¡{H$H$mMm J¡aàH$mao dmna H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Agë`mMo åhUUo ‘m§S>bo hmoVo. `m XmoÝhr IQ>ë`m§‘Üò amBg Q>oH$ BÝH$m°nm}aoeZ H§$nZrZo ^mJ KoVbm Zmhr Am{U AmnU {‘idboë`m Q´>oS>‘mŠg©darb h¸$ naV Ho$bm hmoVm.

Xm{O©qbJ Mhm{df`rMr H$Wmhr AerM qMVmOZH$ Amho. OrAm` Zm|XUr‘Üò òUmao AZoH$ AS>Wio `mdoir hmoVo. Xm{O©qbJ MhmÀ`m AW©H$maUmV ‘Owam§Mr pñWVr, ‘mbH$m§H$Sy>Z hmoUmar g§W Jw§VdUyH$, MhmCËnmXZmMm {bbmd, {‘lU (ãb|qS>J), nwadR>m gmIirVrb {H$aH$moi {dH«$sMr g‘ñ`m, “Xm{O©qbJ’Mr Z¸$b H$ê$Z ~Zdbobr ~oH$m`Xm MhmCËnmXZm§Mo AmJ‘Z, Aem {d{dY g‘ñ`m hmoË`m. VgoM EHy$U CËnmXZmn¡H$s gw‘mao 70 Vo 80 % CËnmXZ åhUOoM gw‘mao 30 Xebj A‘o[aH$s S>m°ba ‘yë` Agbobo CËnmXZ {Z`m©V hmoV Agë`mZo Xm{O©qbJ MhmÀ`m OrAm` Zm|XUrVrb AS>Wio ‘moR>o hmoVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d dV©‘mZnÌm§VyZ à{gÕ Pmboë`m ‘m{hVrZwgma, Xm{O©qbJ MhmÀ`m OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamVrb 80 Q>¸o$ ì`dgm` hm ~ZmdQ> Agë`mMo åhUÊ`mV òVo, nU `mbm ^maVr` Mhm ‘§S>imZo ‘mÌ H$mhr nwï>r {Xbobr Zmhr.

^maVr` Mhm ‘§S>imZo AZoH$ nmdbo CMccr AmhoV. `m‘Üò OrAm` Zm|XUr à‘mUnÌ, à‘m{UH$aU `moOZoMr H$S>H$ A§‘b~OmdUr, ñWm{ZH$ VgoM naXoer Ý`m`mb`m§‘Üò ~ZmdQ> ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m§{déÕ IQ>bo XmIb H$aUo, AmXtMm g‘mdoe Amho. VgoM “OrAm`’ H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV òÊ`mnyduhr ^maVr` Mhm ‘§S>imZo Xm{O©qbJgmR>r bmoJmo ~Zdbm hmoVm.

^maVmV àW‘M ‘mÝ`Vm nmdboë`m OrAm` H$m`Úm‘Üò {d{dY {ZH$fm§Mr {dñV¥V ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. CXm. Xm{O©qbJ

MhmgmR>r {ZX}{eV Ho$bobm àXoe hm g§nyU© Xm{O©qbJMm n[aga Zmhr Va VoWrb R>am{dH$ àXoemMmM g‘mdoe Amho. Á`m {R>H$mUr Xm{O©qbJ MhmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘hÎd Amho Am{U {OWo nma§n[aH$ nÕVrM dmnabr OmVo AemM àXoemMm C„oI H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM à‘mUnÌàmá Aem Mhm‘ù`mVyZM CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo H$m Zmhr, {ZX}{eV Ho$boë`m àXoemVM Ë`mda à{H«$`m Ho$br OmVo H$s Zmhr, `m ~m~tH$S>ohr {deof bj {Xbo OmVo. à‘mUnÌ gº$sMo Ho$bo Joë`mZo

^maVm‘Üò Xm{O©qbJ MhmÀ`m nwadR>mgmIirda ZOa R>odUo gwb^ Pmbo Amho. {Z`m©V ~mOmanoR>ogmR>r ‘§S>imZo naXoer IaoXrXma ãb|qS>J

(N>m`m{MÌ 2 dmnaUo… H$mg‘Vr)

(N>m`m{MÌ 3 … Xm{O©qbJ bmoJmo).

12

H§$nÝ`m§er g„m‘gbV H$ê$Z àg§Jr Ý`m`mb`mMo Xmahr R>moR>mdbo Amho. Xm{O©qbJÀ`m bmoJmogh g|{Ð` d ’o$AaQ´>oS> à‘mUnÌmMo {MÝh dmnaÊ`mMm CÎm‘ CXmhaUhr nmhm`bm {‘iVo {Z`{‘V g§nH©$ R>odbm Amho.

`m {Z`m©Vj‘ CËnmXZm§À`m CXmhaUm§~amo~aM Xoem§VJ©V qH$dm àmXo{eH$ ñVamda dmnaë`m OmUmè`m CËnmXZm§Mr n[apñWVrhr qMVmOZH$ Amho. `m‘Üò hñVH$mam{Jar CËnmXZo (CXm, Am§Y«àXoemVrb H$m|S>mn„r ~moå‘mby hr bmH$S>r IoiUr), H$mnS> CËnmXZo (CXm. {h‘mMb àXoemVrb Hw$„y emb qH$dm JwOamVMr H$ÀN>r âVH$m‘), ’$io (CXm. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Hw$J© ‘mog§~r, npíM‘ ~§Jmb‘Yrb ‘mëS>m bú‘U^moJ Am§~m) qH$dm ^mOrnmbm (CXm. ZmJmb§S>Mr ZmJm {‘aMr), H$S>YmÝò (CXm. Ho$aiMm nmo¸$br Vm§Xyi), ‘gmbo (CXm. Ho$aiMo ‘bm~ma {‘ao) Am{U bmSy> (CXm. H$Zm©Q>H$‘Yrb {VénVr XodñWmZMm àgmX Agbobm bmSy>)2. CËnmXZmMr nwadR>m gmIirMo {dñV¥VrH$aU Am{U AZmoiIr J«mhH$ (gm§ñH¥${VH$ d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑîQ>çm) `m‘wio Iao d ZH$br CËnmXZ `m‘Üò ’$aH$ AmoiIUo A{YH$M AdKS> d {H$MH$Q> ~Zbo Amho. ~hþVoH$doir CËnmXZmMm XOm©, Ë`mVrb KQ>H$m§Mo à‘mUo ho àË`jarË`m VmS>Vm òV Zgë`mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho. H$mhr CËnmXZm§~m~VMo AZw^d Ago AmhoV H$s `m CËnmXZm§gmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmam H$ƒm ‘mb hmM H$‘r XOm©Mm qH$dm ~ZmdQ> AgVmo qH$dm CËnmXZ {ZH$fmVrb gd© AQ>r nmiUo AeŠ` ~Zbobo AgVo. CXm., H$mhr Ahdmbm§‘Üò à{gÕ Pmboë`m ‘m{hVrZwgma, ~Zmagr gmS>rÀ`m {Z{‘©Vr‘Üò, Am`mV Ho$bobo MrZ gyV dmnaë`mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho. MrZr gwVmMo ho à‘mU H$mhr gmS>çm§‘Üò 50 Q>ŠŠ`m§hÿZhr A{YH$ Amho. VgoM `m§{ÌH$ ‘mJm§À`m AmH«$‘UmnwT>o hmV‘mJ ì`mdgm{`H$ hV~b Pmbo AmhoV, H$maU `m§{ÌH$ ‘mJmda ñdñV d ghOnUo CËnmXZmMr Z¸$b H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. `m‘wio ‘mÌ ~Zmagr gmS>rMm qH$‘V KgaV Mmbbr Amho.

ì`dgm`mVrb `m nidmQ>m ~§X H$aÊ`mg Oar OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`Xm Anwam R>aUma Agbm Var EH$ ì`mnH$ YmoaU åhUyZ ‘hÎdmMm R>aUma Amho. OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm àgma H$aVmZm, gaH$maZo XoemMr nma§n[aH$ CËnmXZ d à{H«$`m nÕVr, O¡d{d{dYVm `m‘wio OrAm` à‘m{UV CËnmXZm§Mr ‘moR>r `mXr V`ma hmoD$ eH$Vo Agm ì`mnH$ {dMma g‘moa R>odbobm Amho. OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ nma§n[aH$ kmZ d O¡d{d{dYVoMo g§ajU H$aVmZmM XoemVrb gd©gm‘mÝ`m§À`m OrdZ‘mZmVhr gwYma hmoB©b Aer Amem ~miJm`bm haH$V Zmhr. OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ àmXo{eH$, amï´>r` ñVamda {d{dY nma§n[aH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Agboë`m CËnmXZm§Mo doirM ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ajU Ho$ë`mg ^{dî`mV ~mg‘Vrgma»`m g‘ñ`m OmJ{VH$ nmVirda bT>VmZm n[apñWVr ^maVmg bm^Xm`H$ Agob, Ago gaH$maMo

‘V Amho. `m‘wioM XoeâmVrb CÚmoOH$m§À`m g‘yhm§‘Üò {d{dY H$m`©emim, H¥${VgÌo Am`mo{OV H$ê$Z gaH$maZo OrAm` g§H$ënZm bmoH${à` H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU am~dbobo Amho.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mÛmao g§ajU‘J hm H$m`Xm CËnmXH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV H$m` ~Xb KS>dy eHo$b? ’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘idyZ XoÊ`m‘mJo Jobr H$mhr df} Ho$bobo A{daV à`ËZ, dmnabobr amOH$s` eº$s `m§Zm Ý`m` {‘iob? `m à‘mUnÌm‘wio {S>pñQ>bg©, ~m°Q>bg© Am{U n`m©`mZo J«mhH$m§da H$m` à^md nS>ob, Ë`m§Zm H$m` bm^ hmoB©b?, AgoM H$mhr àíZ ’o$UrMm AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mdoir AZoH$m§H$Sy>Z CnpñWV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m AhdmbmV `mn¡H$s H$mhr àíZm§da ì`mnH$ d gImob Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mMm Vnerb nmR> 3 d 4 ‘Üò Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `màg§Jr H$mhr ‘m{hVrMm CbJS>m H$aUo ‘hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. òWo XmoZ ‘w»` KQ>H$ hmVmibo Jobo AmhoV … OrAm` {df`rMo J¡ag‘O Am{U OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ XoÊ`mV Ambobo g§ajU.

OrAm`~m~V gd©gm‘mÝ` J¡ag‘O åhUOo ho EH$ noQ>§Q>M Agë`mMo g‘Obo OmVo. Am{U AmVm ’o$Urbm noQ>§Q> àmá Pmë`mMr A’$dmhr EoH$m`bm {‘iV Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 6 … ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ … noQ>§Q> Zìho). hm g‘O gdm©Wm©Zo MwH$sMm Amho. OrAm` Am{U noQ>§Q> `m§À`m‘Üò ’$ma ‘moR>m ’$aH$ Amho. `m ’$aH$m§n¡H$s XmoZ Imbr Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV …

OrAm` åhUOo ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXoMm h¸$ Amho. hm h¸$ CËnmXH$m§À`m g‘yhmH$S>o AgVmo CXm. ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm. Va noQ>§Q> hm ì`mdgm{`H$ÑîQ>çm ImgJr ñdê$nmMm h¸$ Amho. EImÚm CËnmXZmbm noQ>§Q> {‘imbo åhUOo Ë`mMo A{YH$ma ho EH$m ì`º$sbm, ImgJr H§$nZrbm {‘iVmV.

OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘imbo Agbo Var EImXo CËnmXZ ~ZdÊ`mMo kmZ ho H$moUmhr dmnê$ eH$Vmo Va noQ>§Q>‘Üò ho kmZ Ë`m noQ>§Q>YmaH$ ì`º$sÀ`m qH$dm H§$nZrÀ`m ‘mbH$sMo AgVo. `m‘wio noQ>§Q>YmaU Ho$bobo kmZ dmnaÊ`mnydu Ë`m ‘mbH$mMr nadmZJr KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

Mm¡H$Q> 6 … ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ (OrAm`) … noQ>§Q> ZìhoOrAm` åhUOoM noQ>§Q> qH$dm OrAm` d noQ>§Q> `m§À`m‘Üò {deof H$mhr ’$aH$ Zmhr hm J¡ag‘O Zoh‘rM dV©‘mZnÌm§Ûmao ngadÊ`mV òVmo. Imbrb CXmhaU `mda àH$me Q>mH$Vo …

30 Am°JñQ> 2007 amoOr B§{S>`Z EŠñàog‘Üò amOy Zm`H$ `m§Zr {b{hbobr “Goa’s Feni Producers want to patent brew ‘ hr ~mV‘r. Vo åhUVmV … Am°.. the popular brew is under threat and it can be

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patented by someone abroad if the Indian government does not move fast enough. [...] industry sources said Feni distillation would receive a boost if it received a patent"".

“Goa’s Feni to Get Patent" nrQ>rAm`, {Q´>ã`wZ, 5 OmZodmar 2008… "Last week, a team from the Geographical Indication Registry (GIR) visited Goa at the invitation of the All Goa Feni Bottlers and Distillers Association (AGFBDA) and the state government to ascertain their claims for a patent.'

Feni gets GI status, Christina Viegas, Navhind Times, 24th March 2009: "The procuring of the GI certificate for the Goan spirit would perhaps take care of a lot of loose talk by ignorant people who constantly preferred to remain spoilsports and lamented that the GI status for IFeniJ was stuck in the rut, while the locals can revel with news of the patenting of their spirit as this unique potent spirit will now stand out in terms of greater positioning, not just in the country, but all over the globe.'

Xwgam J¡ag‘O åhUOo OrAm` à‘mUnÌmMm à^md hm OmJ{VH$, d¡{œH$ ñdê$nmMm Amho. ho gm’$ MwH$sMo Amho. ’o$Urbm {‘imbobo OrAm` à‘mUnÌ ho Ho$di ^maVmVM d¡Y Amho. ~hþVoH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm h¸$m§{df`r (Am`nrAma) ho bmJy hmoVo. Á`m XoemZo ho H$m`Xo g§‘V Ho$bo AmhoV Ë`mM XoemV Vo d¡Y R>aVmV. VgoM, BVa Xoem§‘Üò `m~m~V H$mhr g§ajU {‘iV Zmhr. AmOKS>rbm Var S>ãbyQ>rAmoZo OrAm`gmR>r ~hþñVar` Zm|XUr nÕVr A‘bmV AmUbobr Zmhr. Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm, Oa OrAm`gmR>rÀ`m VaVwXr CnbãY AgVrb Va XmoZ Xoem§‘Üò {Ûnjr` H$amamÝdò ho g§ajU nwadbo OmD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZM, AmVm BVa Xoem§‘Üòhr OrAm`gmR>r Zm|XUr H$aÊ`m{df`r ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zobm doJio YmoaU AmImdo bmJob. AWm©VM Á`m Xoem§‘Üò ’o$Urbm `mo½` ~mOmanoR> CnbãY Amho qH$dm Á`m XoemV ’o$Urer ñnYm© H$ê$ eHo$b Ago CËnmXZ Amho Aem Xoem~amo~aM OrAm`gmR>r H$ama H$aUo g`w{º$H$ R>aob. ^maVm‘Üò OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘imë`mZo AmVm ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm BVa Xoem§‘Üòhr Ago à‘mUnÌ {‘idÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm H$ê$ eH$Vo. CXm. Oa H$m ~mg‘VrgmaIr n[apñWVr ’o$Urg‘moa C^r am{hbr Va AmVm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ Agë`mZo ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm g‘W©nUo d èñdrnUo AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnmam{déÕ bT>m XoD$ eHo$b.

ho XmoZ J¡ag‘O Xya Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm ho OmUyZ KoUo ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo H$s OrAm`Ûmao {‘iUma g§ajU ho WoQ> {ZX}eH$mer (CXm. ’o$Ur) Am{U ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo gmXa Ho$boë`m {ZH$fm§erM g§~§{YV Amho. ({dñV¥V {ddoMZ nmR> 3 ‘Üò).

Ahdmbm‘Üò Z‘yX Ho$bobo kmZ ho g§a{jV Zgob Va Ë`mÛmao H$moUrhr D$Üd©nmVZ à{H«$òMr Z¸$b H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m‘wio, BVa {R>H$mUr pñWV Agbobr H§$nZr hr CÜd©nmVZmMr nÕV Z¸$b H$ê$Z H$mOy~m|S>m§nmgyZ ‘ÚmH©${Z{‘©Vr H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ago H¥$Ë` H$m`ÚmÛmao ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm amoIy eH$V Zgbr Var “’o$Ur’ ho {ZX}eH$ dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm Ë`m H§$nZrbm amoIy eH$Vo.

OrAm` Zm|XUr Agboë`m àXoem~mhoê$Zhr ZH$br ‘ÚCËnmXZo ~ZV Agë`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmhoV. OrAm`Mr bmoH${à`Vm Am{U ‘mZ BVH$m ‘moR>m Amho H$s `m CËnmXH$m§Mo ñnY©H$ ~mOmamV OrAm`-g§a{jV CËnmXZmà‘mUoM Agbobo CËnmXZ AmUÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aVmV. e°ånoZMr bmoH${à`Vm EdT>r ì`mnH$ Amho H$s, H$mdm `m ñn°{Ze ñnmH©$qbJ ìhmBQ> dmBZÀ`m ~«±S>Zo e°ånoZÀ`m {Z{‘©VrMrM à{H«$`m Z¸$b H$ê$Z Ho$di doJù`m ZmdmImbr ~mOmamV dmdaV Amho.

‘opŠgH$mo‘Üò ãby AJodnmgyZ Q>o{¹$bmMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br OmVo. Va `mbm ñnYm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ãby AJodnmgyZM ~Zbobm “A°½dm” hm ~«±S> ~mOmamV AmUbm Jobm Amho. {d{dY dV©‘mZnÌm§V à{gÕ Pmboë`m ~mVå`m§dê$Z VgoM OyZ 2009‘Üò “hoamëS>’‘Üò à{gÕ Pmboë`m d¥Îmmdê$Z Ago g‘OVo H$s, ‘hmamï´>m‘Üò ({deofV… qgYwXwJ© d aËZm{Jar `m {Oëøm§‘Üò) H$mOy~m|S>m§nmgyZ CÜd©nmVZmÛmao ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ AgyZ `mH$m‘r nadmZm XoÊ`mMohr KmQ>V Amho. da gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo Aer H¥$Ëò ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm amoIy eH$V Zmhr, Var ‘hmamï´>mVrb ‘ÚCËnmXH$ “’o$Ur’ ho ~«±S>Zo‘ dmnê$ eH$Uma ZmhrV.

WmoS>Š`mV, ^maVr` H$m`Úm§Ûmao nwT>rb àH$maMo g§ajU {‘iy eH$Vo (nhm n[a{eï> 1) …

"n{hbo åhUOo, OrAm` à‘mUYmaH$ ( CXm. ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm d Jmodm amÁ` {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo) Am{U A{YH¥$V dmnaH$V} ( ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo nadmZm {Xbobo CËnmXH$) ho Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ OrAm` à‘mUnÌmMm BVam§H$Sy>Z hmoV Agbobm J¡admna amoIy eH$VmV. `m A{YH¥$V dmnaH$Ë`mªZm OrAm` à‘mUnÌmV Z‘yX Agboë`m {ZH$fm§Zwgma ~Zdboë`m CËnmXZm§gmR>r OrAm`Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMm Img A{YH$ma àmá AgVmo.

EImXm {dZmnadmZmYmaH$ Ë`mM ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemV ~Zdbobo VemM àH$maMo BVa CËnmXZ dmnê$Z J«mhH$m§Zm ’$gdV Agob Voìhm OrAm`Mo C„§KZ hmoVo.

Ë`mM~amo~a, OrAm`Mo C„§KZ hmoVo Ooìhm Ë`mMm ì`mdgm{`H$ ñnYm© Xm~yZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r J¡admna Ho$bm OmVmo.

AIoa OrAm`Zm|XUr‘Üò "A{V[aº$ g§ajU'hr XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. nU `m H$m`Úm‘Üò `m{df`r Zo‘Ho$ d ñnï>nUo H$mhr Z‘yX Ho$bo Jobo Zgë`mZo Jm|Yi CS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {‘iUmè`m g§ajUmMm Jm^m hm “{ZX}eH$’ d AhdmbmV Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr d¡{eîQ>ço hmo`. `m g§ajUmMm bm^ OrAm`-‘mbH$mg VgoM A{YH¥$V dmnaH$Ë`mªZm hmoVmo. `m‘wio ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV nmhVmZm `mÀ`m bm^m{df`r e§H$m CËnÞ hmoVmV. CXm. ’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘imë`m‘wio AmVm ’o$Ur CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>bg©, {dVaH$ `m§Zm Amnbm ì`dgm` Mmby

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R>odÊ`mgmR>r ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z nadmZm ¿`mdm bmJUma H$m? VgoM, Oo ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo AhdmbmV Z‘yX Ho$boë`m AhdmbmVrb ’o$UrÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ JwUY‘©, XOm© `mnojm BVa JwUY‘© XOm© Agbobr ’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr H$aUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm Amnë`mV gm‘mdyZ KoÊ`mnmgyZ S>mdbUma H$m?, `mMo H$m`Xoera CÎma qMVmOZH$ Agbo , `mVhr H$mhr VaVwXr Agë`m Var Vo Var “hmo`’ AgoM Amho. VgoM Zmai ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Mo H$m` hmoUma? Ë`m§Zm "’o$Ur' ho Zmd dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ H$mOy’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm amoIUma H$m? qH$dm H$mOy’o$UrnmgyZ Zmai’o$Ur doJir Agë`mMo XmIdÊ`mgmR>r Vo Ho$di “’o$Ur’ Ago Zmd Z dmnaVm “Zmai ’o$Ur’ Ago Zmd dmnê$ eH$Vrb? Vgo Agob Va, ‘J ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoMm Ano{jV hoVy gmYbm OmD$ eH$Uma Zmhr H$m?

OrAm` Zm|XUrZ§VaÀ`m ~Xbboë`m n[apñWVr‘wio J«mhH$hr qMVm ì`º$ H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. EH$ ’o$Urào‘r Omo Zoh‘r EH$mM ’o$UrCËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z WoQ> ’o$UrñQ>m°H$ IaoXr H$aVmo. Ë`m‘wio H$moUr EImXr g§ñWm Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ ho H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm Iar “’o$Ur’ Amho `m ~m~rMm Ë`m J«mhH$mbm H$mhrM ’$aH$ nS>Uma Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mbm Ho$di Ë`mbm ’o$Ur nwadUmam CËnmXH$M ‘mhrV Amho. Ago Agbo Var, AmVm XOm©, ewÕVm ho Zdo {ZH$f bmJy Pmë`mZo nydm©nma MmbV Amboë`m gm‘m{OH$ ~§Y {T>bm hmoÊ`mMrhr eŠ`Vm Amho. `m AhdmbmV AemM H$mhr àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

‘mJmodm`m AhdmbmVrb nmR> H«$. 2‘Üò `m g§emoYZm‘mJMr n[apñWVr Am{U OrAm`Mr JaO `m{df`r D$hmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. {dH$mgmMo EH$ nmD$b åhUyZ OrAm` g§H$ënZobm nmqR>~m XoÊ`m‘mJo dmT>bobr CËgwH$Vodahr àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. gdmªV ‘moR>çm CËgwH$VoMm ^mJ åhUOo ’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vrà{H«$`m d AhdmbmV `m à{H«$ò{df`rÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§gmR>rMo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobo {ZH$f hm hmo`. ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoVrb EH$m nXm{YH$mè`mZo "H$m°‘«oS²>g BZ H$m°pån{Q>eZ' Agm eãXà`moJ Ho$bm hmoVm. `m{df`rhr CËgwH$Vm Amho. VgoM {ZH$fm§{df`rhr CËgwH$Vm Amho. OrAm`Mm B{Vhmg nmhVm, ’o$Urg§~§Yr MmbV Ambobo gm‘m{OH$, nma§n[aH$ g§~§YM {ZH$f R>aUmao AmhoV.

nmR> H«$. 3‘Üò OrAm` Zm|XUrgmR>r AhdmbmMr V`mar, gmXarH$aU d èñdr Zm|XUrH$aU `m{df`r {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m joÌmer g§~§{YV à{V{ZYtÀ`m ‘wbmIVrÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ’o$UrMm B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m nmR>m‘Üò ’o$Urg§~§Yr

gmXa Ho$bobo {ZH$f, nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©Vrà{H«$`m `m{df`rhr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m‘wio ’o$Ur{df`r OrAm`-{Z`‘mdbr ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r bm^ hmoB©b.

nmR> H«$. 4‘Üò OrAm`{df`rÀ`m Amem-Anojm `mda D$hmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gd}jUmÀ`m gmømZo ’o$UrMo nwadR>m‘mJ© emoYÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m‘mJm©‘Üò J«mhH$ d CËnmXH$ ho OdiOdi AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrb g§~§Yhr CÎm‘ AmhoV. Va, bm§~ nwadR>m‘mJm©‘Üò A§{V‘ J«mhH$mMm CËnmXH$mer ~hþYm g§~§Y òVM ZgVmo. `m ‘mJm©da ~mQ>brVyZ ’o$Ur‘mb nwadbm OmVmo. `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m nwadR>m‘mJm©da OrAm` Zm|XUrMm H$m` n[aUm‘ hmoB©b `m{df`rhr g‘rjU H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.

nmR> H«$. 5 ‘Üò g§emoYZmVrb H$mhr ‘w»` ‘wÔo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. VgoM OrAm`‘Yrb gyMZmhr ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV.

(1) AJXr ‘moOHo$M g§X^© dmnê$Z hm Ahdmb ~ZdÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Á`m§Zm A{YH$ ‘m{hVr hdr Agob Ë`m§Zr n[a{eï> 3 nmhmdo.

(2) ho gd© ^maVmV OrAm` åhUyZ Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV qH$dm OrAm` a{OñQ´>rÀ`m {dMmamYrZ AmhoV.

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nmR> 2 ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§À`m Aä`mgm‘mJMr nmœ©^y‘r

`m nmR>m‘Ü`o OrAm`{df`H$ Aä`mgmgmR>r {d{dY ‘mJ© MmoImiÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mÛmao AZoH$ àíZm§Zm hmV KmbyZ ZmZm e§H$m emoYyZ Ë`m§Mo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho3. {Z{‘©Vr d godZ `m‘Yrb ‘moR>m B{Vhmg bm^boë`m na§naobm g§ajU XoVmZm AZoH$ àíZ gm‘moao `oVmV. hr nma§n[aH$ nÕVrV gwgyÌVm Amho H$s Zmhr?, gd©M CËn-mXH$ EH$àH$maMoM gm{hË`, V§Ì d à{H«$`m nÕVr dmnaVmV H$m?, Oa H$mhr ’$aH$ AgVrc Va ‘J OrAm` H$m`Xm hmViUrgmR>r Ë`m§Mr H$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q> H$er ~Zdm`Mr? VgoM, ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrV H$mhr doJ-doJio nÕVr AgVrb Va ‘J OrAm`-Zm|XUrgmR>r Zo‘H$s H$moUVr nÕVr ñdrH$mam`Mr?

2

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`m nmR>m‘Üò OrAm`{df`H$ Aä`mgmgmR>r {d{dY ‘mJ© MmoImiÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mÛmao AZoH$ àíZm§Zm hmV KmbyZ ZmZm e§H$m emoYyZ Ë`m§Mo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. {Z{‘©Vr d godZ `m‘Yrb ‘moR>m B{Vhmg bm^boë`m na§naobm g§ajU XoVmZm AZoH$ àíZ gm‘moao òVmV. hr nma§n[aH$ nÕVrV gwgyÌVm Amho H$s Zmhr?, gd©M CËn-mXH$ EH$àH$maMoM gm{hË`, V§Ì d à{H«$`m nÕVr dmnaVmV H$m?, Oa H$mhr ’$aH$ AgVrc Va ‘J OrAm` H$m`Xm hmViUrgmR>r Ë`m§Mr H$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q> H$er ~Zdm`Mr? VgoM, ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrV H$mhr doJdoJio nÕVr AgVrb Va ‘J OrAm`-Zm|XUrgmR>r Zo‘H$s H$moUVr nÕVr ñdrH$mam`Mr?

Ago Agbo Var OrAm`{df`H$ dmT>Vr CËgwH$Vm, dmT>Vr bmoH${à`Vm hohr nmhUo JaOoMo Amho. nma§n[aH$ kmZ d à{H«$`m nÕVtMo g§ajU H$aÊ`m{df`r H$mhr {ZH$f emoYÊ`mg Ë`mMr ‘XV hmoB©b Ë`mM~amo~a OrAm`À`m A§‘b~OmdUr‘Üò IynM AmemXm`H$ {MÌ XS>bobo Agë`mMo Ü`mZmV òB©b.

`m nmR>mV OrAm`{df`H$ Aä`mgmgmR>r XmoZ ‘hÎdmMo ‘wÔo Ü`mZmV KoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. n{hbm åhUOo, gm‘y{hH$ g§ñWm (Šb~)Mr g§H$ënZm, Or g§ñWoMo {Z`‘ ~ZdUo, VgoM g§ñWm EH$gyÌ R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$amdo bmJUmao amOH$maU `m‘wio OrAm`bm AS>Wio oD$ eH$Ê`mMr ^rVr. Am{U Xwgam åhUOo, OrAm`À`m H|$ÐñWmZr Agbobr nma§n[aH$ kmZmMm g§~§Y H$go OmoS>Uo. ’o$UrMo ho ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç ho XrK© B{Vhmg Am{U na§nam à{Vq~{~V H$aVo.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§Mm Aä`mg^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMr dmT>Vr bmoH${à`VmBVa Am`nrAma (IPR)À`m ‘mZmZo OrAm`Ûmao {‘iUmao bm^, h¸$ ho nyU©V… doJio AmhoV. S>ãbyQ>rAmo‘Üò noQ>§Q>da CR>boë`m X{jU-CÎma dmX ~mOybm gmaV {deofV… X{jUoVrb gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z (^maVmgh) A{YH$m{YH$ g§ajU{Z`‘m§Mr ‘mJUr Ho$br. Va CÎmaoVrb gXñ`m§‘Üò noQ>§Q>, H$m°nramBQ> ‘wX²X²`m§à‘mUoM OrAm`~m~Vhr H$‘mbrMo ‘VôX nmhmd`mg {‘imbo. `wamonr` ‘hmg§Kmbm A{YH$ g§ajUh¸$ d ~hþñVar` OrAm`Zm|XUr nÕV hdr Amho Va `mbm Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, A‘o[aH$m, H°$ZS>m `m Xoem§Mm {damoY Amho. `m dmÚmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr H$irMm ‘wÔm Amho Vmo åhUOo OrAm`‘wio ñWm{ZH$ AW©H$maU, d¡{œH$ ~mOmanoR> Am{U OrAmèr {ZJ{S>V Agbobr gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yëò ho hmoV.

OrAm`À`m à^md OJmVrb AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm§da nS>bm Amho. CXm. OmJ{VH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m (S>ãbyAm`nrAmo) ‘Vo nma§n[aH$ kmZ d bmoH$H$bm `m§À`mgmR>r Hw$R>ë`mhr Am`nrAmanojm OrAm`‘Üò A{YH$ àmoQ>oŠeZ XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. A{Zb Jwám `m§Mo Imbrb dº$ì` ho AYmoao{IV H$aVo.…

EImÚm àXoem‘Üò dmnabo OmUmao nma§n[aH$ kmZ, O¡{dH$ òmoV `m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr d à{H«$`m `m§Zm Ë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemMo EH$ doJio d¡{eîQ>çmMo n[a‘mU àmá Pmbobo AgVo. ho d¡{eîQ>ç AJXr VoWrb X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ‘mZ, VoWrb g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`mVhr Imobda ‘wabobo AgVo.

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ho d¡{eîQ>ço ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ H$m`Úmgma»`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ g§a{jV H$aUo AmVm eŠ` Pmbo Amho.

nma§n[aH$ kmZ d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am`nrAma d BVa H$m`Úm~amo~aM OrAm`Mm EH${ÌVnUo dmna H$aUo CÎm‘ R>aob Aer eŠ`Vmhr S>ãbyAm`nrAmoVrb `m MM}‘Üò ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. CXm. EImÚm hñVH$mam{Jarbm Vo EH$ Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ g‘OyZ Ë`mbm “Vm§{ÌH$’ ~m~ åhUyZ g§a{jV H$aUo, Ë`m CËnmXZmMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë` ho "gm§ñH¥${VH$' A§J åhUyZ g§a{jV H$aUo, Am{U eodQ>r Vo hñVH$bm CËnmXZ ho "^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZXe©H$' åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§gh g§a{jV H$aUo `mo½` R>aob.

OmJ{VH$ AÞ Am{U H¥$fr g§ñWoÛmao (E’$EAmo), AmOda Xwb©{jV Ho$ë`m Joboë`m O¡{dH$ òmoVm§Zm OrAm`~m~VrV àmYmÝ` {‘imdo Ago ‘V ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m~m~VrV Om°O© bmg©Z `m§Zr ImbrbàH$mao Amnbo ‘V ‘m§S>bobo Amho …

ñWm{ZH$ O¡{dH$ òmoV, na§nam, Aer O¡{dH$ CËnmXZo {Z{‘©VrMo d à{H«$òMo nma§n[aH$ kmZ, nÕVr `m§Ûmao Aem CËnmXZm§À`m gmIirbm EH$ `mo½` àemgZ XoUo, Aem CËnmXZm§Mr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmoiI g§a{jV H$aUo, `m CËnmXZm§gmR>r JwUdÎmm `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$aUo, Aem ~hþAm`m‘r nÕVrZo OrAm`Mm dmna hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

bmg©Z `m~m~VrV EH$ gyMZmhr XoVmV H$s OrAm`Mo è ho `m CËnmXZm§gmR>r C^m Ho$bobr g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ `§ÌUm d {Z`§ÌU `§ÌUm `mÛmao Ë`m joÌmVrb g§~§{YV gd© KQ>H$, bmoH$ `m§Mm {H$VnV gh^mJ gmYbm OmVmo `mda Adb§~yZ Amho. g§`wº$ amï´>g§K {dH$mg àH$ënmZo (`yEZS>rnr) `m~m~VrV ‘mZdr j‘Vm, gh^mJ Am{U gd©g‘mdoeH$Vm `m ‘wX²X²`m§da H$mhr ì`mnH$ {dMma ‘m§S>bobo AmhoV. ñd{U©‘ dmJio `m§Zr OrAm`Mo ‘mZdr{dH$mgm~m~VMo XmoZ Am`m‘m§H$S>o bj doYbobo Amho.

- gj‘rH$aU … OrAm`Mo {Z`‘ ho EH$m g‘wXm`mZo V`ma Ho$bobo Agë`m‘wio Ë`m g‘wXm`mMm ‘mZdr {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r `m H$m`ÚmÛmao àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.

- CËnmXZj‘Vm Am{U A{YH$ bm^ … `mo½` ~«±S>ì`dñWmnZ Am{U CËnmXZmMm Xa `mda `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ Agob Va ~mOmamV OrAm`-CËnmXZmbm A{YH$m{YH$ bm^ {‘iob d `mÛmao Ë`m g‘wXm`mMr Am{W©H$ àJVrhr gmYob.

"‘mŠg©' Am{U nma§n[aH$ kmZ g§ajUS>opìhS> S>mCÝg Am{U gmamh bm`S>© `m§Zr AYmoao{IV Ho$ë`mà‘mUo OrAm`~m~mVMr gmd©{ÌH$ ‘mÝ`Vm hr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m H$gmoQ>rbm

CVabobr Amho …...BVa ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm A{YH$mam§nojm, {OAm°J«m{’$H$b

B§{S>Ho$eÝg Am{U Q´>oS>‘mŠg© ho H$mhr g‘ñ`m Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ à^mdr d gj‘ R>ê$ eH$VmV. Q´>oS>‘mŠg© Am{U {OAm°J«m{’$H$b Q´>oS>‘mŠg© `m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmMm A{YH$ma hm {MaH$mc {Q>H$Umam Amho. H$moUVrhr ‘m{hVr dmnaÊ`mda `mÛmao H$moUm EH$mMr ‘mbH$s amhV Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmÛmao Ho$di EH$m g‘wXm`mbm {d{eï> {MÝh dmnaÊ`mMm h¸$ {‘iVmo, Ë`m§Zm EH$ doJir AmoiI {‘iVo.

`m{df`r A{YH$ àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r, OrAm`‘Yrb Imbrb VÎdo ‘hËdmMr R>aVmV …

- gm§ñH¥${VH$ d nma§n[aH$ [admOm§Zwê$n g§ajUmMo ñdê$n R>aVo … ~hþVoH$ Xoem§‘Üò, OrAm`Mm h¸$ hm CËnmXZmÀ`m g§nyU© gmIirVrb {d{dY ñVamda H$m`©aV Agboë`m AZoH$ d¡`{º$H$ CËnmXH$m§À`m gm‘y{hH$ g§KQ>Zobm XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem~mhoa pñWV AgUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm ho OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘iV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV, OrAm`‘wio CËnmXZmMo {Z`‘, CËnmXZmMo ñWmZ {ZpíMV H$aVm òVo. `m‘wio `m CËnmXZmer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm‘m{OH$ àWm, MmcrarVr, d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mohr ajU H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.

- kmZ - EH$ gm‘m{OH$ g§nÎmr … OrAm`‘Üò {‘iUmè`m g§ajUm‘wio Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`mg§~§{YV kmZmda H$moUmMmM EH$m{YH$ma amIVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio OrAm` g§a{jV joÌm‘Yrb Oo CËnmXH$ ho {Z`‘ nmiV ZmhrV qH$dm `m àXoem~mhoa pñWV Agbobo CËnmXH$ hohr ho kmZ dmnê$ eH$VmV. ’$aH$ BVH$mM H$s ho CËnmXH$ àË`j dm AàË`jnUo g§a{jV {ZXe©H$mMm dmna H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.

- OrAm` A{YH$ma hm {MaH$mc Amho … Omoda g§ajUA{YH$mamMm Jm^m, CËnmXZ-XOm©-^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZXe©H$ hr {ÌgyÌr g§~§Y nmibo OmVmV Vmoda OrAm` A{YH$ma {ZXe©H$mMo g§ajU H$aVmo. {deof åhUOo, ~hþVoH$ OrAm` H$m`Xo ho d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo nwÝhm à‘m{UH$aU H$aÊ`mMr ‘w^m XoVmV `m‘wio ZmdrÝ`Vm Am{U `mo½` nma§n[aH$ nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr XoVmV. VgoM, `m‘wio à‘m{UH$aUmVrb H$moUVmhr ~Xb hm OrAm`Mo doJionU Am{U Ë`mMo Ë`m àXoemer Agbobo g§~§Y `m§Mo ‘hÎd H$‘r H$aUmam Zgmdm.

ho EoH$Ê`mg Oar Mm§Jbo dmQ>V Agbo Var ‘w»` ‘wÔm amhVmoM H$s, H$m`ÚmÛmao {ZdS>bobo {ZH$f ho àË`jmV H$go gmYbo OmUma AmhoV. nma§n[aH$ kmZ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r ~Zdboë`m H$mhr OrAm`, g{Q>©{’$Ho$eZ ‘mŠg© Am{U Q´>oS>‘mŠg© H$m`ÚmMr CXmhaUo Aä`mgUo òWo ‘hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. Ý`yPrb§S>‘Yrb “‘mdar ‘mH©$’ (Mm¡H$Q> 7 … ‘mdar ‘mH©$) ho EH$ à‘wI CX-

18

mhaU Amho. `m~m~VrV g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m ì`mnma d {dH$mg n[afXoZo (`yEZgrQ>rES>r) `mH$m‘r ‘hÎdmMo H$m`© Ho$bobo Amho. CXm. OrAm`gmR>r ^maVmV H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m gmømZo `yEZgrQ>rES>r Jobr ghm df} EH$m CnH«$‘mÛmao {d{dY {Xem§Zr H$m`© H$aV Amho. `m‘Üò àmXo{eH$ H$m`©emim, H$mam{Jam§À`m g‘yhm§Zm ‘XV, OrAm`Mm ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV Aä`mg H$aUo `m CÔoem§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. `m CnH«$‘mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ 21 OrAm`Mr Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

Mm¡H$Q> 7… ‘mdar ‘mH©$ Am{U nma§n[aH$ kmZ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo g§ajU‘mdar bmoH$m§À`m A{YH$mam§Mo ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Ve` ZmdrÝ`nyU© ‘mJm©Zo Q´>oS>‘mŠg©Mm Ho$bobm dmna ho ‘mdar ‘mH©$Mo doJionU Amho. Ý`yPrb§S>À`m amï´>r` H$bmg§dY©Z g§ñWoÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo ‘mdar H$bmH$mam§Zr, bmoH$m§Zr EH$ Xoeì`mnr g^m§Mm CnH«$‘ am~dbm. `m‘Üò Amnbm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm, nma§n[aH$ kmZ nma§n[aH$ H$mam{Jar, aMZm `m§À`mdarb Amnbm A{YH$ma H$m`‘Mm amhmdm, ì`mdgm{`H$ Ñï>rZohr `m§Mm dmna H$aVm `mdm `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ‘mdar ‘mH©$ ~ZdÊ`m{df`r gdªH$f MMm© Ho$br.

hm ‘mH©$ gd©g‘mdoemMo CÎm‘ àVrH$ Amho. hm ‘mH©$ VoWrb EH$ Áòð> H$mamJra S>m°. n¸$m[aH$s h°[agZ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr EH$m ‘mdar H$bmH$mam§À`m M‘yZm {dH${gV Ho$bm Amho. `m ‘mH©$‘Üò ^yVH$mimVrb, {dÚ‘mZ d ^{dî`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m d§emdirg ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. ’o$~«wdmar 2008‘Üò {H«$E{Q>ìh Ý`yPrb§S> g§ñWoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ hm ‘mH©$ Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m ‘mH©$À`m àemgZmMo h¸$ {H«$E{Q>ìh Ý`yPrb§S>Mr ‘mdar H$bm g{‘Vr Agboë`m “Vo dmH$m VmoB©’ `m g§ñWoH$S>o AmhoV. `mVrb XmoZ {Z`‘ Imbr {Xbobo AmhoV …

- ‘mdar bmoH$m§Mo d§eO Agboë`m ì`º$tZm, ì`º$tÀ`m g‘yhm§Zm ho {MÝh dmnaVm òB©b. VgoM, ‘mdar H$bmH$mam§gmR>r "‘oZbr ‘mdar' ho {MÝh Am{U ‘mdar d BVa g‘wXm`mÀ`m bmoH$m§À`m g‘yhm§À`m EH${ÌV CnH«$‘mgmR>r "‘mdar H$mo-àm°S>ŠeZ' hm ‘mH©$ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

- VgoM Oo CËnmXZ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho Vo ‘mdar H$bmH$mar Amho H$s ‘mdar H$mbH$margÑe d doJio Amho `m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZH$f ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. "Vo dmH$m VmoB©' g§KQ>Zm `m nadmZmàmá H$bmàH$mam§À`m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar nobV Amho.

`m {Z`‘m§~amo~aM à‘mUnÌYmaH$ H$mam{Jam§Zr ‘mdar H$mam{JarÀ`m CËnmXZm§da "‘mdar ‘mH©$'Mo {MÝh PiH$dUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bobo Amho. `mgmR>r àËòH$ H$mam{Jambm {d{eï> H«$‘m§H$ XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. hm H«$‘m§H$hr ‘mdar ‘mH©$À`m bo~bda AgUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. `m‘wio EImXr dñVy Zo‘Š`m H$moUË`m H$mam{JamZo ~Zdbr Amho ho nmhVm òVo. Ë`mÀ`m XOm©‘Üò H$mhr ~Xb Ano{jV AgVrb Va Vem VmVS>rÀ`m gyMZm H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.

BVa ‘m{hVr… http://www.toiiho.com/

H§$PåneZ{df`r gm‘m{OH$ Midir Am{U "CJ‘ñWmZ ZXo©{eV H$aUmar {MÝho'{dH$mg g§H$ënZm Am{U gm‘m{OH$ Midir `m§Mo CËnmXH$ g‘yh Am{U J«mhH$ `m§À`mda OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$go à{Vq~~ nS>Vo ho nmhUo g`w{º$H$ R>aob. OrAm`bm EH$ ‘moR>m d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm Agm B{Vhmg bm^bobm Amho.

"Q´>rßg'‘Üò Oar h„rM Oar OrAm`bm ñWmZ {‘imbo Agbo Var ì`mnmag§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg nmhVmZm Amnë`mbm OrAm` g§H$ënZm {H$Vr OwZr Amho Vo AZw^dmg òVo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ CJ‘ñWmZ, {d{eï> XOm© Am{U ‘mZ ho {ZX}{eV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$mao CËnmXZm§da {MÝho N>mnÊ`mMm ‘moR>m B{Vhmg bm^bobm Amho. 12ì`m eVH$m‘Üò B{Opße`Z bmoH$ ‘ÚCËnmXZmda {Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnaboë`m Ðmjm§Mo CJ‘ñWmZ, {nH$mMo df© Aer ‘m{hVr N>mnÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maMr {MÝho d {e¸o$ dmnaV AgV. nwT>o `wamonmVrb ì`mnmarg§Khr Amnë`m ‘mbmMm XOm© Xe©{dUmao {e¸o$ CËnmXZmda N>mny bmJbo. AmnU AmOhr X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmnaV Agboë`m AZoH$ CËnmXZm§Zm Ë`m§À`m CJ‘ñWmZmdê$ZM Zmd {‘imë`mMo nmhm`bm {‘iVo. CXm. nmog}{bZgmR>r MrZ Va H$m°’$sbm {‘imbobo Zmd ho B{WAmo{n`mVrc {VMo CJ‘ñWmZ Agbobm "H$mâ’$m' `m àXoemdê$Z nS>bobo Amho. VgoM {H$dr-’$i, ~å`w©S>m em°Q>© hr CËnmXZo Ho$di ^m¡Jmo{bH$ CJ‘ñWmZ Zìho Va CËnmXZmMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘hÎd Am{U ì`mnma‘mJ© `m§Mohr {ZX}eZ H$aVmV.

Q´>rßgA§VJ©V OrAm`Mr ì`m»`m AmnU `mnyduM nm{hbobr Amho. `m‘Üò CËnmXZ, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Am{U CJ‘ñWmZ Ago {ÌgyÌr` g§~§Y AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 3 … ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZXe©H$mMr AmoiI, nmR> 1 nhm). WmoS>Š`mV OrAm` åhUOo Ho$di CJ‘ñWmZmMo {ZX}eZ Zìho CXm. ‘oS> BZ B§{S>`m. Va CËnmXZmMo {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ç XmIdÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m d¡{eîQ>çmMo ‘hÎd XmIdÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr àmXo{eH$ nU bmoH${à` {MÝhm§Mm dmna CËn-mXZmda Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. ^maVmVrb VmO‘hb, B{OáMo {na°{‘S>.

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Va H$mhrdoim `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {MÝhm§Mm dmna MwH$sMm Pmbobm AgVmo. Agm MwH$sMm dmna ho ~oH$m`Xoera Agë`mMo H$m`Xm ‘mZVmo H$maU `m‘wio J«mhH$mÀ`m ZOaoV CËnmXZmMr MwH$sMr AmoiI âbr OmVo d Ë`m {MÝhmMohr ‘hÎd H$‘r hmoVo. `wamo{n`Z Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò ’o$Q>mÀ`m OrAm`Zm|XUrg§X^m©Vrb IQ>ë`m~m~V {ZdmS>m XoVmZm Ý`m`mb`mZo `wamo{n`Z H${‘eZMo åhUUo J«mø ‘mZbo hmoVo H$s, "J«rH$ eãXm§er gmYå`© AgUmao eãX qH$dm {MÌo CËnmXZmda dmnê$Z CËnmXH$mZo Ho$di EH$ {dH«$sYmoaU am~dbobo Amho `m‘wio ‘yi CËnmXZmÀ`m bmoH${à`VoMm dmna H$ê$Z Amnbo CËnmXZ IndÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ Amho. `m‘wio EHy$UM J«mhH$mbm ’$gdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm Amho.'

CËnmXZmÀ`m dmnamV hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§‘wio CËnmXZmMr ‘yi AdñWmhr AmVm AmdOy©Z Ü`mZmV KoVbr OmV Amho. H$mhr {R>H$mUr n`m©daUr` KQ>H$ Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr ‘Oya g‘ñ`m, H$mhr {R>H$mUr gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`, Z¡{VH$Vm Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr àmUrg§ajU ho ‘wÔo H$irMo R>aV AmhoV. `m‘wio CËnmXZmÀ`m ‘yi KQ>H$m§g§~Yr bo~bda {ZX}eZ H$aÊ`m~m~V {d{dY àH$mao ‘mJUr dmT>V Mmbbr Amho. `mVyZM ‘J ’o$Aa Q´>oS>, {d{dY àH$maMr g|{Ð` à‘mUnÌo `m§Mrhr JaO dmT>bobr Amho. ~mb‘Oya dmnam{dZm ~Z{dcoco H$mn}Q> CËn-mXZ {ZX}{eV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mn}Q>da "aJ‘mH©$' Va "H$pÝâbŠQ>-’«$s' {hè`m§gmR>r "{H$å~bu àmogog' Aer {MÝho dmnaUo ~§YZH$maH$ hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. EHy$UM `m Zr{V‘yë`m§da â XoVmZm gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`mbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`m{df`r OmJê$H$Vm dmT>V Amho. "Zmo ñdrQ>em°n' MidirVyZ g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ ‘Owar d H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AZwHy$b dmVmdaU{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mMr ‘mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ~mb‘Owar d H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUMo à{VHy$b dmVmdaU `m{déÕ Mmbboë`m Midir‘wio Zm`Ho$ doimodoir g§H$Q>mV gmnS>br. VgoM nm{H$ñVmZ d H§$~mo{S>`mVhr ’w$Q>~m°b g‘ñòdê$Z dmXi CR>bo.

OrAm`‘Üòhr Aem gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë`m§àVrMo {ZX}eZ H$aÊ`m{df`rÀ`m ‘wX²X²`mbm ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho, nU `mV WmoS>mgm ’$aH$ Agë`mMo OmUdVo. OrAm`‘Üò Or H$mhr {MÝho, {ZX}eH$ AmhoV Vr CËnmXH$m§À`m g‘yhmZo {dH${gV Ho$bobr Am-hoV. gd© {Z`‘ ~ZdUmao VoM AmhoV. `m‘wio `m {ZX}eH$m§da Ë`m§Mm ‘Vm§Mm, BÀN>m§Mm ‘moR>m à^md {ZpíMVM nS>Vmo. OrAm`Mr g§H$ënZm hr Amnë`m CËnmXZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñdV…M {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMm OrAm`Zo {Xbobm `m g‘z>hm§Zm A{YH$ma Am{U CËnmXZmMo d¡{eîQ>ç, ‘yiñWmZ `m~m~V OmJê$H$ Agbobm J«mhH$ `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§À`m {dMmam§Zm EH${ÌV H$aUmar Amho. AemàH$mao OrAm`-CËnmXZo hr ‘yëò OnÊ`mg àmYmÝ` XoVmV. Aem CËnmXZàUmbr‘Üò CËnmXZ Ho$di Ho$di Cn^moJÊ`mMr dñVy amhV Zmhr (Mhm) qH$dm Ho$di EH$ ~«±S> åhUyZM Amnbo ApñVËd R>odV Zmhr (CXm. Q>mQ>m Q>r), Va Vo EH$

^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Agbobo CËnmXZ R>aVo (CXm. Xm{O©qbJ).

OrAm`Mo AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo, OJâ AmVm H¥${fAÞ CËnmXZ joÌ {dñVm[aV hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mEodOr OrAm` H$er ^y{‘H$m KoVo ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho. `m H¥${fAÞ joÌmVrb CËnmXZm§‘mJMm ‘w»` ^mJ åhUOo A{Z`{‘V CËnmXZ d ~XbVm CËnmXZ nm`m hm Amho, `m‘wio gVV doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUmhÿZ H$‘r CËnmXZIMm©V hr CËnmXZo nwadbr OmV AgVmV. `m‘wio CËnmXZmMo {ZpíMV Ago CJ‘ñWmZ ZgVo. `m g‘ñò{df`r ‘m{hVr XoVmZm Zoh‘rM AmhmaCËnmXZm§Mo "‘°H$S>moZmëS>m`PoeZ' hmoV Agë`mMo åhQ>bo OmVo. Agm àH$mam‘wio CËnmXZmMr ‘yi d¡{eîQ>çoM {Q>H$dbr OmV ZmhrV. CJ‘ñWmZmÀ`m ‘wX²X²`mda OrAm`Mr ^y{‘H$m doJir Amho Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem~mhoa OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {Xbo OmV Zmhr. `m‘wio OmJ{VH$ AÞCËnmXZm§À`m ~mOmanoR>oV OrAm` g§H$ënZm ~mOybm amhVo.

CËnmXH$ VgoM {dVaH$m§Zm OrAm`-CËnmXZmMm ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho CËnmXZ nadmZmàmá CËnmXH$m§H$Sy>ZM ¿`mdo bmJVo. Oa Q>mQ>m Q>rbm Amnbo Mhm CËnmXZ "Xm{O©qbJ' `m ~«±S>Zo‘Imbr {dH$m`Mo Agob Va H§$nZrbm `mgmR>r OrAm`à‘m{UV Xm{O©qbJ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmVyZhr Mhm‘mb CËnm{XV H$amdm bmJob d VgoM à‘mUnÌ ^maVr` Mhm ‘§S>imH$Sy>Z (Xm{O©qbJ OrAm`Mr h¸$ Ag-bobr g§ñWm) àmá H$amdo bmJob.

Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmT>iVmV {OWo OrAm`À`m bmoH${à`VoMm dmna ImoQ>çm CËnmXZm§gmR>r Ho$bm Joë`mZo dmX CËnÞ Pmbm Amho. CXm. ~mg‘Vr amBg (nmR> 1 nhm). AgoM EH$ CXmhaU BQ>brVrb "n‘m© h°‘'Mo Amho. 1963 gmbr ~Zboë`m "H$moÝgmoèhm`Pmo S>ob àmo{gCÅ>r {S> n‘m©' `m CËnmXH$m§À`m g‘yhmImbr n‘m© h°‘ ~«±S> {dH${gV Pmbm Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 8 … n‘m© h°‘). 1997 gmbr OJm-Vrb gdmªV ‘moR>r {dVaU gmIir Agboë`m dm°b-‘mQ>© `m H§$nZrÀ`m ‘mbH$sMr {~«{Q>e {dVaU g§ñWm A°ñS>m{déÕ n‘m© h°‘Zo H$madmB© Ho$br. A°ñS>m hr "Á`wZmBZ BQ>m{b`Z n‘m© h°‘' `m ZmdmImbr Amnbo CËnmXZ {dH$V hmoVr. VgoM `m CËnmXZmda "gd© Am°WopÝQ>H$ A°ñS>m H$m±{Q>ZoÝQ>b ‘m§g CËnmXZo hr nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo Ho$br Agë`mZo Iar Md d XOm© `m§Mr h‘r XoVmV.' VgoM "àmoS>çþñS> BZ BQ>br, n°ŠS> BZ `wHo$ ’$m°a A°ñS>m ñQ>moAg© {b{‘Q>oS>' Agm ‘OHy$ahr N>mnbm hmoVm.

Mm¡H$Q> 8… n‘m© h°‘ … g§a{jV XOm© dmnaVmZm g§ñWmS´>m`-Š`w[a¨J h°‘Mo CJ‘ñWmZ ho AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwamì`m§‘Üò gmnS>Vo. B.g.nyd© 100ì`m eVH$mVrb H$mQ>mo {X "goÝga'‘Üòhr `m{df`r nwamdm gmnS>Vmo. gm°ëQ>oS> {nJ boJ-~moÝg{df`r nwamVÎd

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{d^mJmZo Ho$bobo g§emoYZhr `m CËnmXZmMo ‘yi VgoM ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñW-mZmMr g§X^© emoYVmZm dmnabm OmVmo.

1963 gmbr 23 CËnmXH$m§Zr EH$Ì òD$Z H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘ Am°’$ n‘m© h°‘ g§ñWm gwê$ Ho$br. nwT>o `mMm {dñVma hmoD$Z `mV 170 CËnmXH$m§Zm VgoM nwadR>m gmIirVrb AZoH$ ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm

g‘m{dï> H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambo. 1970 gmbr BQ>m{b`Z gaH$maZo n‘m© h°‘Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ H$m`Xm A‘bmV AmUbm Am{U `m H$m`ÚmÛmao CËn-mXZ d {dVaUmMo A{YH$ma H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘bm XoÊ`mV Ambo.

h°‘ CËnmXZmÀ`m MmMUrà{H«$òÀ`m A§{V‘ Q>ßß`mV H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘À`m ‘mÝ`Vmàmá à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘Mo "Sw>H$b H«$mCZ' h°‘da bmdÊ`mV òV Ago. `wamon‘Üò `m{df`r EH$‘V Pmë`mZ§Va 1966‘Üò "àmoQ>oŠQ>oS> S>o{g¾oeZ Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ'Zwgmahr n‘m© h°‘ g§a{jV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

Sw>H$amÀ`m nmR>r‘mJrb nm`m§À`m hmS>m§nmgyZM n‘m© h°‘ ~Zdbo OmVo. `m‘Üò Ho$di MmaM KQ>H$ dmnabo OmVmV Vo Ago … BQ>m{b`Z Sw>¸$a, ‘rR>, hdm d doi. `m{df`rMo {dñV¥V {ZH$f nmhm`Mo Pmbo Va `m‘Üò Sw>H$amMr OmV, Sw>¸$a dmT>rMo ñWi, Ë`m§Mm Amhma, Sw>¸$a ‘maÊ`mMr nÕV d à{H«$`m `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. `mn¡H$s H$mhr Imbrbà‘mUo …

- BQ>brVrb R>am{dH$ {Oëho d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem§‘Üò {d{eï> OmVrMr, {d{eï> Amhma XoD$Z dmT>dbobr Sw>H$ao dmnamdrV.

- n‘m© h°‘gmR>r dmnamd`mMo Sw>H$am§À`m ‘mJÀ`m nm`mMo {ZH$fhr R>adÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `m‘Üò Ma~rMo à‘mU, Ma~rMm Wa,AmXt{df`rMo {ZH$f R>adÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

- n‘m© h°‘Mr gd© {Z{‘©Vr H|$Ðo, H$Q>mB©H|$Ðo, n°Ho$qOJ H|$Ðo hr da C„oI Ho$boë`m àXoem§‘ÜòM pñWV AgmdrV Am{U `m àXoem§VyZ {‘iUmam gd© àH$maMm H$ƒm ‘mb dmnamdm.

{d{hV ì`m»òà‘mUo, n‘m© h°‘Mr {dH«$s {ZX}{eV Ho$boë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem§‘Üò ñbm`qgJ d n°Ho$qOJ Ho$ë`mda Ho$di ñbmBñS> d n°Ho$ÁS> ñdê$nmVM H$amdr.

A{YH$ ‘m{hVr … http//www.prosciuttodiparma.com

A°ñS>mZo dmnabobo h°‘ CËnmXZ ho H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘Mm nadmZm gXñ` Agboë`m hm`J«oS> ’y$S²>g {b. `m EH$m ‘Ü`ñW H§$nZrZo nwadbo hmoVo. Voìhm A°ñS>mgmR>r hm`J«oS>V’}$ {~«Q>Z‘Üò Vm§{ÌH$nUo h°‘Mo ñbm`qgJ

d n°qH$J H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. nU "n‘m© h°‘'À`m CËnmXZ{Z`‘m§‘Üò Agm EH$ {Z`‘ Amho H$s h°‘Mr N>mQ>Ur d n°Ho$qOJ ho J«mhH$mg‘moaM Pmbo nm{hOo Agm {Z`‘ Amho. A°ñS>m {dH«$s H$aV Agbobo CËnmXZ hm {Z`‘ nmiV ZìhVo `m‘wio A°ñS>mÀ`m `m CËnmXZmZo OrAm`Mo {ZH$f Z dmnaÊ`m{df`r {ZH$mb Úmd`mMm hmoVm. H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘Mm Xmdm Agm hmoVm H$s, n‘m© h°‘À`m CËnmXZà{H«$ò‘Üò ñbm`qgJ d n°Ho$qOJ `m XmoZ ‘hÎdmÀ`m {H«$`m AmhoV. CËnmXZ XOm©, Ë`mMr ‘yi d¡{eîQ>ço d gwajm `m{df`rMo {ZH$f nmiÊ`mgmR>r VgoM EHy$UM `m ~«±S>{df`rMm J«mhH$m§‘Yrb Agbobm {dœmg amIÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXH$mZo `m {H«$`m `mo½àrVrZo H$aÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. OJmVrb gdmªV ‘moR>çm [aQ>ob{déÕ H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘Zo JwXabobm hm Xmdm A‘o[aHo$Vrb ñWm{ZH$ Ý`m`mb`mV gwê$ Pmbm Am{U nwT>o Vmo `wamo{n`Z OpñQ>g H$moQ>m©V XmIbm Pmbm. AIoa 2003gmbr `wamo{n`Z OpñQ>g H$moQ>m©Zo H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘À`m ~mOyZo {ZdmS>m {Xbm. "OrAm` à‘mUnÌ Agboë`m CËnmXH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo ajU ìhmdo, `m CËnmXZmÀ`m ~mOmamV Agboë`m ZmdmMm, à{Vð>oMm d {dœmgmMm {Vgè`mZoM Amnbo CËnmXZ IndÊ`mMm àH$ma H$aUo ho J¡a Amho. `m‘wio {Vgam nj {dH$V Ag-bobo CËnmXZ ho OrAm` {ZH$fm§ZwgmaM Agbo nm{hOo.'

OrAm` Am{U {dH$mg g§H$ënZoVrb ~Xbda Z‘yX Ho$bobr CXmhaUo nwÝhm EH$Xm ì`dgm`mVrb Z¡{VH$ ‘yë`m§da àH$me Q>mH$VmV. H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "ñWm{ZH$ òmoV, j‘Vm `m§Mm dmna H$ê$ZM emídV Agm {dH$mg gmYbm OmVmo.’ `m {dMmamVyZ EH$ Jmoï> ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ^y{‘nwÌm§Zr ñWm{ZH$ CËn-mXZ à{H«$òMo kmZ, H$mam{JarMo H$g~, na§nam {hgH$mdyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m ~bmT>çm§À`m à`ËZm§{déÕ Midir Ho$ë`m AmhoV.' Zdm B{Vhmg KS>dUo d ñWm{ZH$m§Zm ‘mZ {‘idyZ XoUo ho CÔoehr `m Midit‘mJo hmoVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV hm àH$ma WmoS>m {déÕ ñdê$nmMm dmQ>V Agbm Var, d¡{œH$ g§ñWm, naH$s` gm{hË`, V§Ì `m§Mm dmna ñWm{ZH$ g‘mYmZmgmR>r H$gm H$aVm òB©b `m{df`r {dMmad§Vm§Zr {dMma ‘m§S>bobo AmhoV. `mVyZM "½bmoH$b' g§H$ënZoMm CX` Pmbm Amho. `m‘Üò naH$s` V§Ì dmnê$Z ñWm{ZH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo hm CÔoe gmYÊ`mV Ambm Amho. {d{dY àH$maMo OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm dmna {dH$mgà{H«$òV H$ê$Z KoVm òVmo. "g§~§{YV CËnmXZ ho ñWm{ZH$m§À`m OJÊ`mMm AmYma Amho,' ho ‘mÝ` Ho$bo Jobo nm{hOo. hm {dMma nwT>o ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. OrAm`-CËnmXZmÀ`m {ZH$fm§Mm Ahdmb hm ^y{‘nwÌm§Zm nwÝhm ‘mZ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Amho `m ZOaoVyZ nmhUo `mo½` R>aob. nydu Z‘yX Ho$ë`mà‘mUo OrAm`À`m {Z`‘m§Mm Ahdmb hm AÝ`m`m{déÕ bT>Ê`mgmR>r H$gm dmnaVm òVmo ho AmnU nm{hbo Amho. {dœñVamda Mmbboë`m OrAm` MidirVyZ OrAm`bm {d{dY

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ñVamVyZ {‘iV Agbobm nmqR>~mM Xe©{dbm OmVmo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a OrAm`bm {‘iV Agboë`m nmqR>ã`mH$S>o ì`mnH$ Ñï>rVyZ nmhVmZm EH$ gmdY{JarMr ZOahr R>odUo JaOoMo Amho. "{Z`‘ {Z{‘©Vr'Mr à{H«$`m hr ‘>hËdmMr AgVo. OrAm`bm Amnë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m {ZH$fm§Mo, {Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òMo {Z`‘ `m{df`rÀ`m {Z`‘m§Mm boIr {ZdoXZ OmoS>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m‘wio {d{eï> àXoemVrb CËnmXH$, {dVaH$ `m§Zr EH$m ì`mgnrR>mda òD$Z Hw$R>oVar VS>OmoS>rMo YmoaU ñdrH$mê$Z ho {ZH$f R>adm`bm hdoV. `mgmR>r ‘J gh^mJr Pmboë`m§À`m, gh^mJr Zgboë`m bmoH$m§À`m amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ eº$sMo à{Vq~~ `m {ZH$fm§da nS>VmV. OrAm`-CËnmXZm§gmR>r ho {Z`‘ ’$maM ‘hÎdmMo AgVmV H$maU `m CËnmXZmbm ‘moR>m B{Vhmg AgVmo, gm‘m{OH$ dmagm bm^bobm AgVmo Am{U `mVyZM ‘J ^{dî`mVrb g§YtMr H$dmS>o CKS>Umar AgVmV.

Xwgar gmdY{JarMr gyMZm åhUOo, {Z`‘{Z{‘©VrÀ`m à{H«$òZ§Va ho {Z`‘M ‘hÎdmMo AgVmV. H$mhrOU Aer ^rVr ì`º$ H$aVmV H$s, `m Zì`m OrAm` {Z`‘m§‘wio nma§n[aH$ d¡{dÜ`VoMr lr‘§Vr Zï> hmoB©b H$m? OrAm` g§X^m©V Agboë`m d¡{dÜ`nyU© nma§n[aH$ MmcrarVr `m OrAm`-{Z`‘m§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rV H$em ~gdm`À`m? Ago AZoH$ àíZ, e§H$m `m CËnmXZmÀ`m OrAm`-{df` {Z`‘, {ZH$f {Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òÀ`mdoir Ü`mZmV ¿`mì`m bmJVmV. EHy$UM {d{dY g‘m{dï> Agboë`m d Zgboë`m CËnmXH$m§Mo, gm‘m{OH$ KQ>H$m§À`m {hVg§~§YmVrb VS>OmoS> åhUOo ho Zdo OrAm`-CËnmXZmMo {ZH$f AgVmV.

EH$ g‘yh åhUyZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZXe©H$$Šb~Mo àm‘m{UH$ AmdmhZOrAm` g§H$ënZoda MMm© H$aVmZm "Šb~'{df`rÀ`m H$ënZobmhr ho EH$ àm‘m{UH$ AmdmhZ Amho, H$s Ooìhm g‘yhgÑe pñWVr CËnÞ hmoVo VoWo OrAm`‘Yrb {ZH$f ho H$m`Úmà‘mUo H$m`© H$aVmV. "Šb~' H$ënZm hr Zm|XUr à{H«$òXaå`mZ CËnmXZmMo {ZH$f R>adVmZm CJ‘ nmdVo. 2001gmbr `wamo{n`Z OpñQ>g H$moQ>©Zo EH$ ‘hÎdmMm {ZH$mb {Xbm Amho. `m‘Üò OrAm`-YmaH$m§Zr “J«mZm n°S>mZmo MrO’ `m CËnmXZmg§X^m©Vrb ~Zdbobo {ZH$f ho Ë`m§Zm OrAm`Mo {deofm{YH$ma XoVmV H$m? (Mm¡H$Q> 9 … J«mZm n°S>mZmo Šb~). BVa CËnmXH$ ho gd© {ZH$fm§Mo nmbZ Z H$aVm OrAm`Mm dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV H$m? `m àíZm§da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. `m IQ>ë`mVrb EH$ ‘>hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOo `m dmXmMo ‘yi ho g§a{jV Ho$boë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌm‘Üò MrOMo J«oqQ>J d n°H|${O§J H$aUo ho Amho. `m IQ>ë`mV H$moQ>m©Zo Agm {ZH$mb {Xbm H$s, OrAm` Zm|XUr AhdmbmV Z‘yX Ho$bobo qH$dm g‘yhmZo ~Zdbobo CËnmXZ {ZH$f ho CËnmXZmMo {ZX}{eV CJ‘ñWmZ

{H$VnV g§a{jV H$am`Mo (àmoQ>oŠQ>oS> S>o{g¾oeZ Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ- nrS>rAmo) Am{U n`m©`mZo, nrS>rAmo Zm|XUrÀ`m ApñVËdmZ§Va g§~§{YV Zgboë`m BVa KQ>H$m§nmgyZhr {H$VnV g§ajU H$am`Mo ho R>adVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, Ý`m`mb`mMm hm {ZU©` “OrAm`-Šb~’Mm nm`m ^¸$‘ H$aVmo. Va XwgarH$S>o CËnmXH$m§Zm, Ë`m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë`m {Z`‘m§Zwgma, {Z`‘m§Mo nmbZ Ho$ë`mg Šb~Mo gXñ` åhUyZ A{YH$ma XoVmo. Va Oo H$moUr ho {Z`‘ nmiV ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm Šb~‘Üò ñWmZ {‘iV Zmhr d Ë`m§Zm OrAm`-Šb~Zo dmnaboë`m ZmdmMmhr dmna H$aÊ`mnmgyZ ‘ZmB© H$aVmo.

Mm¡H$Q> 9 … J«°Zm n°S>mZmo Šb~1954 gmbr {X H$moÝgmo{P©`mo na bm Q>çwQ>obm S>ob ’$m°‘m©{O`mo J«°Zm n°S>mZmo ({X H$Ýgm°{Q>©`‘ Am°’$ J«°Zm n°S>mZmo àmoS>çþgg©)Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. AmOKS>rbm `m‘Üò 200hÿZ A{YH$ CËnmXH$, {dVaH$m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1955‘Üò hm Šb~ BQ>brVrb H$m`Úm§à‘mUo H$m`© H$aV hmoVm. nU 1966‘Üò Ooìhm `wamo{n`Z H$m`Xo ~Zdbo Jobo Voìhm J«°Zm n°S>moZmbm àmoQ>oŠQ>oS> S>o{g¾oeZ Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ (nrS>rAmo)Mm XOm© {‘imbm.

J«°Zm n°S>mZmo ho A{Ve` g§WJVrZo CH$iyZ d {eOdyZ V`ma Ho$bobo EH$ go‘r-’°$Q> hmS>© MrO Amho. Jm`rÀ`m XwYmnmgyZ Vo ~Zdbo OmVo. `m Jm`tZm {hadm VgoM H$moaS>m Mmam Amhma åhUyZ {Xbm OmVmo. Jm`rMo XyY H$mT>Uo, MrO {Z{‘©Vr à{H«$`m Am{U MrO H$go n¹$ ~ZVo `m{df`r {d{dY à{H«$`m, {Z`‘ AmhoV. 1991 gmbr J«oQ>oS> ñdê$nmVrb MrOMm g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m {ZH$fm§‘Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m Zì`m {ZH$fm§à‘mUo `m MrOMo J«oqQ>J ho CËnmXZñWirM H$amd`mMo Am{U H$moUVrhr nwT>rb à{H«$`m Z H$aVm, H$moUVohr BVa gm{hË` Ë`mV Z {‘giVm, CËnmXZmÀ`m Am°J}ZmobopßQ>H$ JwUY‘mª‘Üò H$moUVmhr ~Xb hmoUma Zmhr `m nÕVrZo n°Ho$qOJ Ho$bo Jobo nm{hOo.

H$moQ>m©g‘moa àíZ hmoVm H$s `m Zì`m {Z`‘m§Zwgma ~Zdbo Z Jobobo MrO ho "J«°Zm n°S>mZmo'À`m Zmdm d bmoJmoImbr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr Úmdr H$m? OrAm`-Šb~Mm gXñ` amhÊ`mgmR>r gd© {ZH$f V§VmoV§V nmibo Jobo nm{hOoV H$m?

A{YH$ ‘m{hVr … http//www.granapadano.com/ing/index.htm

g§a{jV {ZX}eH$, Ý`m`mb`mZo d Q´>oS>‘mŠg© H$m`m©b`mZo {Xbobr {MÝho `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Šb~-gÑe XOm© {‘imbobo AmUIr EH$ OrAm`Mo CXmhaU Amho. CXm. Ooìhm Ý`m`mb`mZo EH$m CËnmXZmbm, g§a{jV OrAm`{déÕ Agbobr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm Agbobr {MÝho Zm|X

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H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg ‘ZmB© Ho$br Voìhm H$moQ>m©Zo OrAm` Šb~À`m gr‘m§Mo ajU Ho$bo. S>mà ‘r{H$Z ~«wdarOZo "‘mëQ>oS> pìhñH$s'gmR>r "hm`b±S> Mr’$'Mm Q´>oS>‘mH©$ dmnaÊ`m{df`r ^maVmV XmIb Ho$bobm Xmdmhr {deof Amho. `m Q´>oS>‘mH©$‘Üò Q>maQ>mZMm doe n[aYmZ Ho$boë`m EH$m (ñH$m°{Q>e) ì`º$sMo {MÌ Amho. "hm`b±S> Mr’$' hm eãXà`moJ dmnê$Z hr pìhñH$s ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘Üò ~Zdbr Joë`mMo dmQ>Vo åhUyZ ñH$m°{Q>e pìhñH$s g§KQ>ZoZo `m Q´>oS>‘mH©$À`m Zm|XUrbm {damoY Ho$bm. {X„r Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo g§KQ>ZoMo hm Xmdm J«mø YaV "hm`b±S> Mr’$' hm Q´>oS>‘mH©$ Ho$di EH$ {dH«$sd¥ÕrMr `wº$s Agë`mMo Z‘yX H$aV hm Q´>oS>‘mH©$ aÔ Ho$bm.

J«mhH$mbm ’$gdUmao, OrAm`-CËnmXZm§À`m bmoH${à`VoMm dmna H$ê$Z Amnbr {dH«$s dmT>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmè`m Q´>oS>‘mŠg©À`m Zm|XUrbm nadmZJr Z XoVm qH$dm nadmZm {Xbobo Q´>oS>‘mŠg© aÔ H$ê$Z Ý`m`mb`mZo OrAm`-YmaH$m§Mo {hVajU Ho$bo Amho. ^maV gaH$maZohr "~mg‘Vr' g§X^m©V {~«Q>Z‘Üò amBgQ>oH$ Q´>oS>‘mŠg©{déÕ AgmM Xmdm XmIb Ho$bm hmoVm (nmR> 1 nmhm). J«°Zm n°S>mZmo g§X^m©V CËnmXZmMo {ZH$f nmibo Jobo AmhoV H$s ZmhrV `m g§X^m©V; Va Q´>oS>‘mH©$da {MÌmÛmao OrAm`-Šb~À`m bmoH${à`VoMm dmna H$ê$Z bm^ {‘idÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m "hm`b±S> Mr’$' IQ>ë`mg§X^m©V Ý`m`mb`mZo OrAm`-Šb~MrM ~mOy ‘mÝ` Ho$br Amho. `mnwT>rb ^mJmV AmnU "Šb~' g§H$ënZm Am{U OrAm`À`m Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM ’o$Ur-Šb~À`m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ‘>hËdmMr R>aVrb Aer `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr ‘m{hVr nmR> 3‘Üò XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.

Šb~Mr d¡{eï²>ò d H$mhr CXmhaUoŠb~Mr XmoZ à‘wI d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. n{hbo åhUOo, `m Šb~Mo A{YH$ma, h¸$ `m§Mm bm^ hm Šc~Mm àËòH$ gXñ` Xwgè`m gXñ`mÀ`m {hVmV H$moUVrhr ~mYm Z òVm KoD$ eH$Vmo. Ho$di gXñ`m§gmR>rM hm Šb~ AgVmo. Q>m°S> g±S>ba d Om°Z pËghmQ>© `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Šb~Mr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m Aer, “d¡`{º$H$ ñd`§godH$m§Mm Agm g‘yh Á`m‘Üò àËòH$mbm nwT>rb Jmoï>tnoH$s EH$ dm A{YH$ Jmoï>rÛmao EH$‘oH$mH$Sy>Z bm^ CËnÞ H$ê$ eH$Vmo … CËnmXZ IM©, gXñ`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço qH$dm EŠñbwS>o~b ~o{Z{’$Q> Agbobm ‘mb.’

Ho$di ‘Zmoa§OZmMr gw{dYm nwadUmao Šb~M Zìho Va B§{S>`Z na’$m°{‘ªJ amBQ²>g gmogm`Q>r, OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm Am{U ’o$AaQ´>oS> bo~qbJ Am°J©Zm`PoeZ B§Q>aZ°eZbgma»`m {ZH$f ñWm{nV H$aUmè`m VgoM à‘mUnÌo XoUmè`m g§ñWm `m§Mmhr "Šb~'‘Üò g‘mdoe hmoVmo. (Mm¡H$Q> 10 … ’o$AaQ´>oS>)

Mm¡H$Q> 10 … ’o$AaQ´>oS> - {ZH$f ñWmnZm d VnmgUr"’o$AaQ´>oS>' hr EH$ gm‘m{OH$ Om{UdoVyZ CX`mg Ambobr g§ñWm Amho. hr g§ñWm ì`mnma{dœm‘Üò `mo½` Xa, A{YH$ g‘mZVm AmUUo Am{U emœV VgoM n`m©daU{à` Agm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMm {dMma àgm[aV H$aVo. "’o$AaQ´>oS>'À`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m AmhoV. AZoH$ g§ñWm, g‘yh `m§Zr Amnbr ñdV…Mo Ago CJ‘ñWmZ {ZX}{eV H$aUmao ñdV…Mo Ago ‘mH©$ gwMdbobo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s EH$ Agbobr ’o$AaQ´>oS> bo~qbJ Am°J©Zm`PoeZ B§Q>aZ°eZb (E’$EbAmo) hr g§ñWm 1997gmbr ñWm{nV Pmbr. `m g§ñWoZo AZoH$ ’o$AaQ´>oS> XOm© {dH${gV Ho$bm Amho. hm XOm© ’o$AaQ´>oS> ‘mH©$ åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. (’o$AaQ´>oS> bmoJmo dmnaUo).

E’$EbAmo‘Üò 24 amï´>r` ’o$AaQ´>oS> bo~qbJ CnH«$‘ (àm‘w»`mZo CÎmaoV) d 3 CËnmXZ gmIù`m (X{jUoV) `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. ’o$AaQ´>oS> g{Q>©{’$Ho$eZ ‘mH©$Mo {ZH$f hr E’$EbAmo g§ñWm Amnë`m gXñ`m§er, ^mJrXmam§er Am{U BVa {dH$mg YmoaU R>a{dUmè`m§er, {dMmad§Vm§er g„m‘gbV H$ê$Z R>adV AgVo. ho à‘mUnÌ ho Hw$R>ë`m g§ñWogmR>r ZgVo Va CËnmXZmgmR>r AgVo. ’o$AaQ´>oS>Mr ‘yëò Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m JaOm `m§Mm ‘oi KmbyZ ho {ZH$f R>adÊ`mV òVmV. `m‘Üò emídV CËnmXZmgmR>rMm IM© {ZKmdm Aem `mo½` XamMm (’o$Aa àmBg) g‘mdoe AgVmo. VgoM ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXZm‘Üò Jw§VdUyH$`mo½` Aem "’o$Aa Q´>oS>' {à{‘`‘Mmhr `mV g‘mdoe AgVmo.

EH$ ñdV§Ì d nyU©V… nmaXeu à‘m{UH$aUmMr JaO AmoiIyZ 2004gmbr E’$EbAmoMo XmoZ g§ñWm§‘Üò {d^mOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo … E’$EbAmo d E’$EbAmo-grB©AmaQ>r. E’$EbAmoÛmao {ZH$f, XOm© ho R>adbo OmVmV, KmbyZ {Xbo OmVmV Va AmÈgAmo-65 à‘mUnÌ àmá Agboë`m E’$EbAmo-grB©AmaQ>rÛmao ho {ZH$f nmibo OmVmV H$s Zmhr `mda ZOa R>odbr OmVo. E’$EbAmo-grB©AmaQ>r hr g§ñWm 70hÿZ A{YH$ Xoem§‘Üò ’o$AaQ´>oS> à‘m{UH$aUmMr godm XoV Amho.

{ZH$f R>adUo d {ZH$fnmbZmH$S>o bj XoUo Agm {d^mOZm‘wio J«mhH$m§Mm g§ñWodarb VgoM CËnmXZm§darb {dœmg dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV Pmbr Amho. 2008‘Üò ’o$AaQ´>oS> à‘m{UV CËnmXZm§Mo EHy$U {dH«$s‘yë` ho 2.9 AãO BVHo$ hmoVo. JVdfunojm `m‘Üò 22 Q>¸o$ dmT> gmYbr Jobr Amho.

A{YH$ ‘m{hVr … E’$EbAmo http//www.fairtrade.net d E’$EbAmo grB©AmaQ>r … http//www.flo-cert.net

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~hþVoH$ Šb~Mr d¡{eîQ>ço hr g‘mZ AgVmV, CXm. ñd`§godH$ gXñ`, Šb~òmoV dmnaÊ`m{df`rMo YmoaU, dJiUo{df`H$ XoIaoI `§ÌUm. ImgJr Šb~‘Üò d¡`{º$H$ gXñ`m§MrM MbVr AgVo H$maU `m Šb~Ûmao d¡`{º$H$ bm^ {‘idUo Ë`m§Zm eŠ` AgVo. Á`m§Zm Šb~‘YyZ dJiÊ`mV òVo Ë`m§À`mV d `m d¡`{º$H$ bmoH$m§V J’$bV H$ê$Z KoD$ Zò. `m{df`rMo {ddoMZ nwT>o `m AhdmbmV XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. Šb~Mo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ^mJrXmar. dmQ>boë`m dñVyMo `mo½` {Z`§ÌU H$aVm `mdo VgoM JXuMr g‘ñ`m Q>mibr Omdr `m hoVyZo gXñ`m§‘Üò Šb~Mr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrVar g§ñWmË‘H$ `§ÌUoMr JaO AgVo. CXm. ‘Zmoa§OZ Šb~‘Üò àËòH$ gXñ`mZo AmR>dS>çmVyZ qH$dm ‘{hÝ`mVyZ {H$‘mZ {H$Vr ôQ>r Úmì`mV `m{df`r {Z`‘ AgVmo.

Am{U Šb~Mo eodQ>Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo dJiUo. Oo gXñ` ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm bm^mWv‘YyZ dJiUo `mgmR>rM Šb~Mr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbobr Amho. dJiUo hm EH$ Vgm J§^ra {ZU©` AgVmo Am{U `mgmR>r EH$ `mo½` Ago YmoaU am~dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m YmoaU Imbrb VrZ à‘wI KQ>H$m§Zm ñWmZ XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo …

gXñ` {Z`‘ … EImÚm Šb~Mm gXñ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {H$‘mZ nmÌVm AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

gXñ`ËdmMr VnmgUr … gXñ`ËdmMo {Z`‘ nmibo OmV Am-hoV H$s ZmhrV ho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` VnmgUr `§ÌUoMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

gXñ`Ëdm{df`rMo YmoaU … ho VnmgUr `§ÌUoerM g§~§{YV AgyZ `mÛmao gXñ` Zgboë`m§Zm Šb~‘YyZ dJiÊ`mV òVo.

Šb~{df`H$ Agbobr hr d¡{eîQ>ço e°ånoZ gma»`m OrAm`-Šb~À`m H$m‘mVhr nmhm`bm {‘iVmV. H$m°{‘Q> B§Q>aàmo’o$eZb Xw {dZ S>o e°ånoZ (grAm`ìhrgr) `m g§ñWoÛmao e°ånoMo àemgZ Mmbdbo OmVo. 1964 gmbr ñWmnZ Pmboë`m grAm`ìhrgrV’}$ e°ånoZŠb~‘Üò Agboë`m {d{dY JQ>m§Mo (H$å`wÝg) ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUo hr H$m‘o Ho$br OmVmV. àËòH$ ‘mog‘mV Ðmjm§Mm Xa {ZpíMV H$aUo, e°ånoZ CËnmXZ{df`H$ gd© {Z`‘m§da bj R>odUo, e°ånoZ ho Zmd dmnaÊ`m‘mJMo YmoaU ~ZdUo VgoM ñnY©H$m§H$Sy>Z Hw$aKmoS>r hmoÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm Ý`m`mÀ`m XmamV AmìhmZ XoUo Aer H$m‘o hr H$m‘o grAm`ìhrgr H$aVo.

`m nmR>mÀ`m gwadmVrbm AmnU XmoZ IQ>bo nm{hbo AmhoV ; CËnmXZmÀ`m {Z`‘m§g§X^m©V JmObobr J«°Zm n°S>mZmo IQ>bm Va OrAm`-Šb~Mo {ZH$f dmnê$Z CËnmXZ {dH$Ê`mMm hm`b±S> Mr’$Mm àH$ma. OrAm`-Šb~Mr XjVm Am{U YmoaUo `mda Vo àH$me Q>mH$VmV.

e°ånoZ CËnmXZmVrb BVa {Z`‘m§‘Üò Ðmj OmVtMr {ZdS>, Ðmj {nH$mMr bmJdS>, dmT> d VmoS>Ur~ÔbMo {ZH$f, gwadmVrMo {H$ÊdZ d {‘lU nÕVtMr ‘m{hVr Am{U gmR>dUyH$. `m {ZH$fm§Zm "‘oWmoS> e°ånoZm°BO' Ago åhQ>bo Jobo Amho. CËnmXZmMo ho {H$MH$Q> {ZH$f V`ma H$aUo Am{U e°ånoZ-Šb~À`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmÀ`m gr‘maofm R>adUo ho dmQ>Vo VodT>o gmono H$m‘ ZìhVo. 20ì`m eVH$mV VgoM Joë`m H$mhr dfmªV gr‘maofm§~m~V Va AZoH$ Am§XmobZo `m Šb~Zo nm{hbobr Agë`mMo AmnU nmR> H«$. 3 ‘Üò nmhUma AmhmoV.

"OrAm`-Šb~' Am{U "E’$EbAmo'gma»`m gm‘y{hH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm§À`m B{VhmgmVyZ Amnë`mbm gd© àH$maMo AZw^d {eH$m`bm {‘iVmV. Šb~Mr {Z{‘©Vr, Ë`mMo gXñ`Ëd amIUo `m IynM AdKS> à{H«$`m AmhoV. `mVyZM ‘J Šb~À`m {Z`‘m§~m~V EH$‘V V`ma H$aUo Am{U gXñ`Ëdm~Ôb EH$ XoIaoI `§ÌUm C^maUo `mH$m‘r IynM n[al‘ ¿`mdo bmJVmV. H$mhr Šb~‘Üò Va "Šb~‘Üò Šb~'V`ma Pmë`mMohr nmhm`bm {‘iVo. gXñ`m§Mm EH$ JQ> Ooìhm A{YH$ à^mdembr ~ZVmo Am{U Vmo gXñ`Ëd {Z`‘, Šb~À`m A{YH$mam§Mm {dVaU `m{df`r AmnbrM ‘Vo bmXVmo Voìhm Aer n[apñWVr CØdVo. gdmªV ‘hÎdmMo åhUOo, `m Šb~Zo J«mhH$m§Mm {dœmg g§nmXZ H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. `mgmR>r Ì`ñW g§ñWoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Šb~Zo Amnë`m H$m‘H$mOmMo {Z`{‘V boImnarjU d XoIaoI H$aUo H«$‘àmá R>aVo. (Mm¡H$Q> 10 … ’o$AaQ´>oS>)

EH$ Šb~ åhUyZ OrAm`Mr n[a‘mUoŠb~Mo EH$ gm‘y{hH$ n[a‘mU Amho, Ë`mda `mnwT>rb {d^mJmV AmnU MMm© H$ê$. ho AmnU bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo H$s OrAm`À`m CËnmXZmMo {Z`‘ ho Ë`m {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemMr ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. (nwT>rc ^mJ nhm.) hm gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoVmZm Amnë`m EH$ bjmV òVo H$s `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam `m OrAm`À`m ApñVËdmnydunmgyZM ApñVËdmV AmhoV. `m‘wio ‘J Agm àíZ CR>Vmo H$s, gm‘m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg Am{U Ë`mbm {‘imbobo H$m`Xoera ñdê$n `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWm§À`m àemgZm‘Üò, {Z`‘ Am{U XoIaoI `§ÌUm `m§‘Üò H$mhr ’$aH$ Amho H$m?

E{bZm°a Am°ñQ´>m°‘ `m§Zr ñWm{ZH$[aË`m Z¡g{J©H$ òmoVm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUmè`m Aem gm‘y{hH$ ñdê$nmZo ~Zboë`m g§ñWm§À`m {Z{‘©Vr~m~V gImob Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. {Z`‘{Z{‘©VrMr hr gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$`m ì`¡`{º$H$ gXñ`m§Zm `m {Z`‘{Z{‘©VrÀ`m à{H«$òV ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr XoVo. gXñ`m§ZmM `m {Z`‘m§Mr ‘mbH$s XoVmZm, `m gXñ`m§‘Üòhr `m {Z`‘m§àVr EH$ H$Ë`©ì`mMr, AmXamMr

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^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. Am°ñQ´>m°‘ `m§À`m ‘Vo, nañnamdb§{~Ëdm‘wio `m gXñ`m§‘Üò ghH$ma ^mdZobm àoaUm {‘iVo. ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daUr` òmoV hm AW©H$maUmV ‘mobmMm R>aV Agë`mZo qH$dm `m òmoVmbm H$mhr gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[a‘mU bm^bobo Agë`mÀ`m H$maUm‘wio gXñ`m§‘Yrb ho `m nañnamdb§{~Ëd A{YH$ KÅ> ~ZVo. EHy$UM `m‘wio ghH$m`m©Mm ~iH$Q> ~§Y V`ma hmoVmo. OrAm`Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm `m KQ>H$mMmhr AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

gm‘y{hH$ ^mdZm, ghH$m`© `m§Mo K{Zð> g§~§Y V`ma Pmbo Agbo Var, `m‘wio OrAm`bm ghH$ma ñnY}Mo {d{eï> ñdê$n XoVmZm AS>Wim CËnÞ hmoVm H$m‘m Zò. (Mm¡H$Q> 11 … OrAm` nwadR>m gmIir). g‘mOmVrb gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` V’$mdV ho KQ>H$ g§ñWoÀ`m {Z`‘{Z{‘©Vr‘Üò gXñ`m§Mo {d{dY gh^mJ ñVa ~ZÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. VgoM, àËòH$OU OrAm`-CËnmXZm~Ôb EH$mM àH$maMr ^mdZm XmIdob qH$dm OrAm`À`m ^{dVì`m~m~V EH$mM àH$mao {dMma H$aob Agm g‘O H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$mhr H$maU Zmhr. {d{dY KQ>H$m§‘Üò Agbobo ho A§Va {Z`‘{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òda à^md Q>mH$VmV. gm‘m{OH$ KS>r, MmcrarVr, na§nam `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm ’o$Ur~m~Vhr "H$moUmMo {Z`‘ ApñVËdmV òUma' `m{df`r Amnë`mbm H$ënZm H$aVm òB©b.

Mm¡H$Q> 11 … OrAm` nwadR>m gmIir Am{U ghH$mar ñnY}Mo CXmhaU{d{dY CËnmXH$m§Zr ~Zdbobr OrAm`-CËnmXZo EH$mM d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr AgVmV, H$maU àËòH$ CËnmXH$ hm gm‘mÝ`V… EH$mM àH$maÀ`m {Z`‘m§Mo, {ZH$fm§Mo nmbZ H$aV AgVmo. {d{dY CËnmXH$m§Zr ~Zdboë`m CËnmXZm§‘Üò Agbobr hr g‘mZVmM OrAm`-Šb~bm EH$ ‘mZmMo {d{eï> ñWmZ XoVo Am{U hm ‘mZ gd©M gXñ` {‘adVmV. {dœmgy J«mhH$dJm©‘Üò ì`{º$JV CËnmXH$ hm {d{eï> CËnmXZXOm©gmR>r Amnbo ñWmZ {Z‘m©U H$aVmo. ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>çmbmhr hoM g‘rH$aU bmJy nS>Vo. ho ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç H$mhr {d{eï> CËnmXZ {ZH$f Am{U ghH$mar ^mdZoÛmao {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bobo AgVo. Ago Agbo Var, H$mhr doJir d¡{eîQ>ço {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ nmhVm OrAm`-CËnmXZm§~m~V Agboë`m ñnY}Mo pŠbï> ñdê$n AZw^dm`bm {‘iVo.

ì`{º$JV VgoM gm‘y{hH$ ñVamda EH$mM nwadR>m gmIirVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ ho Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm EH$‘oH$m§Mo XmoZ nmVù`m§da ñnY©H$ AgVmV …

- àËòH$ CËnmXZà{H«$òVrb Q>ßß`mda {dH«$sVyZ A{YH$ bm^ {‘idÊ`m~m~V AmS>dr ñnYm© AgVo. CXm. {S>pñQ>ba d ~m°Q>ba `m§À`m‘Üò ’o$UrÀ`m Xamdê$Z MT>mAmoT> MmbV AgVo. AemM

àH$maMr ñnYm© CËnmXZmÀ`m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda AZw^dm`bm {‘iV AgVo.

- VgoM àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda ~mOmamMm A{YH$m{YH$ dmQ>m {‘idÊ`mgmR>r C^r ñnYm© MmbV AgVo. {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vo ’o$Ur ~mOmamVrb A{YH$m{YH$ dmQ>m {‘iÊ`mgmR>r ñnYm© H$aV AgVmV. VgoM CËnmXZñVamda CËnmXH$hr Amnë`m ‘mbmbm KmD$H$ {dH«$sVrb A{YH$m{YH$ dmQ>m {‘idÊ`mgmR>r ñnYm© H$aV AgVmV. OrAm`-Šb~‘Yrb CËnmXH$m§‘Yrb `m ñnY}da OrAm`-Šb~Mm ‘mZ amIÊ`mgmR>r {Z`§ÌU AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$maU OrAm`-{ZH$f `mo½àrË`m Z nmië`m‘wio gXñ`m§Zm d¡`{º$H$ ñdê$nmV ’$m`Xm hmoD$ eHo$b nU EH$ OrAm`-Šb~‘Üò Oo gm‘y{hH$ nmVirda ñWmZ {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AgVo Ë`m ñWmZmbm Y¸$m nmoMy eH$Vmo. Ë`m‘wio ñnYm© H$aVm H$aVm ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZmhr ~miJUo ho OrAm`-CËnmXZm§Mo ‘w»` d¡{eîQ>ç R>aV AgVo.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§Mo ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç`m {d^mJmV AmnU OrAm` g§H$ënZoÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Agboë`m ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>çmg§~§Yr ‘m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. OrAm`Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg `m§Mo à{Vq~~ åhUOoM ho ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`. hr ~m~ XmoZ àH$mao OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. EH$ åhUOo, ì`dgm`mV g‘mZVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r d EH$ ñdV§Ì AmoiI {‘iÊ`mgmR>r OrAm` Cn`moJr R>ê$ eH$Vo. VgoM, ^{dî`mV {‘iUmè`m gwdU©g§YrÀ`m A{Vbmo^ Z YaVm CËnmXZmÀ`m ^yVH$mimVrb na§nam§da EH$‘V hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo, hoM {gÕ hmoVo.

H¥$fr d ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>çoŠb~À`m g§H$ënZoH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$Z AZoH$ {dMmad§V H¥${fCËnmXZo d hñVH$mam{JarVrb d¡{dÜ`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. Ho$di doJio V§ÌkmZ dmnaÊ`mVM d¡{dÜ` Zmhr Va, nrH$OmVrVrb d¡{dÜ`, ‘mVrJwUY‘m©Vrb d¡{dÜ`, bmJdS>nÕVt‘Üò d¡{dÜ` Amho. `mVyZM eoVr‘wio bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmda H$gm à^md nS>Vmo VgoM ‘Oya, gm{hË`, V§Ì `mMr CnbãYVm eoVrbm H$er {Xem XoVo ho AZw^dm`bm {‘iVo. {nHo$, ‘emJVnÕVr, V§ÌkmZ `m§À`m AXbm~Xbr‘wio g‘mZVm Va òVoM nU `m‘wiohr d¡{dÜ` d ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>çmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {‘iVo.

ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç ho {d{dY àH$mao nmhVm òVo. CXm. H$mOy OmVrMm CJ‘ ~«mPrb‘Üò Pmbm. Vr nmoVw©JrOm§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m {d{dY dgmhVm§‘Üò àgm[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Jmoì`mV H$mOy 16ì`m eVH$mV Ambm. `m àXoem§‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>mMm dmna VmOm H$mOyag

25

qH$dm ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo Var Ho$di Jmoì`mVM H$mOynmgyZ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. OmJ{VH$ H$mOyCËnmXZmÀ`m ZOaoVyZ nm{hë`mda H$mOy{nH$mImbr Agboë`m OJâmVrb O{‘ZrÀ`m Ho$di 1 Q>¸$m joÌ ho Jmoì`mV H$mOybmJdS>rImbr Amho. ~mb}~m~Vhr AgoM ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç AmH$f©H$ Amho. ~mb}nmgyZ pìhñH$s ~ZdUo ho H$mhr ñH$m°Q>b§S>Mo d¡{eîQ>ç Zmhr Va ñWm{ZH$ òmoVm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z (CXm. {nQ>, Pè`mMo nmUr), Am`mV dñVy (CXm. AmoH$Mo qnn), Am{U Zdo V§Ì Zdo YmoaUmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z ñH$m°Q>b§S>Zo ho ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç àmá Ho$bo Amho.

Mm¡H$Q> 12 … ñH$m°M pìhñH$s … Zd{Z{‘©VrVrb gmVË` H$s na§naoMm èhmg?nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm doJionU Agboë`m CËnmXZmMm B{Vhmg Am{U Ë`mV gmVË`mZo hmoUmao ~Xb `mMo CÎm‘ CXmhaU åhUOo ñH$m°M pìhñH$s. VgoM Zdo V§Ì, Zì`m gmYZm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z ~mOmamVrb VgoM ì`dgm`mVrb Zì`m g§Yr emoYÊ`mMm Ü`mghr `mVyZ {eH$m`bm {‘iVmo. H$mhrOUm§Zm ñH$m°MZo ‘¡XmZ haë`mMo dmQ>Vo, Ë`m§À`m Ano-joVrb ho ‘Ú Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Mo ‘V Amho, Vgo H$mhtZm Vr gdm}Îm‘ Zd{Z{‘©Vr dmQ>Vo.

BVa ‘ÚCËnmXZm§à‘mUoM, ñH$m°MZohr amÁ`àemgZm{déÕMm bT>m AZw^dbm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZmda d godZmda {Z`§ÌU AmUÊ`mMo, Ë`mgmR>r A{YH$ H$aàUmbr bmXÊ`mMo AZw^dhr Pobbobo AmhoV. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrMm H$mi hm pìhñH$sMm gwdU©H$mi ‘mZbm OmVmo. pìhñH$s CËnmXZmVrb J‘H$mMo g§ajU H$aUmam EH$ JQ> Va àËòH$ nm°Q>-ñQ>rbbm nadmZm KoÊ`mMo ~§YZ KmbUmam Xwgam JQ> `m§À`mVrb C§Xra-‘m§OamMr hr bT>mB© Ë`mdoir Mmbbr hmoVr. N>moQ>o CËnmXH$ Amnë`m {OdmMr nadm Z H$aVm ñH$m°M {Z{‘©VrÀ`m V§ÌmMo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZaV hmoVo. nU 1823gmbr Am-bobm H$m`Xoera ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrMm H$m`ÚmÛmao ‘ÚCËnmXH$m§Zm nad-mZmewëH$ âUo gº$sMo H$aUmam hmoVm VgoM ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr hm EH$ CÚmoJ Agë`mMr ‘mÝ`Vm `m H$m`ÚmÛmao {‘iUmar hmoVr. `m‘wio KarM N>moQ>çm ñdê$nmV pìhñH$s CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m§da hr OrdZ‘aUmMr doi hmoVr. Va `m‘wio ‘moR>çm H$maImZXmam§Zm ‘mÌ ‘moR>r g§Yr {‘iUma hmoVr.

gm{hË` Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~m~VrV 19ì`m eVH$mMm nydm©Y© hm H«$m§VrMm H$mi hmoVm. 1828‘Üò am°~Q>© ñQ>oZ `m§Zm H§${Q>Ý`wAg {S>pñQ>qbJMo Zdo V§Ì emoYbo. `m‘wio EH$m ~°M‘Üò pìhñH$s {Z{‘©Vr eŠ` Pmë`mZo nm°Q>-ñQ>rb nÕVrZo Ho$boë`m OmUmar {Û-CÜd©nmVZ nÕVrMr JaOM Cabr ZìhVr. 1832‘Üò Am`bªS>‘Yrb EH$ ‘mOr {dH«$sH$a {ZarjH$ A°ZrO H$m°’o$ `mZo `m V§Ìm‘Üò gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Zdr ^Å>r {dH${gV Ho$br d `mbm noQ>§Q>hr {‘idbo. S>pãbZ‘Yrb

S>m°H$ {S>pñQ>bar‘Üò Aer EH$ ^Å>r ~gdÊ`mV Ambr. H$m°’o$Zo {dH${gV Ho$bobr H§${Q>Ý`wAg d qgJb-~°M {S>pñQ>qbJ nÕVr hr A{YH$ CËnmXZ XoUmar VgoM ‘ÚmMr ewÕVm amIUmar hmoVr. Var `m‘Üò AëH$mohmobMo à‘mU H$‘r amIbo OmV Agë`mZo VgoM nm°Q>m°ñQ>rbà‘mUo BVa KQ>H$ ‘ÚmV amhV Zgë`mZo `m pìhñH$sbm ‘mëQ> pìhñH$sMr Agbobr doJir Md d ñdmX ZìhVm. H$m°’o$Zo ~Zdboë`m `m pìhñH$sbm “ñH$m°M’Mm ‘mZ Úmdm H$s ZH$mo hm EH$ AmUIr dmXmMm ‘wÔm Amho.

Ago Agbo Var, H$m°’o$À`m `m ^Å>rbm CÚmoOH$m§H$Sy>Z Mm§Jbm à{VgmX {‘imbm Am{U `mVyZM ‘J nwT>o "d°qQ>J'Mo V§Ì CX`mg Ambo. EH$mM ^Å>r‘Üò ~Zboë`m nU doJdoJù`m H$mbmdYrV V`ma Ho$boë`m pìhñH$s CËnmXZm§Zm EH$M JwUY‘© {‘idÊ`mgmR>r EH$ÌrH$aU H$aUo åhUOoM “d°qQ>J’. 1850Z§Va nm°Q>-ñQ>rb‘YyZ ~Zboë`m pìhñH$s‘Üò H$m°’o$ñQ>rb‘YyZ ~Zdbobr J«oZ-pìhñH$s {‘giÊ`mMo àH$ma gwê$ Pmbo. `m‘wio d°qQ>J V§ÌmV d¡{dÜ` Ambo VgoM “‘mñQ>a ãb|S>a’Mr ^y{‘H$m ‘>hËdmMr R>ê$ bmJbr. `mVyZM ‘J ãb|qS>JMo V§Ì OÝ‘mbm Ambo. VgoM Md, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ç `m‘Üòhr d¡{dÜ` Ambo.

nma§n[aH$ nÕVr, ñWm{ZH$ VgoM ~mhoarb KQ>H$, ZdZì`m V§Ìm§Mo d gm{hË`m§Mo AmJ‘Z Am{U ~XbË`m ~mOma‘yë`m§Mm n[anmH$ åhUOoM hr ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ço hmoV. ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Am{U gVV d¡{eîQ>çmVrb doJionU ‘mJUmam ~mOmamVrb X~md `m§À`mVrb gm‘Ý`mMo CXmhaU åhUOo ñH$m°M. CËnmXZmVrb ho ZmdrÝ` BVa gm{hË` d V§ÌmMm H$gm dmna Ho$bm Jobm Amho Am{U Ë`mbm ñWm{ZH$ na§nam§er H$er OmoS> XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Aem àH$mam§‘wio OrAm` g§H$ënZoVrb VaVwXr CËnmXZ {Z`‘m§V gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr ‘wXV XoVmV. CXm. ^maVm‘Üò Zm|X Ho$boë`m OrAm` {Z`‘m§‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr gw{dYm Amho. `m~m~V AmnU nwT>o nmhÿ (n[a{eï> 1 nhm).

ñWm{ZH$ na§nam {déÕ ~mOmamVrb g§YrñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç d ~mhoarb KQ>H$m§Mm à^md `m§À`mVrb hm PJS>m ~mOma d J«mhH$mÀ`m ZOaoVyZ doJù`m àH$mao nmhm`bm {‘iVmo. ~mOma hm {d{dY KQ>H$m§‘Üò {d^mJbobm AgVmo Va J«mhH$m§Mr Mdhr doJdo-Jir AgVo. ~mOmamV dñVy§da Z¡{VH$ A{YH$ma JmOdÊ`mMo g‘mOmMr gd` AgVo. CXm. H$mhr dñVy `m n{dÌ ‘mZë`m Joë`mZo Ë`m§Zm ~mOmamV R>odbo OmV Zmhr. dñVy§da bmXboë`m `m ~§YZm§‘wio g‘mO `m dñVy§Zm H$gm gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am`m‘ XoVmo ho AZw^dmg òVo. CXm. amï´>r` ZoVo, ‘hÎdmÀ`m ì`º$s `m§Mr ñ‘¥{V{MÌo, Ë`m§À`m d§ena§namJV dñVy `m§Zm EH$ ‘mZmMo ñWmZ AgVo. Ë`m§Mr ~mO-

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mamV Mmbbobr {dH«$s nmhÿZ g‘mO‘Z IdiyZ CR>Vo. nU BWoM EH$ {damoYm^mg nmhm`bm {‘iVmo. OgOem dñVy§Mo ‘hÎd, Ë`m§Mr n{dÌVm dmT>V OmVo Vgo Ë`m§Mo ‘yë` dmT>V OmVo. `m‘wio Aem dñVy Jmoim H$aUo åhUOo n¡go H$‘mdÊ`mgmaIoM!

Z¡V{H$Vm Am{U ~mOma `m§‘Yrb hr bT>mB© OrAm`~m~Vhr nmhm`bm {‘iVo. OrAm`-CËnmXZo hr Ho$di Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZ{Z`‘m§‘wioM AmoiIbr OmV ZmhrV Va CËnmXZñWmZmdê$Zhr AmoiIbr OmVmV. CËnmXZ{Z`‘ Am{U ñWi `m§À`mVrb hm ~§Y åhUOoM gm‘m{OH$, nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm OrAm`Zo Ho$bobr Jw§VdUyH$ AgVo. gdmªV ‘hÎdmMo åhUOo, {Z`‘ d ñWi `m§Mo ho {‘lU, Oo CÎm‘ eoVrMm {ZH$f AgVmo, CËnmXZmda {Z`§ÌU amIVo. gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d n`m©daUr` ‘yë`m§Mo à{Vq~~ CËnmXZmV C‘Q>dUmao VgoM ñWm{ZH$ ‘mÝ`Vm Agbobo nma§n[aH$ d CËnmXZ {Z`‘m§Mo ho {ZH$f à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV. J«mhH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo ho {ZH$f CËnmXZmbm EH$ {dœmg, XOm© d EH$ ‘mZ XoV AgVmV. CËnmXH$ d J«mhH$ ho `m {ZH$f d Anojm§^modVr Amnbo g§~§Y OwidV AgVmV. CXm. H$mhr CËnmXH$ ho ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm naàXoemVrb J«mhH$m§Mo g‘mYmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ {ZH$fm§‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aVmV. Va gm§ñH¥${VH$ d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm Xyada Agbobo H$mhr J«mhH$ Aem CËnmXZ {ZH$fm§‘>Üò WmoS>r {e{WbVm AmUÊ`mMr ‘mJUr H$aV AgVmV. `m{df`r AmnU e°ånoZ{df`r nmR> H«$. 3‘Üò nm{hbo Amho. `m‘wio OrAm`-CËnmXZmÀ`m doJionU OnÊ`m{df`r Zdo Cnm` `moOÊ`mMr, {ZH$f gwYmaÊ`mMr g§Yr {‘iVo.

ñWm{ZH$ na§nam Am{U ~mOmamVrb g§Yr `m§À`mVrb `m MT>mAmoT>rMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm OrAm` hm EH$ EH$m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXo-emVrb nma§n[aH$ B{VhmgmMm gmR>m Amho ho ‘mÝ` H$aUo `mo½` R>aob. OrAm` g§H$ënZm hr `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am`m‘mda {dñVmabobr Amho Am{U ~hþVoH$ amï´>r` H$m`Xo ho CËnmXZmbm Aer Eo{Vhm{gH$ OmoS>, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWi d Ë`mMm B{Vhmg AmXr ‘m{hVrMm g‘mdoe Ag-bobm Ahdmb gmXa H$aÊ`mg gm§JVmV. nU B{Vhmg Am{U dmagm ho AmOÀ`m {dMmambm EH$ `mo½` AW© XoUmao òmoV ‘mZbo OmVmV. {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ hohr Aem B{Vhmgmbm AW© XoÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AgVmV. H$mhrdoim AmnU H$mhr na§nam `m Iyn OwÝ`m AmhoV Ago ‘mZVmo AgVmo nU Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg hm ’$magm OwZm Zgë`mMrhr CXmhaUo AmhoV. `mVyZM ‘J "emoYboë`m na§nam' åhUOo Á`m IamoIaM emoYboë`m AmhoV Am{U Z§Va ‘J `mo½` Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmYma KoV Ë`m ñWm{nV Ho$ë`m Joë`m AmhoV `m MM}bm ’$mQ>m ’w$Q>Vmo. Ago à`ËZ gm‘m{OH$ EH$monm dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r, g‘yhm§‘Üò H$mhr {d{eï> {dMma éOdÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {d{eï> CÔoemàVr g‘yh{Z{‘©VrgmR>r `mo½` R>aVmV. Ago AZoH$ nma§n[aH$ ‘yëò, {d{dY emoYboë`m na§nam§~m~V

KSy> eH$Vo. nU `mn¡H$s H$mhrM OrAm`‘Üò Zm|XUr hmoD$ eH$VmV Am{U BWoM gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {ZH$f ‘>hËdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~Om-dVmV. VgoM Zdo V§Ì, Zdo gm{hË` qH$dm Zdr ~mOmanoR> `m§À`m‘wio OrAm`À`m {ZH$fm§‘Üòhr ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z‘m©U hmoVo.

(3) da C„oI Ho$boë`m gm{hË`m{df`rMo g§X^© n[a{eï> 3‘Üò XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

27

nmR> 3 ’o$Ur Šb~Mr ñWmnZm

’o$Ur ho EH$ "àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ç' Amho. ’o$UrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©Vr nÕVtMr ‘m{hVr {‘imdr `m hoVyZo Ho$boë`m `m g§emoYZ CnH«$‘mXaå`mZ {d{dY ~¡R>H$m, MMm©gÌo, ‘wbmIVr Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m Joë`m. `m gd© H$m`©H«$‘m§Mm g‘mdoe `m nmR>mV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ’o$Ur V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nma§n[aH$ nÕVt{df`r CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>bg©, ‘Úào‘r, eoVH$ar `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ZmZm{dY ‘m{hVr EoH$m`bm {‘iVo. åhUyZM hr nma§n[aH$ d Vm|S>r ‘m{hVr EH$Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mbm EH$m {d{eï> ñdê$nmV, {Z`‘mdbr‘Ü`o ~gdUo ho ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zog‘moaMo ‘moR>o Amìh-mZ hmoVo.- Ago {Z`‘ Á`m§Zm

3

28

’o$Ur ho EH$ "àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ç' Amho. ’o$UrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©Vr nÕVtMr ‘m{hVr {‘imdr `m hoVyZo Ho$boë`m `m g§emoYZ CnH«$‘mXaå`mZ {d{dY ~¡R>H$m, MMm©gÌo, ‘wbmIVr Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m Joë`m. `m gd© H$m`©H«$‘m§Mm g‘mdoe `m nmR>mV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ’o$Ur V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nma§n[aH$ nÕVt{df`r CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>bg©, ‘Úào‘r, eoVH$ar `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ZmZm{dY ‘m{hVr EoH$m`bm {‘iVo. åhUyZM hr nma§n[aH$ d Vm|S>r ‘m{hVr EH$Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mbm EH$m {d{eï> ñdê$nmV, {Z`‘mdbr‘Üò ~gdUo ho ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zog‘moaMo ‘moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo.- Ago {Z`‘ Á`m§Zm H$m`Xoera Am`m‘ XoVm òB©b Am{U Vo OrAm` H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXtZwgma àË`jmV A‘bmV AmUUo eŠ` hmoVrb. `m nmR>mÀ`m gwadmVrg ’o$Ur-{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òVrb gm‘m{OH$ n[apñWVrMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `mZ§Va ’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òVrb {d{dY Q>ßno, ’o$Ur ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao gm{hË`, V§Ì `m{df`r {dñV¥V {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. VgoM ’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr g§~§{YV gd© KQ>H$m§Zm EH$m ì`mgnrR>mda AmUUo, ’o$UrMm OrAm` à‘mUnÌmgmR>r `mo½` Ahdmb ~ZdUo, OrAm`-à‘mUnÌ {‘idÊ`m~m~V Zo‘H$s H$m` à{H«$`m am~dmdr bmJVo d H$moUË`m {XeoZo à`ËZ H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo `m{df`r OmJ¥Vr H$aUo, AmXt{df`r àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrVrb nma§n[aH$ nÕVr bjmV KoV ’o$Ur-Šb~Mo {Z`‘ åhUOo OrAm`-d¡{eîQ>ço EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr gdmªJmZo nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM ’o$Ur-Šb~Mr {Z`‘mdbr V`ma H$aVmZm, {d{dY KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z Amboë`m gyMZm, CnpñWV Pmboë`m e§H$m `m gmè`m§Zm `mo½` Vo ñWmZ XoV {Z`‘mdbrV Ano{jV

~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

’o$Ur EH$ gm‘y{hH$ dmagmBVa àXoem§V AmT>iUmè`m nma§n[aH$ ‘ÚCËnmXZm§à‘mUo, ’o$Urbm {demb B{Vhmg Amho. hm B{Vhmg gm‘m{OH$ Ym½`mZo Jw§’$bm Jobobm Amho. AZoH$ MmbrarVr, na§nam§Zr hm dmagm ZQ>bobm Amho. "godZ' hr EH$ gm‘m{OH$ {H«$`m Amho. Am{U ‘ÚgodZ hr EH$ Xw{‘©i ImgJr ~m~ nydunmgyZM g‘Obr Jobr Amho. gm‘m{OH$ OS>UKS>Ur‘Üò Amh-mambm ‘moR>o ‘hÎd Amho. nU Amhmamnojmhr ObmhmagodZmMo ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ am{hbobo Amho. ^maVmV H$mhr {R>H$mUr godZ ho {Z{fÕ ‘mZbo OmVo. Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr Ago H$mhr dÁ`© ZgVo. àXoem-àXoem§‘Üò {^Þ-{^Þ Ym{‘©H$ éT>rna§nam nmhm`bm {‘iVmV. H$mhr Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§‘Üò ‘ÚgodZ {Z{fÕ ‘mZbo OmVo Va H$mhr ñWim§‘Üò Aer H$mhr ~§Xr ZgVo. ‘Zwñ‘¥Vr‘Üòhr `m{df`r H$mhr VÎdo KmbyZ {Xbobr AmhoV. ~«m÷UdJm©Zo ‘Úmg ñne©hr H$ê$ Zò Aer {eH$dU Amho. H$mhr OmVt‘Üò ‘ÚgodZ åhUOo nmn ‘mZbo OmVo Va H$mhr OmVt‘Üò Ago H$mhrM ~§YZ Zmhr.

Aem {d{dY àH$mao ‘ÚgodZmZo g‘mOmda à^md Q>mH$bobm Amho. H$moUm~amo~a, H$Yr, Hw$R>o, H$go ‘ÚgodZ H$amdo dm H$ê$ Zò `m{df`r ‘mZdmZo JQ>VQ> nmS>bobo AmhoV. CXm. nmoVw©JrO amOdQ>H$mimV ’o$Ur ho "VmdoZ©' qH$dm nadmZmYmaH$ "Ambo em°n'‘Üò

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CnbãY Ago. Am{U hrM OmJm ’o$UrgodZmgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ OmJm ‘mZbr OmV hmoVr. Vrhr g‘mOmVrb H$mhr KQ>H$m§gmR>rM. Va H$mhr gm‘m{OH$ KQ>H$ ’o$UrgodZ ho KarM H$aV qH$dm EImÚm g‘ma§^màg§Jr H$aV. n{g©ìhb ZmoamoÝhm `m§À`m ‘Vo, "‘hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV Ooìhm naXoer ‘Ú Jmoì`mV ghOnUo CnbãY hmoV ZìhVo Voìhm Iè`m AWm©Zo ‘Úào‘tZr ’o$UrH$S>o Amnbm ‘moMm© didbm. VoìhmnmgyZM ’o$UrMr bmoH${à`Vm dmT>V Jobr.'

{d{dY àH$mao ‘Ú d godZ ho gm‘m{OH$ OS>UKS>U à{H«$ oer g§~§{YV am{hbobo AmhoV.AZoH$ g‘mOm§‘Ü o ‘ÚgodZ ho {XdgmVrb R>am{dH$ doir H$aÊ`mMr àWm Amho. CXm. amoOJmamMo H$m‘ g§në`mZ§Va. Va ‘ÚmMo ì`gZ åhQ>bo H$s AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {VIQ> gm‘m{OH$ à{V{H«$`m C‘Q>V AgVmV4.AZoH$ ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr àXoem§V, H$maImÝ`m§V ‘mbH$ Am{U ZmoH$a ho H$m‘ g§në`mZ§Va EH$Ì oD$Z ‘ÚgodZ H$aV Agë`mMo gd©gm‘mÝ` {MÌ nmhm`bm {‘iVo. `m‘wio EH$ hmoVo H$s, H$m‘Jma {Xdgâ ‘ÚCËnmXZ hmVmiV AgVmV nU Vo godZ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m hmoV Zmhr qH$dm Ë`m§Zm Ver JaO dmQ>V Zmhr. ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr H$maImÝ`mV Va ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ ‘mbH$ d H$m‘Jma H$m‘mMm {Xdg g§nbm H$s EH${ÌVnUo ’o$UrgodZ H$aV Agë`mMo nmhm`bm {‘iVo.

`m g§emoYZm‘Üò ’o$UrgodZmMo {d{dY àH$ma, {d{dY Am`m‘ gm‘moao Ambo. `mda nydu H$Yr àH$meM Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm ZìhVm. ’o$UrMm d¡ÚH$s` CnMmamVhr dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. nmoQ>{dH$mam‘Üò ’o$Ur amo½`mÀ`m nmoQ>mda Mmoibr OmVo; S>moHo$XwIr, AY©{eer `m

AmOmam§‘Üò ’o$UrV gw§R> {‘giyZ Vmo bon S>moŠ`mda bmdbm Om-Vmo. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ {ddmhmgma»`m H$mhr gm‘m{OH$ {dYt‘Üòhr ’o$Urbm ñWmZ {Xbo Joë`mMo nmhm`bm {‘iVo. EHy$UM ‘mZdr g‘mOmV ’o$Ur Amnbo Ago n¸o$ ñWmZ H$‘mdbobo Amho. n{g©ìhb ZmoamoÝhm `m§À`m ‘Vo, ""b¾m‘Üò, Zm‘H$aU gmohù`m‘Üò (~m{áñ‘m), gmd©O{ZH$ ~¡R>H$m§‘Üò (...) gd©... AJXr EImÚmÀ`m ‘¥Ë`yZ§Va.... A§Ë`{dYrZ§Vahr ’o$UrgodZ Ho$bo OmVo.''

’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr‘mJMm gm‘m{OH$ YmJmEH$ gm‘m{OH$ dmagm åhUyZ lr‘§V Aer na§nam ’o$UrZo {Z‘m©U Ho$bobr Amho, ho dmMë`mda H$moUmbm AmíM`© dmQy> Zò.

(N>m`m{MÌ 4 … H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm bJXm VwS>dVmZm EH$ ~mbH$)

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’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r Agbobr gm‘m{OH$ pñWVr hm dmagm d¥qÕJV H$aÊ`mg ‘hÎdmMr R>aV Amho. "E{bZmoa Am°ñQ´>m°‘' qH$dm "EH$‘oH$m gmø H$ê$...' AerM hr pñWVr Amho. AZoH$ ’o$UrCËnmXH$m§Zr ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMr H$bm H$er AdJV Ho$br, H$er Omonmgbr, `m H$boV H$go d¡{dÜ` AmUbo, `mMo gwag Ago {H$ñgo ‘wbmIVtXaå`mZ EoH$dbo. Ooìhm CÝhmù`mV emim§Zm gwQ>r bmJVo, Voìhm AZoH$ emiH$ar ‘wbo ’o$UrCËnmXZmÀ`m {d{dY H$m‘m§‘Ü`o gh^mJr hmoVmV. CXm. H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aUo, ~m|S>m§Mm MwamS>m H$ê$Z bJXm ~ZdUo, H$mOy-~r doJio H$aUo, H$mOyag JmiUo, AmXr H$m‘o hr emiH$ar ‘wbo gwQ>rV H$aVmV. (Mm¡H$Q> 13 … ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo ~miH$Sy>)

Mm¡H$Q> 13 … ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo ~miH$Sy> - AmoiI ’o$UrMr

nma§n[aH$ nm°Q>-ñQ>rb (^Å>r)Ûmao ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr H$aUmam EH$ Zm‘m§{H$V ’o$UrCËnmXH$ Amnë`m ~mbnUrÀ`m AmR>dUr gm§JVmZm åhUmbm, "~mbnUrM ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$`m Amnë`mbm OmUyZ KoVm Amë`mZo `m ì`dgm`mVM Amnë`mbm ghOnUo H$[aAa H$aVm Ambo. (N>m`m{MÌ 4 … H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm bJXm VwS>dVmZm EH$ ~mbH$) nydu H$mOy~m|S>o EH$m IS²S>çm‘Ü`o R>odyZ nm`mZo {MaSy>Z Ë`m§Mm bJXm Ho$bm OmB©. H$mOy~m|S>m§da ZmMUo åhUOo Amåhm bhmZ ‘wbm§Zm EH$ AmZ§XXm`r IoiM hmoVm. ~m|S>m§Mm MwamS>m H$aVmZm ZmMyZ-ZmMyZ Am‘Mo nm` WH$V AgV. nU H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm Vmo Xadi Ooìhm ZmH$mV {eam`Mm Voìhm OUy H$mhr ñdJ©gwImMmM AZw^d `m`Mm. Omoda AmnU ñdV… Vmo AZw^d KoV Zmhr Vmoda Ë`m AmZ§XmMr gr‘m H$iUma Zmhr. Voìhm Amåhr gd©

àH$maMr H$m‘o H$aV Agy. AmO ho ‘Oya Oo H$aVmhoV VgoM H$ï> ‘r ~mbnUr Cngbo AmhoV. Ë`m AZw^dm§VyZM ‘r AmO ’o$UrCËnmXZ joÌmV BVH$s ‘Ob ‘mê$ eH$bmo Amho.'

’o$UrMo ho gm‘m{OH$ A§J nmhVmZm ’o$UrÀ`m nwadR>m gmIirMmhr Aä`mg H$aUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ’o$UrgodZmMo à‘mU A{YH$ Amho. CËnmXH$ WoQ> ñWm{ZH$ ‘Úmb`m§ZmM nwadR>m H$aVmV. (nmR> 4 nhm). VgoM CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>ba `m§À`mVhr Mm§Jbo gm‘m{OH$ ~§Y Owibobo AmT>iVmV. CXm. gÎmar VmbwŠ`mVrb EH$ CËnmXH$ Omo “pèh`m’bm Amnbo ’o$UrCËnmXZ nwadVmo Vmo åhUVmo,- "Am‘Mo ~m°Q>baer g§~§Y ho d{S>bm§À`m O‘mÝ`mnmgyZMo AmhoV. Am‘Mo Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§er ì`mdgm{`H$ g§~§Y hmoVo. d{S>bm§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va Vo g§~§Y gwairV Mmby AmhoV. 1975 gmbmnmgyZ Vo Ho$di Am‘À`mH$Sy>ZM ’o$Ur IaoXr H$aVmV. Oa Ë`mbm A{YH$ ’o$Ur‘mbmMr JaO AgVo Voìhm Vo Amåhmbm {dZ§Vr H$aVmV H$s Xwgè`m CËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z Vwåhr ’o$Ur IaoXr H$am d Vr Amåhmbm nwadm.'

`m CXmhaUmVyZ CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>ba `m§À`mV {Z‘m©U Pmbobm hm gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm Jmo’$ ‘hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. ~hþVoH$ nma§n[aH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ ho PmS>mdê$Z Z¡g{J©H$arË`m JiyZ nS>bobr H$mOy~m|S>oM ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnaVmV. “”CÎm‘ ’o$UrMr {Z{‘©Vr hr Aer Z¡g{J©H$ àH$maMo hmoV AgVo. Ë`m‘wio Ho$di nS>bobr ~m|S>oM dmnam. A{YH$ qH$dm bdH$a ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r ~m|S>o VmoSy> ZH$m,’’ Agm g„m EH$m CËnmXH$mZo EH$m ~¡R>H$sXaå`mZ {Xbm hmoVm.

(N�

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Ooìhm ’o$Urg§X^m©V AñW¡`m©Mr qH$dm g§H$Q>mMr ^mdZm CËnÞ hmoVo Voìhm `m joÌmVrb à{V{ZYr EH$sMo Xe©Z KS>dVmV. CXm. H$mhr bmoH$ ZH$br ‘Ú ~ZdVmV Voìhm Ago {df` MM}bm AmUbo OmVmV. ^mJrXmam§À`m EH$m ~¡R>H$sV EH$m CËnmXH$mZo ~m°Q>baH$Sy>Z Ambobm EH$ AZw^d ‘m§S>bm. hm ~m°Q>ba H$‘r XamV ’o$Ur {dH$V hmoVm. hr ’o$Ur gmoS>çm‘Üò {‘gibr Voìhm {VMm a§J {Ziga ~Zbm. ‘J Aer ZH$br ’o$Ur nm{hë`mda J«mhH$ Xmof H$moUmbm XoUma? CËnmXH$mbmM Zm? Am{U n`m`m©Zo ’o$UrbmM Zm?

’o$UrCËnmXH$m§Zr CnpñWV Ho$boë`m Aem H$mhr J§^ra ‘wX²X²`m§‘wio ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òMo à‘m{UH$aU H$aÊ`mMr JaO ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM ewÕ ’o$Ur d ZH$br ’o$Ur ho VnmgUrMmMUrMo {ZH$f R>adÊ`mMmhr AmJ«h YaÊ`mV Ambm.

ghH$m`m©Mm ~§Y … ñnY©H$ AZ² {‘Ìhr’o$UrÀ`m `m nma§n[aH$ dmaem‘mJo H$mhr d¡{dÜ`Vm d ‘VôXhr bnbobo AmhoV. EH$m ~mOybm AW©H$maUm‘wio ñnYm© AQ>i ~Zbr Amho. nydu {ZH$mon Aer "ghH$mamVyZ ñnYm©' hmoVr. Va hr ñnYm© XmoZ àH$maMr Amho … AmS>dr d C^r (nhm Mm¡H$Q> 11 … OrAm` nwadR>m gmIir, nmR> 2). nwadR>m gmIir‘Üò Agboë`m AmS>ì`m ñnY}‘wio CËn-mXH$ Amnë`m CËnmXZmbm A{YH$ Xa {‘idÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AgVmo Va Ë`mMdoiobm `m CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmam H$ƒm ‘mb ‘mÌ nwadR>mXmamH$Sy>Z ñdñV XamV ‘mJV AgVmo. CXm. EH$m CËnmXH$mZo ñnï>nUo gm§{JVbo H$s, "~m°Q>babm EH$ H$igmo ’o$Ur 550 én`m§Zm

XoUo nadS>V Zmhr. ... nU Vwåhmbm `mnojm Mm§Jbm Xa gÜ`m {‘iV Zmhr.' nwadR>m gmIirXaå`mZ Am{W©H$ bm^mÀ`m dmQ>çmMo à‘mU hr EH$ ‘moR>r d {H$MH$Q> g‘ñ`m AgVo. AZoH$Xm CËnmXH$ AmnU hbmIrÀ`m, YmoH$mXm`H$ n[apñWVrV Agë`mMo gm§JVmV. ’o$UrÀ`m nwadR>m gmIirVrb Ho$di CËnmXH$ ({S>pñQ>ba) hm ì`mdgm{`H$ h§Jm‘r H$m`©aV AgVmo. åhUOo Ooìhm H$mOy~m|S>o CnbãY AgVmV Voìhm ‘mM© Vo `m H$mbmdYr‘Üò. dfm©Mm Cd©[aV H$mi Vmo AWm©O©ZmgmR>r BVa H$m‘Y§Úmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. (nhm nmR> 4). ~hþVoH$ CËnmXH$m§H$S>o df©â Amnbo ’o$UrCËnmXZ gmR>dyZ R>odVm òB©b Aer gw{dYm dm j‘Vm ZgVo. Ë`m‘wio Vo Amnbo CËnmXZ bJoMM {dHy$Z Q>mH$VmV. Va XwgarH$S>o ~m°Q>ba d KmD$H$ {dH«o$Ë`m§Zm hm ‘mb df©â nwadmdm `m hoVyZo `mo½`nUo gmR>dyZ R>odmdm bmJVmo. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ‘moR>r Am{W©H$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$amdr bmJVo.

H$mhr CËnmXH$m§Zr nwadR>m gmIirÀ`m eodQ>À`m Q>moH$mn`ªV Amnbo H$m`©joÌ {dñVmabobo Amho. H$mhtZr Va WoQ> A§{V‘ J«mhH$mn`ªV Amnbo CËnmXZ nmoMdÊ`mgmR>r ‘Úmbòhr C^mabr AmhoV. CXm. {S>Mmobr òWrb EH$ VéU ’o$UrCËnmXH$ A‘mob JmdUoH$a `m§Zr ñdV…Mm V¥îUm ~ma gwê$ H$ê$Z ñdV…Mo CËnmXZ `m ~ma‘YyZM {dH$VmV. {S>MmobrMo AmUIr EH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ gmoZy gmd§V ho Jobr 30 df} `m ì`dgm`mV AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr {S>MmobrVrb AZoH$ ‘Úmb`m§er Mm§Jbo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Amnbm hoVy gmYbm Amho. H$mhr df} Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ‘mbmbm `mo½` ^md {‘imdm åhUyZ ’o$UrMr gmR>dUyH$hr Ho$br d `mo½` ^md {‘imë`mdaM {dH$br. Vo Amnbm AZw^d ‘m§S>VmV,

(N>m`m{MÌ 6 … H$mOy ~m|S>o dmhVyH$ H$aUmam Q´>H$). (N>m`m{MÌ 7 …A) ~m|S>o ’$moS>UrMr OmJm; ~) Zram {Z{‘©Vr

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"H$mhr CËnmXH$m§Zr 700 Vo 800 énò Xam‘Üò ’o$Ur {dH$Ê`mg gwadmV Ho$br. nU Amnë`mbm hm Xa nadS>V ZìhVm. åhUyZ ‘r ñdV… ’o$UrMr gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br d 1700 Vo 1800 énò BVH$m Xa {‘imë`mZ§Va {dH$br.' 2007gmbr Ë`m§Zr ~m°Q>qbJ nadmÝ`mgmR>rhr gaH$maXa~mar AO© Ho$bm Am{U AmVm Vo ’o$UrMm ñdV…Mm ~«±S> ~mO-mamV AmUÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AmhoV. OrAm` à‘mUnÌmgmR>r hmbMmbr gwê$ Pmë`mMo nmhÿZ Ë`m§Zr ho nmD$b Q>mH$bobo Amho.

’o$Ur OJVmbm `m ñnY}ì`{V[aº$ EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am`m‘hr bm^bobm Amho. `mVyZM ’o$Ur ì`dgm`mVrb d¡{dÜ` {XgyZ òVo. ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrMr à{H«$`m doJir Amho Ho$di EdT>oM `m CËnmXZà{H«$òMo d¡{eîQ>ç Zmhr. Va `mgmR>r Omo H$mhr H$ƒm ‘mb bmJVmo Vmo Ho$di H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm ag Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a Z¡g{J©H$arË`m PmS>mdê$Z nS>bobr H$mOy~m|S>oM ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnaVmV. ’o$UrÀ`m AZmo»`m ñdmXmMo ahñ` `m Z¡g{J©H$ nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`m‘Üò XS>bobo Amho. CXm. {VgdmS>r VmbwŠ`mVrb EH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ OmZy Hw$Å>rH$a `m‘mJMm Amnbm Aä`mg ‘m§S>VmV, "CZm‘Üò dmië`mZo H$mOy~m|S>o A{YH$ éMH$a hmoVmV. H$mhr CËnmXH$m§Zm H$mOy~m|S>o Xyadê$Z dmhZmÛ-mao dmhVyH$ H$ê$Z AmUmdr bmJVmV. nU dmhVwH$sXaå`mZ Vr WmoS>r

Iam~ hmoVmV. `mMm n[aUm‘ ’o$UrÀ`m ñdmXmda hmoVmo.' H$mhtÀ`m ‘Vo AmVm ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eaMm dmna hmoV Agë`m‘wiohr ’o$UrÀ`m ñd-mXmV ~Xb nS>Vmo. H$maU ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$ea‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>mMm bJXm AJXr dóJmi nwS>rà‘mUo ~marH$ hmoVm. hr nyS> eodQ>n`ªV ’o$Ur‘Üò amhVo. ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©~m~VMo Ago {d{dY AZw^d nwadR>mgmIirVrb CËnmXH$ Vo A§{V‘ J«mhH$ ho KQ>H$ ì`º$ H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio XmoZ doJdoJù`m nwadR>m gmIit‘Üòhr ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©~m~V ‘V‘Vm§Vao C‘Q>bobr EoH$m`bm {‘iVmV. `m‘wioM ‘J ‘w»` ‘wÔm CnpñWV hmoVmo H$s, OrAm`Zwgma ’o$UrMo à‘m{UH$aU H$go H$amdo? `mgmR>r Zo‘H$m H$moUmMm XOm© gdm}Îm‘ åhUyZ J«mø ‘mZmdm?

’o$UrOJVmV Aer ‘V‘Vm§Vao Agbr Var, CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>ba d BVa KQ>H$ EH$m Ym½`mV Jw§’$bo Jobobo AmhoV. VgoM OrAm`~m~VÀ`m `m MM}VyZ ^{dî`mVrb g§Yr d gÜ`mMr ApñWaVm `m‘wio hm ghH$m`m©Mm ~§Y A{YH$M ~iH$Q> hmoÊ`mg ‘XV Pmbr Amho. CXm. gXñ`m§À`m EH$m ~¡R>H$s‘Üò, H$mhtZr eoOmarb ‘hmamï´> amÁ`m‘Üò H$mOybmJdS>rImbrb joÌ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>V Agë`mH$S>o bj doYbo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ‘Vo qgYwXwJ©‘Üò 5, Jmo‘§VH$s` V§ÌmÀ`m gmømZo H$moUr H$mOy’o$Ur V`ma Ho$br Va ‘J AmnU H$m` H$ê$

(N>m`m{MÌ … 8A) ñQ>moZ-‘moQ>©a H«$ea, ~) ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$ea, H$) qnOao)(N>m`m{MÌ 9 A) nma§n[aH$ nm°Q>-ñQ>rb, ~) AmYw{ZH$ nmÊ`mV R>odVm òUmar bmdUr)

33

eH$Vmo? qH$dm Jmoì`mVrbM EImXr CËnmXH$ H§$nZr {VH$S>o Amnbo EH$ CËnmXZ H|$Ð gwê$ H$ê$ eH$Vo. ‘J H$m` H$am`Mo? Owb¡ 2009‘Üò dV©‘mZnÌm§‘Üò à{gÕ Pmboë`m H$mhr boIZm‘Üò ‘hmamï´> gaH$ma H$mOyÛmao ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrgmR>r nadmZJr XoÊ`mMm {dMma H$aV Agë`mMr ^rVr ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

Mm¡H$Q> 14… e°ånoZÀ`m gr‘maofm … ghH$ma d gd©g‘mdoeH$ {dMmamMo H$m°H$Q>ob"e°ånoZ {ZX}eH$' hm n[anyU© Aem {ZH$fm§da AmYmabobm Amho. `m‘Üò àXoe, CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnamd`mÀ`m ÐmjOmVr, ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òVrb {ZH$f d ‘mnX§S>, VgoM {H$ÊdZ, {‘lU à{H«$`m d gmR>dUyH$ `m{df`rMo {Z`‘ ñnï>nUo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Am-hoV. `m {ZH$fm§Zm "‘oWS> e°ånoZm°BO' Ago åhUÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m{df`rMo Zo‘Ho$ d ‘hÎdmMo nmD$b ho 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrg ’«|$M gaH$maZo e°ånoZMm XOm© {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r EH$ àemgH$s` Am`moJ Zo‘yZ CMbbo hmoVo. 1908 gmbÀ`m H$amamÛmao, e°ånoZ àm§VmMm EH$ àemgH$s` ^mJ Agboë`m "AmC~' hm àXoe e°ånoZ àm§VmVyZ ~mOybm Ho$bm hmoVm. gaH$maMm hm {ZU©` Jm|YimV Q>mH$Umam hmoVm. H$maU AmC~ àm§Vm‘Üòhr ‘yi e°ånoZ àm§Vmà‘mUoM ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d n`m©daUr` n[apñWVr hmoVr Am{U {VWohr ‘yi e°ånoZÀ`m XOm©MrM e°ånoZ ~Zdbr OmV hmoVr. `m‘wio VoWrb 5000 eoVH$è`m§Zr, e°ånoZ CËnmXH$m§Zr gaH$maÀ`m `m {ZU©`m{déÕ AJXr Q>moH$mMr {ZXe©Zo Ho$br. EH$m ‘moMm©doir ‘moM}H$è`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo bîH$ambmhr

nmMmaU Ho$bo hmoVo. AJXr n{hbo ‘hm`wÕ g§non`ªV ho Am§XmobZ Mmby hmoVo. nwT>o 1927‘Üò EH$ gm‘§Oñ` H$ama H$aÊ`mV Ambm d e°ånoZ {ZX}eH$m‘Üò AmC~ àm§VmVrb 71 H$å`wÝgZm g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

21ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrg MrZ, a{e`m d A‘o[aHo$‘Üò e°ånoZMr dmT>Vr ‘mJUr bjmV KoD$Z "grAm`ìhrgr'‘Yrb H$mhr àm§VmVhr e°ånoZ {ZX}eH$mMm àXoe {dñVm[aV H$aÊ`mMr ‘mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ‘mnX§S> d Z¡{VH$ ‘yëò `mdê$Z ~aoM dmX§J CR>bo. nU XmoZ dfmªÀ`m {dMma‘§WZmZ§Va AIoa ‘mM© 2008‘Üò e°ånoZ àXoemMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Am{U 40 H$å`wÝg `m‘Üò g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mMo R>adbo Jobo. `m {ZU©`m‘wio Zì`mZo g‘m{dï> Pmboë`m àXoem§Zm ‘moR>m bm^ Pmbm. H$maU `m‘wio `m àXo-emVrb O{‘ZrMo Xa hoŠQ>ar 1 Xebj S>M‘mH©$Zr dmT>bo. Va Á`m§Mm e°ånoZ àXoemV g‘mdoe Pmbm ZìhVm Ë`m O{‘ZtMo Xa ‘mÌ hoŠQ>ar 5000 S>M‘mH©$ BVHo$M am{hbobo hmoVo.

EHy$UM e°ånoZ Šb~Mm ^mJ hmoUo ho ‘moR>o bm^Xm`H$ hmoVo.‘mM© 2008‘Üò `m {ZU©`m{damoYmV g‘mdoe Pmbm Zgboë`m§H$Sy>Z {ZXe©Zo H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mdoir ’$aH$ BVH$mM hmoVm H$s {ZXe©Zo H$aÊ`mgmR>r añË`mda CVaÊ`mnojm `m bmoH$m§Zr `wamo{n`Z ‘mZdr A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`mV `m{déÕ Xmdm XmIb Ho$bm.

e°ånoZÀ`m `m CXmhaUmdê$Z EdT>o bjmV òVo H$s, OrAm` {ZX}eH$mMr gr‘maofm R>adUo ho EH$ ‘moR>o {O{H$arMo, Jw§VmJw§VrMo d amOH$s` ì`dñWmnZmg AmìhmZ XoUmao AgVo. (Mm¡H$Q> 14

(N>m`m{MÌ 10 … A) EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© ^Å>r; ~) gXm{ed ‘amR>o `m§Zr dmnabobr ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbMr ^Å>r)

34

… e°ånoZÀ`m gr‘m). Ago Agbo Var e°ånoZ àXoemV g‘m{dï> Agboë`m§Zm ‘mÌ ZdZì`m g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`m AmhoV.

’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr’o$UrV Jw§’$boë`m gm‘m{OH$, nma§n[aH$ ~§Ym§Mm CbJS>m Ho$ë`mda AmVm AmnU ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo V§Ì, {ZH$f d à{H«$`mnÕVr `m{df`r MMm© H$ê$`m.

H$mOyMo PmS>’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrV Ho$di EH$M KQ>H$ H$ƒm ‘mb åhUyZ dmnabm OmVmo Vmo åhUOo H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm ag. `m‘wio H$mOyPmS>mMr AmoiI AgUo ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo. nmoVw©JrOm§Zr 16ì`m eVH$mV ~«mPrbhÿZ AmUboë`m H$mOyMr ‘b~ma {H$Zmè`mda bmJdS> Ho$br. VoWyZ ho PmS> Jmoì`mV Ambo. n{g©ìhb ZmoamoÝhm `m§À`m ‘Vo Jmoì`mV H$mOyMo AmJ‘Z ho 1590 Vo 1640 `m H$mbmdYrV Pmbo Agmdo. ^maVr` H¥$fr g§emoYZ g§ñWm (OwZo Jmodo) òWrb S>m°. E. Ama. XogmB© `m§Zr g§ñWoV Z‘yX Agboë`m Ahdmbmdê$Z 1770 gmbr nd©ar òWo H$mOy bmJdS> Ho$ë`mMr Zm|X AmT>ië`mMo gm§{JVbo.

H$mOyMo ’$i åhUOo {H$S>ZrÀ`m AmH$mamMo H$mOy ~r hmo`. Va H$mOy~m|S> ho ImoQ>o ’$i Amho. OrAm`-AOm©‘Üò H$mOyÀ`m `m Ordemór` aMZo{df`rÀ`m g‘Om§{df`r CËgwH$Vm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. {S>g|~a Vo E{àb ‘{hÝ`m§Xaå`mZ H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mbm ~ha òVmo. Z§Va ’$i bmJVo d nwT>o ‘mM© Vo ‘o Xaå`mZ H$mOy~m|S>o d H$mOy~r n¹$ hmoVmV. nmdgmù`mnydu H$mOyh§Jm‘ g§nVmo. ~hþVoH$ H$mOyMr PmS>o hr {Vgè`m Vo Mm¡Ï`m dfmªnmgyZ ’$i YmaU H$ê$ bmJVmV. gmVì`m dfmªn`ªV gdm©{YH$ ’$iYmaUm hmoD$ bmJVo. AJXr 50ì`m dfmªn`ªVhr PmS>mbm ’$io bmJVmV. ‘mÌ 20 Vo 25ì`m dfm©n`ªV PmS>mbm ì`mdgm{`H$ÑîQ>çm CÎm‘ ’$iYmaUm hmoVo.

nydunmgyZM H$mOy-~rnojm H$mOy~m|S>mbm ‘hÎd àmá Amho. ~m|S>mMo nm¡{ï>H$ ‘yë`, Ë`mnmgyZ ~ZdÊ`mV òUmao {d{dY CnnXmW© {deofV… ag d ‘Ú, VgoM H$mOy~rÀ`m AmdaUm‘Üò AmT>iUmao {dfmar Vob `m‘wio H$mOy~rnojm H$mOy~m|S>oM A{YH$ bmoH${à` am{hbobo Amho. nU Joë`m H$mhr XeH$m§‘Üò ^maVmV H$mOy bmJdS>rMm àgma hmoÊ`mg H$mOy ~rMo AW©H$maUhr bm^Xm`H$ R>abobo Amho. A{YH$ ’$i XoUmao, A{YH$ gmdbr XoUmao Aer hr OmV. ‘hmamï´>mVrb EH$ H$mOy g§emoYZ H|$Ð (d|Jwb}) òWo {dH${gV Pmbobr d Ë`mM H|$ÐmÀ`m ZmdmMr H$mOyMr OmV hr Jmoì`mV IynM bmoH${à` Amho. OwZo Jmodo òWrb ^maVr` H¥$fr g§emoYZ H|$ÐmZo {dH${gV Ho$boë`m “d|Jwbm©’ loUrVrb OmVr `m ’$iYmaUog VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m hdm‘mZm‘Üò VJ Yê$ eH$Umè`m AmhoV. nma§n[aH$ JwUY‘© Agboë`m H$mhr OmVrhr `m

H|$ÐmZo {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm nwadR>m‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mnmgyZM Jmoì`mVrb {hadmB©Zo ZQ>boë`m Q>oH$S>çm `m Ho$ear-{ndim a§Jm§V bJS>ë`m OmD$ bmJVmV. H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m XadimZo gmam S>m|Ja XadiyZ CR>Vmo. H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aUo ho A{V ‘Zwî`~imMo H$m‘ Amho. ~hþVoH$ ~m|S>o hr O{‘Zrda AmnmoAmn nS>ë`mdaM Jmoim Ho$br OmVmV. H$maU PmS>mdê$Z JiUo ho ~m|S> d H$mOy~r n¹$ Pmë`mMo Z¡g{J©H$ ÚmoVH$ Amho. AZ¡g{J©H$nUo VmoS>bobo ~m|S> ho n¹$ hmoV Zmhr. ~hþVoH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ PmS>mdê$Z nS>bobo ~m|S> ho n¹$ Agë`mMo ‘mZVmV. {OVHo$ A{YH$ n¹$ {VVH$m ~m|S>m§Mm ag JmoS> AgVmo Am{U {VVHo$M Vo ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r Cn`wº$ AgVo. ’o$UrCËnmXH$ Agohr gm§JVmV H$s, PmS>mdê$Z nS>bobo ~m|S> ho O{‘Zrda AmnQ>Vo Voìhm H$mhrgo Iam~ hmoVo. nU `m‘wioM ~m|S>m§À`m Am§~Ê`mMr ({H$ÊdZmMr) à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. `m‘wio H$mOy~m|S> ’o$Ur CËnmXZmbm dmnaÊ`mnydu H$mhr Img Aem gmR>dUyH$ OmJoMr JaO ZgVo. VgoM ~m|S>m§Mm bJXm H$aÊ`mghr H$mhr Ion doi dmQ> nhmdr bmJV Zmhr.

gm‘mÝ` AZw^d Agm Amho H$s, PmS>mdê$Z VmoS>boë`m ~m|S>mnmgyZ ~Zdboë`m ’o$Urbm H$S>dQ> Md AgVo. VgoM n¹$ ’$imV agmMo à‘mU A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m‘wioM ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrV nma§n[aH$ kmZ, MmbrarVr ‘hÎdmÀ`m R>aVmV. O{‘Zrdarb ~m|S>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r {IimgÑe AmS>H$m Agboë`m bmH$S>r H$mR>rÛmao (H$m§Q>mo) Jmoim Ho$br OmVmV. Vr nm§VbmoZ (N>m`m{MÌ 5 nhm) qH$dm ßbmpñQ>H$ ~mX-brV O‘m Ho$br OmVmV. (N>m`m{MÌ 5- H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim Ho$br OmV AgVmZm; H$m§Q>mo d nm§VbmoZ hmVmV Yabobm EH$ ‘Oya; H$mOy~m|S>m§Mo dOZ KoÊ`mV òV AgVmZm)

`m gmè`mMm Mm§Jbm n[aUm‘ ‘mÌ H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m Jmoim H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m‘mda nS>Vmo. Ë`m‘wio ~hþVoH$ ’o$UrCËnmXH$ ho Amnë`m CËnmXZ H|$ÐmÀ`m OdinmgÀ`mM ^mJmVyZ Jmoim Ho$bobr H$mOy~m|S>o dmnaVmV. H$mhr ’o$UrCËnmXH$ Va Ho$di Jmoì`mV V`ma PmbobrM H$mOy~m|S>o dmnaVmV. CXm. gmoZy gmd§V (CËnmXH$, {S>Mmobr) åhUVmV, ""Jmoì`mVrb H$mOy hm ’o$UrgmR>r gdm}Îm‘ XOm©Mm AgVmo. nU ~oiJmd (H$Zm©Q>H$)hÿZ òUmam H$mOy hm Xwæ`‘ àVrMm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m agmV nmÊ`mMo à‘mU A{YH$ AgVo. Jmoì`mVrb Q>oH$S>çm§da òUmè`m H$mOyMr ga Ë`m H$mOybm òV Zmhr.'' XyadaÀ`m àXoemVyZ H$mOy~m|S>o dmnaë`mZo ’o$UrÀ`m ñdmXmV Va {ZpíMVM ’$aH$ nS>Vmo nU dmhVyH$IM©hr dmT>Vmo. nU A{YH$ CËnmXZj‘Vm Agboë`m ’o$UrCËnmXH$m§Zm XyadaÀ`m àXoemVyZ H$mOy AmUÊ`mì`{V[aº$ n`m©` ZgVmo. `m‘wio H$mhr CËnmXH$ ho ‘hmamï´> d H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ Q´>H$bm°arÛmao H$mOy AmUVmV

35

(N>m`m{MÌ 6). BVa amÁ`m§VyZ Zoh‘rM H$mOy~m|S>o Am`mV H$aUmam EH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ åhUVmo, ""’o$Urbm BVH$s A{YH$ ‘mJUr AgVo H$s Ë`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ‘mb hm AnwamM nS>Vmo. Ë`m‘wio naamÁ`m§VyZ H$mOy AmUë`m{edm` H$mhr n`m©` ZgVmo.''

CËnmXZ j‘VoZwgma CËnmXH$m§Mo JQ> nS>VmV. N>moQ>o CËnmXH$ ho OdinmgÀ`m ^mJmVyZM ~m|S>o Jmoim H$ê$Z AmUVmV. hr ~m|S>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ‘Oya, eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~o H$m‘mbm bmdbr Om-VmV. eoVH$è`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m~mhoarb ‘Owam§Zm Jmoim Ho$boë`m ~m|S>m§À`m dOZmÀ`m à‘mUmV amoOJmar {Xbr OmVo. hr amoOJmar VwQ>nw§Or AerM AgVo. ‘moR>m ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ Amnbo gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s` dOZ ~m|S>o Jmoim H$aVmo.

H$mOy ~m|S>m§Mr ’$moS>UrÁ`mà‘mUo H$mOy~m|S>o O‘m H$aÊ`mg {d{dY Cnm` `moObo OmVmV VgoM Cnm` ‘J ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òVhr `moObo OmVmV. H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m ’$moS>UrgmR>r ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m H$moi§~r‘Üò (N>moQ>m IÈ>m) H$mOy~m|S>o R>odbr OmVmV. H$moi§~rMo n{hbo H$m‘ åhUOo ~m|S>mnmgyZ H$mOy~r doJio H$aUo hmo`.`m H$mOy{~`m ‘J à{H«$ògmR>r XwgarH$S>o Zobo OmVmV. ~r{da{hV H$mOy~m|S> ho ‘iUr`mo½` AgVo. H$mOy’$moS>UrMo ho H$m‘ XmoZ Q>ßß`m§V hmoVo- H$mOyag Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m|S>o ’$moS>Uo. d Xwgam åhUOo ~m|S>m§Mm bJXm H$ê$Z Cd©[aV aghr H$mT>Uo. `m XmoÝhr Q>ßß`m§‘Üò {d{dY nÕVr d {d{dY gm{hË` dmnabo OmVo.n{hbr nma§n[aH$ nÕV åhUOo nm`m§À`m VwS>ì`mÛmao ~m|S> ’$moSy>Z Ë`mVyZ ag O‘m Ho$bm OmVmo. d ~m|S>m§V am{hbobm Cd©[aV ag {‘idÊ`mgmR>r bJXm dobtÀ`m Ym½`m§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m EH$m ZmS>rÛmao EH$Ì ~m§YyZ Vmo EH$m AdOS> XJS>mImbr R>odyZ XoVmV. `mnyduM gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrVrb `m XmoZ Q>ßß`m§Zm ‘moR>o gm‘m{OH$ ‘hÎd Amho. AZoH$ CËnmXH$ ho H$m‘ AmZ§XXm`r d gdmªÀ`m gh^mJmMo H$m‘ Agë`mMo ‘mZVmV. (Mm¡H$Q> 13 … ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo ~miH$Sy>). AmVm H$mOy’$moS>UrgmR>r `m§{ÌH$ CnH$aUo d AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì dmnabo OmV Agë`m‘wio nma§n[aH$ nm`mMm VwS>dm B{VhmgO‘m hmoD$ bmJbm Amho.

H$mOy ’$moS>Ê`mÀ`m OmJobm WmoS>mgm CVmam {Xbobm AgVmo. `m‘wio ~m|S>o ’$moS>br H$s Ë`mVrb ag AmngyH$M CVmamImbr Agboë`m IS²S>çmV O‘m hmoVmo. `m ’$moS>UrÀ`m OmJr da hmVmV YaVm òB©b `mà‘mUo EH$ Xmoar qH$dm Xm§S>r AmS>dr Q>m§Jbobr AgVo. `m‘wio ~m|S>m§Mm VwS>dm H$aUmao ‘Oya `m Xm§S>r dm Xmoarbm Yê$Z Amnbm Vmob gm§^miVmV. (N>m`m{MÌ 7). ~moS>m§Vrb ~hþVoH$ ag {ZKmbm H$s ‘J ~m|S>m§Mm bJXm (Mw‘i) hm dobtÀ`m amonmÛmao (ZwS>r) EH$Ì ~m§Ybm OmVmo. d Cd©[aV ag H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r hm bJXm EH$ AdOS> XJS>mImbr

R>odbm OmVmo. (N>m`m{MÌ 7) XJS>mÀ`m dOZmÀ`m X~mdm‘wio hm ag ~mhoa {ZKVmo. hm Omo ag {‘iVmo Ë`mbmM Zram /{Zamo Ago åhU-VmV. Zram ho EH$ CËgmhdY©H$, e{º$dY©H$ VgoM ‘ÚmH©${da{hV no` g‘Obo OmVo.

’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrÀ`m `m Q>ßß`mda AmVm Zdr CnH$aUo, Zdr V§Ìo Ambr Agë`mZo Ë`mMm ‘moR>m n[aUm‘ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrÀ`m AW©H$maUmda nS>bm Amho. hm AZw^d ~hþVoH$ CËnmXH$m§Zr ‘m§S>bobm Amho. nmird OZmdao d ñQ>moZ-‘moQ>©a H«$eaÀ`m dmnam‘wio AmVm ~m|S>m§Mm VwS>dm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘Zwî`~imMr JaO Cabobr Zmhr. (N>m`m{MÌ 8) Am{U ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eaÀ`m AmJ‘ZmZ§Va àmÊ`m§Mrhr JaO am{hbobr Zmhr (N>m`m{MÌ 8). `m gmè`m ~Xbm§‘wio H$mOy ’$moS>UrMm H$mbmdYr, ag{Z{‘©VrMo à‘mU, doi, ‘Zwî`~i d agmMm XOm© `m gmè`m KQ>H$m§da ‘moR>m ’$aH$ nS>bobm Amho. nydu nma§n[aH$ nÕVtMm d AmVm AmYw{ZH$ CnH$aUm§Mm dmna Ho$boë`m EH$ CËnmXH$ Amnbm AZw^d ‘m§S>Vmo, "nm`m§À`m VwS>ì`mÛmao 250 S>~o H$mOy~m|S>m§VyZ ag JmiÊ`mgmR>r 2 Vo 3 {Xdg bmJVmV; ñQ>moZH«$eagmR>r 2 {Xdg Va ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eagmR>r Ho$di 2 Vmg bmJVmV.'

doJ Am{U j‘Vm gwYmaÊ`m~amo~aM `m Zì`m CnH$aUm§‘wio H$mOy ag JmiÊ`mMo à‘mUhr dmT>bo Amho. EH$m nmhUrZwgma, 1 {bQ>a H$mOyag {‘idÊ`mgmR>r nma§n[aH$ VwS>dm nÕVr‘Üò 3.5 {H$bmo ~m|S>o bmJVmV, Va ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eagmR>r 2 {H$bmoM ~m|S>o bmJVmV. H$‘r doimV A{YH$ ag{Z{‘©Vr eŠ` Pmë`mZo Zram{Z{‘©VrMr ‘mJUrhr dmT>br Amho. `m‘wioM AmVm da Q´>H$-O°H$ AgUmè`m bmoI§S>r qnOè`mÀ`m aMZoVhr gwYmaUm H$aUo H«$‘àmá R>abo Amho (N>m`m{MÌ 8).

Ago Agbo Var `m gd© nÕVr AmOhr dmnamV Agë`mMo nmhmd`mg {‘iVo. ‘J àíZ nS>Vmo H$s, gm‘m{OH$ÑîQ>çm `m nÕVr Cn`wº$ AmhoV H$m? H$mhr CËnmXH$ ho nma§n[aH$ VwS>dmM gdm}Îm‘ Agë`mMo AmOhr ‘mZVmV. `m§{ÌH$ nÕVr‘Üò ~m|S>m§Mm gwH$m bJXm V`ma hmoVmo. d bJÚmMr dóJmi nyS> hr agm‘Üò {‘giVo. `m‘wio ’o$Urbm doJir Md àmá hmoVo. Va Á`m§Zr Zì`m nÕVtMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Amho Vo hm Xmdm ’o$Q>miyZ bmdVmV.

~m|S>m§VyZ H$mT>bobm gmam ag hm O{‘ZrV JmSy>Z R>odboë`m H$T>B©V O‘m hmoVmo. {VWo Vmo Am§~Ê`mgmR>r ({H$ÊdZ) R>odbm OmVmo. Zì`m O‘mÝ`mZwgma AmVm `m OwÝ`m YmVyÀ`m H$m{hbrhr B{VhmgO‘m hmoD$ bmJë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr OmJm AmVm ßbmpñQ>H$À`m H$m{hbr KoD$ bmJë`m AmhoV. {H$ÊdZ à{H«$`m hr 2 Vo 4 {Xdg MmbVo. agmÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmda ’o$gmMm OmS> Wa {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z, n¥ð>^mJmda ~wS>~wS>o òD$ bmJVmo. ho ~wS>~wS>o Ooìhm ‘moR>m AmdmO H$aV ’w$Qy> bmJVmV Voìhm

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{H$ÊdZà{H«$`m nyU© Pmë`mMo g‘Obo OmVo. hm Am§~bobm ag nwT>o CÜd©nmVZ {H«$ògmR>r dmnabm OmVmo.

CÜd©nmVZ V§Ì d gm{hË`’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vrà{H«$òVrb gdmªV ‘hÎdmMm Q>ßnm åhUOo CÜd©nmVZ hmo`. `m {d^mJm‘Üò ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao V§Ì, gm{hË` d à{H«$`m `mda VgoM `mVhr AmVm Ambobo Zdo V§Ì, Zdr CnH$aUo `m§À`mda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.

nma§n[aH$ nÕVrV nm°Q>-ñQ>rb (^Å>rMm nma§n[aH$ àH$ma), `mbm "bmdUr' Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo, `mV CÜd©nmVZ Ho$bo OmVo. hr nÕVr dm`ì` gahÔ àm§VmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m J§YmaZ nm°Q>-ñQ>rb à‘mUoM Agë`mMo dmQ>Vo (N>m`m{MÌ 9). `m‘Üò EH$ ‘mVrMo ‘moR>o JmobmH$ma ^m§S>o (AmVm Vm§ã`mnmgyZ ~Zdbobo ^m§S>o AgVo). Ë`mbm H$moH$Ur ^mfoV "^mÞ' AgVo åhQ>bo OmVo. `m ^m§S>çmV Am§~dbobm ag R>odbm OmVmo. "^mÞ'Mo daMo Vm|S> "‘moao‘' `m bmH$S>r ßbJÛmao PmH$bo OmVo. `m ^m§S>çmbm ~mhoê$Z {MIb ‘mIyZ Vo hdm~§X Ho$bo OmVo. ho ^m§S>o {dQ>m§Zr ~Zdboë`m Mwbrda R>odbobo AgVo. ^Å>rÛmao `m ^m§S>çmbm CîUVm {Xbr OmVo. ^m§S>çmÀ`m daÀ`m Vm|S>mH$S>o Zir AgVr. hr Zir bmdUrbm OmoS>bobr AgVo. hr Zir EH$m bmH$S>r ’«o$‘‘Üò {VaH$g ñdê$nmV bmdbobr AgVo. `m bmH$S>r ’«o$‘bm H$moH$UrV "{VH$Q>|' Ago åhUVmV. ^m§S>çmV V`ma Pmbobr dm’$ hr ZirdmQ>o bmdUrV òVo. bmdUrVrb W§S> Vmn‘mZm‘wio Vr Ðdê$nmV ~XbVo (H§$S>oÝgoeZ). bm-dUrMo Vmn‘mZ W§S> R>odÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`mda gVV nmUr gmoS>bo OmVo. `mgmR>r bmdUrÀ`m Vmn‘mZmH$S>o Zoh‘rM ~maH$mB©Zo bj nwadmdo bm-JVo. R>am{dH$ Vmn‘mZmbm dm’o$Mo ÐdrH$aU hmoV Agë`mZo ho Vmn‘mZ amIUo ‘moR>o {O{H$arMo AgVo. bmdUrMo Vmn‘mZ WmoS>o Oar dmT>bo Var bmdUrbm VS>m OmD$ eH$Vmo. Ago Oa Pmbo Va gmarM `§ÌUm, ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMm ‘mb Iam~ hmoÊ`mMr ^rVr AgVo. `m{df`r EH$ CËn-mXH$ Amnbm AZw^d ‘m§S>Vmo, "bmdUrda gVV nmUr gmoS>V amhmdo bmJVo. `m H$m‘r EH$ ‘Oya bmJVmo. bmdUrbm Ja‘ hmoD$ XoVm H$m‘m Zò. bmdUrMo Vmn‘mZ Oam Oar dmT>bo Va AmVrb Ðd Pmbobr dm’$ nwÝhm dm’o$V ê$nm§V[aV hmoVo. `m‘wio bmdUrMo Vmn‘mZ AmUIrZM dmT>Vo. `m pñWVr‘wio ‘J bmdUrbmM VS>m OmÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo. åhUyZM bmdUrda bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r, {VÀ`mda gVV nmUr gmoS>V amhÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ‘mUyg ì`ñV amhVmo. Omoda Xwgam ‘Oya Ë`mMr OmJm KoV Zmhr Vmoda Ë`mbm ñdñW ~gVm òV Zmhr.'

bmdUrÀ`m H$m‘mV gwYmaUm AmUÊ`mgmR>r nma§n[aH$ gm{hË`, V§Ì `m§À`m OmJr AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` dmnê$Z à`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. EHy$UM bmdUrMo Vmn‘mZ `mo½` amIÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao ‘mZdr

H$ï> H$‘r H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZoM ho à`ËZ am{hbobo AmhoV. `mVyZM ‘J nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sV AY©dQ> pñWVrV bmdUr ~wS>dyZ R>odÊ`mMo V§Ì {dH${gV Pmbobo Amho. (N>m`m{MÌ 9)

nm°Q>-ñQ>rb ^Å>r‘Üò gwYmaUm H$ê$Z “EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© nm°Q>-ñQ>rb’Mm àH$ma CnbãY Amho. `m‘Üò ñWm{ZH$, nma§n[aH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m OmJr AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì d gm{hË` dmnaÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. ‘mVrÀ`m ^m§S>çmEodOr Vm§ã`mMo ^m§S>o dmnabo Jobo Amho. AgoM ~Xb bmdUr‘Üòhr Pmbo AmhoV. bmH$S>r ZirÀ`m OmJr A°ë`w{‘{Z`‘ (qH$dm Vm§~o) H$m°Bb dmnaÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Va bmdUr AmVm {g‘|Q>À`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sV AY©dQ>pñWVrV ~wS>dyZ R>odVm òVo. (N>m`m{MÌ 10) ‘mVrÀ`m bmdUrMr OmJm ßbmpñQ>H$ H°$ZZo KoVbr Amho. ^m§S>çmVyZ ~mhoa nS>bobr Ja‘ dm’$ hr A°ë`w{‘{Z`‘ H$m°Bb‘YyZ OmV AgVmZm Xwgè`m Q>moH$mbm nmoMon`ªV W§S> hmoVo d nwT>o ßbmpñQ>H$ H°$Z‘Üò Ðdê$nmV O‘m hmoVo.

`mVhr CËnmXH$ ZmZm à`moJ H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. CXm. gÎ-marVrb gXm{ed ‘amR>o `m§Zr ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbMo ^m§S>o H$mOyag Ja‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo Amho (N>m`m{MÌ 10). Vm§ã`mnmgyZ ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbH$S>o hm àdmg hmoV AgVmZm, ^Å>rMm AmH$mahr ‘moR>m Pmbm Amho. `m gmè`mMr aMZmM Aer H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho H$s 60 ’y$Q> bm§~rMr H$m°Bb hr nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ R>odVm òUo eŠ` ~Zbobo Amho. ho V§Ì Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Zr 20 dfmªnydu dmnamV AmUbo hmoVo. Va `mMr aMZm Ë`m§Mo ~m°Q>ba Agboë`m "pèh`m' ~m°Q>bg©Zo Ho$br hmoVr. `mVrb H$m°Bb hr Iyn bm§~S>r Agë`m‘wio `m H$m°Bb‘YyZ dm’$ ~mhoa nS>on`ªV W§S> hmoVo d Ðdê$nmV ~XbVo.

EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b / ‘m°S>Z© ^Å>r‘Üò Pmbobo ho ~Xb ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrÀ`m gm‘m{OH$ aMZoV ~Xb H$aUmao R>abo AmhoV. bmdUrH$S>o AmVm gVV bj XoV, nmUr gmoS>V ~gÊ`mMr JaO Zgë`mZo ‘Zwî`~imMm ì`mn H$‘r hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho `mo½` ~Xb AmhoV. `m Zì`m V§Ìm‘wio XyadaÀ`m àXoemVyZhr H$mOy ‘mb AmUyZ Ë`mMm ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmna H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. `m aMZoV CËnmXZj‘Vm dmT>dÊ`mH$S>ohr bj XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. nU `m Zì`m V§ÌmgmR>r A{YH$ Jw§VdUwH$sMr JaO bmJVo. Va nma§n[aH$ gm{hË`mMr JaO `m‘wio H$‘r Pmbr Amho. Zdr ^Å>r dmnamV Amë`mZo AmVm Xyadê$Zhr (AJXr ‘hmamï´>mVyZhr) H$mOy AmUUo eŠ` hmoV Amho. `m‘wio ñWm{ZH$ gm‘m{OH$ ~§Y {T>bm hmoV Mmbbm Amho. Ë`mhrnwT>o OmV AmVm B§S>pñQ´>Ab ^Å>rMm dmna Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm Amho. `m‘wio EH$mM ~°M‘Üò ’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr eŠ` Pmbr Amho. `mgmR>r nma§n[aH$ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ am{hbobo Zmhr. VgoM A{YH$ ‘Zwî`~i dm EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© ^Å>rgmR>r bmJU-

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mao àm{U~ihr Amdí`H$ am{hbobo Zmhr. `mnydu AmnU nm{hboë`m ñWm{ZH$ H$g~, H$mam{Jarda AmVm ñWm{ZH$ VgoM d¡{œH$ KQ>H$m§Mm PnmQ>çmZo à^md nS>V Amho. CXm. 1832gmbr H$m°’o$Zo ñH$m°MgmR>r H§${Q>Ý`wAg CÜd©nmVZ V§Ì {dH${gV Ho$bo (nmhm Mm¡H$Q> 12, nmR> 2). 1850nmgyZ CÚmoOH$m§Zr `m V§ÌmMm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Adb§~ Ho$bm d `mV à`moJ H$aVm H$aVm "d°qQ>J' à{H«$òMm OÝ‘ Pmbm Am{U ñH$m°MMo {d{dY ãb|S> ~mOmamV {Xgy bmJbo. `m CÜd©nmVZ joÌmVrb Zdo V§Ì, Zdr CnH$aUo `mda Oar dada àH$me Q>mH$bm Var Amnë`mbm ZmdrÝ`nyU© Ago ~Xb Pmbobo nmhm`bm {‘iVmV VgoM hr CnH$aUo, V§Ìo hr nma§n[aH$ ^Å>rVrb à{H«$òÀ`m ‘yi Jmä`mbm {MH$Qy>ZM AgVmV ho {deof. {OWo B§S>pñQ´>Ab nm°Q>-ñQ>rbMm dmna gwê$ Pmbm Amho. Ë`m {R>H$mUr gmaoM H$mhr ~XbyZ Jobobo nmhm`bm {‘iVo. ‘J ’o$Ur-Šb~g‘moa Agm àíZ nS>Vmo H$s, gm{hË`, CnH$aUo, V§Ì `mVrb ho ~Xb gm‘m{OH$ÑîQ>çm Cn`wº$ R>aVmV H$m? R>aV AgVrb Va ‘J OrAm` {Z`‘m§‘Üò `mn¡H$s H$moUmMm H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm g‘mdoe H$am`Mm?

CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$`m`m {d^mJmV AmnU ’o$Ur-{Z{‘©VrVrb ‘hÎdmMm Q>ßnm nmhUma AmhmoV … CÜd©nmVZm§Mr g§»`m, àËòH$ ñVamda dmnamd`mMm H$ƒm ‘mb, ‘ÚmMr j‘Vm ‘mnZ H$aUmao n[a‘mU “J«mC’ (Mm¡H$Q> 15 … J«mC). nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr hr {Ì-CÜd©nmÜVZ à{H«$`m Amho. àËòH$ ñVamda dmnaë`m OmUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mo à‘mU d àËòH$ ñVamda {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m ‘ÚmMr j‘Vm (J«mC) hr doJdoJir Amho.

Mm¡H$Q> 15 … J«mC - ’o$UrÀ`m ‘ÚmH©$j‘Vm ‘moOUmao n[a‘mU(N>m`m{MÌ 11 … J«mC). ‘ÚmMr KZVm ‘moOyZ hr KZVm ‘ÚmH$m©À`m AmH$ma‘mZmV Xe©{dVmo. hm`S´>mo‘rQ>aÛmao `mMo ‘mnZ Ho$bo OmVo d BWoZm°b H§$Q>|Q>‘Üò Vo ê$nm§V[aV H$ê$Z Xe©{dbo OmVo. CXm. 18 J«mC åhUOo 42.8 %

AmVm Va `m V§ÌmVhr Am‘ybmJ« ~Xb KS>V AmhoV. AZoH$ ’o$UrCËnmXH$m§Zr {Û-CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$`m dmnaUo gwê$ Ho$bo Amho. H$mhr

OU Va {Û-CÜd©nmVZmZo ~Zdboë`m ’o$Ur{df`r EH$‘V H$aÊ`mMr JaO ì`º$ H$aVmV. Jmo‘§VH$s` nÌH$ma d EH$ ’o$Urào‘r go{gb qnQ>mo `m§Zr Amnë`m EH$m boIm‘Üò EH$m A{Zdmgr Jmo‘§VH$s`mer ’o$Ur{df`r Pmboë`m AZm¡nMm[aH$ MM}{df`r {b{hbo Amho. Vo {b{hVmV, "AmVm IynM H$‘r CËnmXH$ {Vgè`m CÜd©nmVZmH$S>o OmVmV. Ë`m‘wio AmO ~hþVoH$ J«mhH$ ’o$UrÀ`m ZmdmImbr Oo H$mhr godZ H$aV AmhoV Vr ’o$Ur ZgyZ H°$Á`wbmo Amho. nU J«mhH$m§Zrhr hm ~Xb ‘mÝ` Ho$ë`mMo dmQ>Vo. VgoM {Ì-CÜd©nmVZmVyZ ~Zbobr ’o$Ur hr IynM H$S>H$ AgVo d AZoH$m§Zm Vr nMdUo H$R>rU dmQ>Vo.' {Vgè`m CÜd©nmVZm‘wio Oar ’o$UrMm J«mC dmT>V Agbm ho ‘mÝ` Ho$bo Var {VMr Md {nÊ`m`mo½` dmQ>V Zmhr hm Ë`m§Mm d¡`{º$H$ AZw^d Agob. E{àb 2008‘Üò gXñ`m§À`m EH$m ~¡R>H$s‘Üò ’o$Ur-Md MmMUr KoÊ`mV Ambr. `m‘Üò ’o$UrMo gd© Zw‘Zo ho {Û-CÜd©nmVZ nÕVrZo ~Zdbobo hmoVo. AZoH$ ~mQ>br~§X ~«±S>da CÜd©nmVZ g§»`m Z‘yX Ho$bobr ZgVo. Am{U Oo H$moUr Aer ‘m{hVr bo~bda N>mnVmV Vr CËnmXZo ~hþYm {Û-CÜd©nmVZmZo ~Zdbobr AgVmV (CXm. ZrVm B§S>ñQ´>rOMr H°$Á`w{nZm). `m gmè`m àH$mam‘wio ’o$UrŠb~g‘moa ‘J ZdmM àíZ òVmo H$s Oa H$m ~mOmamZo {Û-CÜd©nmVZ nÕVrZo ~Zdbobr ’o$Urbm ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr Agob Va Ë`mbm H$m`Xoera ‘mÝ`Vm Úmdr H$s ZH$mo? nma§n[aH$ à{H«$`m V§ÌmV ~Xb H$ê$Z Zì`m V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMo ho EH$ VmOo CXmhaU Amho.

CÜd©nmVZmÀ`m VrZ ’o$è`m§Mr à{H«$`m Ooìhm AmnU nmhVmo Voìhm àËòH$ ’o$ar‘Üò dmnaboë`m KQ>H$m§Mo à‘mU ho doJdoJio AgVo. ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>rMm ‘w»` d EH$‘od KQ>H$ åhUOo H$mOyag. n{hë`m CÜd©nmVZmV Ho$di Am§~bobm H$mOyagM dmnabm OmVmo. `mVyZ ~Zboë`m CËnmXZmbm “VmoS>n’ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `mMm J«mC hm 15-17 BVH$m AgVmo. gw‘mao 130 {bQ>aÀ`m H$mOyagmnmgyZ 24-26 ~mQ>ë`m VmoS>n V`ma hmoVo. H$‘r ‘ÚmH$m©Mo à‘mU Agbobo ho CËnmXZ ~mOmamV A{Ve` bmoH${à` Amho. H$mOyh§Jm‘mXaå`mZ `m CËnmXZm§Mr ~mOmamV aobMob AgVo. `mbm “hþam©H$’ Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.

Xwgè`m CÜd©nmVZmgmR>r VmoS>n d Am§~bobm H$mOyag `m§Mo {‘lU dmnabo OmVo. {‘lUmMo à‘mU ho doJdoJio Amho - qH$dm {d{dY {R>H$mUr Vgo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. CXm.

- ‘§S>b BQ>r EEb. (1885) … 60 {bQ>a Am§~bobm H$mOyag d 30 {bQ>a hþam©H$ (2…1 à‘mU)

- qnQ>mo (2007) … Am§~bobm ag d hþam©H$ 1…8 `m à‘mUmV

- H$m‘V (2008) … 60 {bQ>a Am§~bobm ag d 30 {bQ>a hþam©H$ (2…1 à‘mU)

(N>m`m{MÌ 11 … J«mC)

38

- ‘wImonmÜ`m` BQ>r EEb. (2008) 130 {bQ>a Am§~bobm ag d 25 {bQ>a hþam©H$ (5.2…1 à‘mU)

ho {‘lU ^m§S>çmV R>odyZ CÜd©nmVZ {H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. Xwgè`m ’o$arZ§Va 19 J«mC j‘Vm Agbobo "H°$Á`wbmo' ho CËnmXZ {‘iVo. {Vgè`m ’o$argmR>r Am§~boë`m H$mOyagmV H°$Á`wbmo {‘giyZ dmnaVmV.

’o$UrMm J«mC {H$Vr Agmdm `mgmR>r EH$ gd}jU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m‘Üò ~hþVoH$ CËnmXH$m§Zr (88 %) hm J«mC 19 Vo 22 `m Xaå`mZ Agmdm Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Va ~hþVm§e ~m°Q>bg©Zr (86 %) ho à‘mU 18 Vo 25 Xaå`mZ Agmdo Ago gwMdbo Amho. (AmH¥$Vr 1 … J«mCMr {d^mJUr). `m‘Üò 21 J«mCbm gdm©{YH$ g§‘Vr {‘imbr. ‘ÚmH$m©À`m à‘mUmdê$Z CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>ba `m§À`m ‘V{^ÞVm Agbr Var Vr H$mhr ’$maer J§^ra Zmhr. ~hþVoH$ ‘ÚCËnmXZm§~m~V nwadR>m gmIirVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z ‘ÚmH$m©À`m à‘mUm{df`r {d{dY ‘Vo ‘m§S>Ê`mV òVmV. Aem doir ’o$Ur-Šb~g‘moa àý òVmo H$s J«mC{df`r H$mhr {ZH$f R>admdoV H$m, Ë`mMo à‘mU {H$Vr Agmdo Am{U ho à‘mU nma§n[aH$ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr V§Ìmer {H$VnV OwiVmV?

ãb|qS>J d ~m°Q>qbJ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrVrb hr nmàr [aQ>ob ñQ>oOOdiMr Amho. `m nwT>rb nmR>mV AmnU ’o$UrÀ`m nwadR>m‘mJm©{df`r {dñV¥VnUo nmhUma AmhmoV. nU BWo Z‘yX H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo H$s ’o$UrMm ~hþVm§e nwadR>m hm N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m‘mJm©da hmoVmo. `m‘Üò WoQ> CËnmXH$mH$Sy>ZM IaoXr qH$dm CËnmXH$mÀ`m ‘mbH$sÀ`mM ‘Úmb`mVyZ IaoXr qH$dm

{S>ñQ>rbaH$Sy>Z IaoXr Ago àH$ma AmhoV. Ë`m‘wio ãb|qS>J d ~m°Q>qbJ ho ~mOmamVrb Ho$di N>moQ>çm {híí`merM g§~§{YV Amho. OrAm`‘wio ho joÌhr {dñVm[aV nmdob Aer Amem Amho. `mnwT>rb {ddoMZmV XmoZ ‘wÔo bjmV KoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV … n{hbm, ’o$Ur CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m°Q>qbJ{df`rÀ`m {dÚ‘mZ nÕVr d Xwgam åhUOo `m nÕVt‘Üò dmnabo OmUmao {ZH$f d VÎdo. CXm. ãb|qS>Jg§X^m©V ~m°Q>bg© H$mhr nÕVr Adb§~VmV H$m? ’o$UrÀ`m gmR>dUwH$s{df`r H$mhr nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f AmhoV H$m d Vo nmiÊ`mV òVmV H$m?

`m‘Üò VrZ à‘wI Q>ßno AmhoV … ãb|qS>J, {’$ëQ>[a¨J d ~m°Q>qbJ. ~hþVoH$ ~m°Q>baZr ‘wbmIVtXaå`mZ `mbm ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr. H$mhr ~m°Q>baZr ’o$UrMo “EqOJ’ H$aV Agë`mMohr gm§{JVbo. CXm. EH$ ~m°Q>ba gw‘mao df©â ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbÀ`m ^m§S>çm§‘Üò ’o$UrMo EqOJ H$aVmo. H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr ’o$UrÀ`m EqOJ{df`r nma§n[aH$ nÕVr gm§{JVë`m nU Ë`m AmVm ’$maem A^mdmZoM nmhm`bm {‘iVmV … gmi bmH$S>mÀ`m qnnmV qH$dm ‘S>Š`mV ’o$Ur R>odyZ Vo ‘S>Ho$ {d{hat‘Üò R>odUo AmXr nma§n[aH$ àH$ma AmhoV. H$mhr ~m°Q>ba Amnbo CËnmXZ "H$mñH$-EÁS>' Ho$ë`mMr Om{hamV H$aVmV (CXm. AmZ§X {S>pñQ>barMm "AmoëS> d°Q>' ~«±S>). nwT>rb nmR>mV AmnU nmhUma Amh-moV H$s `mn¡H$s H$mhr nÕVr WoQ> d N>moQ>çm nwadR>m ‘mJm©da AmOhr AmT>iVmV.

’o$UrMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm ~m°Q>ba ’o$UrMm ñdmX, ‘ÚmH©$j‘Vm d Md `m§Mr MmMUr H$aVmo. `m‘Üò ‘ÚmH©$j‘Vm MmMUrgmR>r J«mC MmMUrM ~hþVoH$ ~m°Q>ba ( gd}jUmZwgma 85 %) Adb§~VmV. VgoM ZmH$mÛmao ’o$UrMm dmg KoD$Zhr AZoH$ ~m°Q>ba ’o$UrMm XOm© nS>VmiVmV. pèh`m {S>pñQ>barMo lr. aoJZ ho{Z«Šg ho dmgmÛmao ’o$UrMm XOm© VnmgUr~m~V åhUVmV …

... Oa H$m Vwåhr `m joÌmV AZw^dr Agmb Va Ho$di dmg d MdrÛmao Vwåhmbm ’o$UrÀ`m H$S>H$nUm{df`r kmZ hmoVo. Mhm qH$dm pìhñH$sMr MmMUr KoVbr OmVo VgmM hm àH$ma Amho. Vo Ago H$moUVoM {ZH$f nmiV ZmhrV (...) Ë`mMà‘mUo Amåhr ~m°Q>bahr AZw^dmZo Ho$di dmgmÛmao ’o$UrMm XOm© nS>VmiÊ`mV AmVm nma§JV Pmbmo AmhmoV.

{d{dY CËnmXH$m§H$Sy>Z ’o$UrCËnmXZ IaoXr Ho$bo OmV Agë`mZo gd© CËnmXZm§Mm XOm©, amgm`{ZH$ JwUY‘© EH$M ìhmdoV åhUyZ ~hþVoH$ ~m°Q>ba ho ãb|qS>J H$aVmV. H$maU àËòH$ CËnmXZm‘Üò WmoS>m’$ma doJionU AgVoM. CXm. ’o$UrMo {d{dY ~«±S> {dH$Umao A±ÝWZr ’$Zmª{S>g åhUVmV "òg ~m°g' hm ~«±S> H$mUH$moU‘Üò V`ma Pmboë`m ’o$UrMm Amho. Va "Zmodm Jmodm' ~«±S> gm§½`mVrb ’o$UrnmgyZ {dH${gV Pmbm Amho. {deof åhUOo H$mhr ~m°Q>ba Ë`m§À`m ñnY©H$m§Zm

(AmH¥$Vr 1… J«mCMr {d^mJUr)

39

’$gdÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo AmnU {d{dY ’o$UrCËnmXZm§Mm EH$M J«mC H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmUr dmnaVmo Ago gm§JVmV. EHy$UM ho gmao àH$ma nmhVm, ’o$UrÀ`m ãb|qS>J nÕVrV EH$dmŠ`Vm òÊ`mgmR>r, EH$ ~«±S> åhUyZ {d{eï> XOm© amIÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {ZH$f nmiÊ`mMr JaO Amho. EH$m ~m°Q>baZo (Zmd Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr) H$~yb Ho$bo H$s, Aem àH$mam§‘wio XOm©da n[aUm‘ hmoVmo, nU Ago ’$º$ dfm©Zwê$nM hmoVo. H$maU Vmo g§nyU© df©âmMm ’o$Ur‘mb EH$mMdoir IaoXr H$aVmo d {H$‘mZ Ë`m dfuVar ’o$UrMm XOm©, J«mC EH$M amhrb `mMr I~aXmar KoVmo.

~mQ>br~§X ’o$UrMo à‘mU ho Vgo H$‘rM Agë`mZo `m‘Üò AdKoM H$mhr nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f AmhoV. Ë`m‘wio OrAm`-{ZH$fm§Ûmao ãb|qS>J d ~m°Q>qbJ‘Üò H$mhr Zdo {Z`‘ A‘bmV AmUbo Om-doV H$m? `m àíZmMo CÎma emoYÊ`mMr JaO Amho. VgoM EqOJ d gmR>dUwH$sgmR>rhr H$m` {ZH$fm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho ho {ZpíMV Ho$bo Jobo nm{hOo.

’o$UrÀ`m "^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$"Mr {Z{‘©Vr’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òMr AmVm ~è`mn¡H$s Amnë`mbm ‘m{hVr {‘imë`mZ§Va ho {ZpíMV Pmbo Amho H$s ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrV doJdoJio nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f d à{H«$`m§‘Üò d¡{dÜ` AmT>iVo. `mnwT>rb ^mJmV AmnU ’o$UrgmR>r OrAm` {ZH$fm§À`m {ZpíMVrda àH$me Q>mH$Uma AmhmoV.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m‘Üò ñWm{ZH$ bm^^maV gaH$maÛmao 1999‘Üò OrAm` H$m`Xm {Z{‘©VrZ§Va,

Jmoì`mVyZhr OrAm`Ûmao ’o$Urbm g§ajU XoÊ`m{df`r gya C‘Qy> bmJbo. CXm. da Z‘yX Ho$ë`mà‘mUo, ‘mXm‘ amogm {S>pñQ>barMo ‘mbH$ {dÝg|Q> dmP ho ’o$Urbm OrAm`à‘mUnÌ {‘idÊ`mÀ`m ~mOyZo hmoVo. Ë`mMdoir {dH«$sH$amg§X^m©V ’o$Urbm Agbobm "Xoer Xmê$"Mm XOm©{df`rhr Ë`m§Zr qMVm ì`º$ Ho$br. `m XOm©‘wio ’o$UrÀ`m VñH$ar{df`r AZoH$ {H$ñgo AZw^dm`bm {‘iVmV. ñWm{ZH$ KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z dmT>Vm nmqR>~m {‘iV Agë`mMo nmhÿZ H|$Ð gaH$maZohr ’o$Urbm OrAm`‘mÝ`Vm XoÊ`m{df`r AZwHy$bVm Xe©{dbr. OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm àgma ìhmdm, OmJ¥Vr ìhmdr `mÑï>rZo H|$Ð gaH$maZo {deof CnH«$‘ V`ma Ho$bm. VgoM `m{df`r amÁ`gaH$maZmhr ghH$m`m©Mo AmdmhZ Ho$bo.

OmZodmar 2002‘Üò `m CnH«$‘mMo Jmoì`mV AmJ‘Z Pmbo. Jmodm CÚmoJ ‘hmg§KmÀ`m6 ghH$m`m©Zo EH$ ~¡R>H$ Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m ~¡R>H$s‘Üò ’o$UrÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r EH$ OrAm` g{‘Vr Zo‘Ê`mMo VËH$mbrZ amÁ` {dH$mg Am`wº$ Oo.Ho$. XmXy `m§Zr gwM-

dbo. Jmodm M|~aH$Sy>Z ‘mXm‘ amogm {S>pñQ>barMo ‘°H$ dmP `m§Zm `m g{‘Vrda gXñ` åhUyZ Zo‘Ê`mV Ambo. ’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ hm {dMma OgOgm dmT>V Jobm VgVgo ñWm{ZH$ dV©‘mZnÌo d `m MidirVrb H$mhr à‘wI à{V{ZYr `m§Zrhr hr ‘mJUr Ygmg bmdÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§~bo.

`m gmè`m {dMmam‘Üò "^{dî`mVrb gwdU©g§Yr'Mr Amem PiH$V hmoVr. OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ’o$Urbm H$gm OmJ{VH$ XOm©, OmJ{VH$ AmoiI d OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> {‘iob `m{df`r bmoH$m§‘Üò MMm© dmTy> bmJbr. `m{df`r EH$m amï´>r` dV©‘mZnÌmV “{db ’o$Zr ~r {X Ý`y Q>o{¹$bm?’ `m erf©H$mImbr EH$ ~mV‘r à{gÕ Pmbr hmoVr. EHy$UM OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV ’o$Urbm àdoe {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r OrAm` à‘mUnÌ H$go Amdí`H$ Amho `m{df`r Xmdo Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo. `m joÌmVrb H$mhr ‘§S>itZr `m àH$mambm “Ho$di ~S>~S>’ åhUyZM g§~moYbo. ‘wbmIVrXaå`mZ Ë`m§Zr H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m CËnmXZmda d nwadR>çmda Agbobr ‘`m©Xm bjmV KoV ’o$Urbm OmJ{VH$ ~«±S> H$go ~ZdVm òB©b `m{df`r àíZ{MÝh Zm|Xdbo hmoVo.

`m MM}‘Üò AmUIr EH$ ^rVrMm gya ì`º$ hmoV hmoVm H$s AmnU hm XOm© {‘idÊ`mnydu BVa H$moUrVar ’o$UrMo noQ>§Q> {‘idbo Va? H$mhr A’$dm, J¡ag‘O ~mOybm R>odbo Va dV©‘mZnÌmVrb boIZm‘wio eoOmaÀ`m amÁ`m§VyZ ’o$Ur{df`rMr CËgwH$Vm `mH$S>o bj XoÊ`mg, `m ^rVrda EH$dmŠ`Vm hmoÊ`mg ‘mobmMr ‘XV Pmbr. VgoM Zmoìh|~a 2006‘Üò à{gÕ Pmboë`m ~mVå`m§‘Üò qH$J{’$ea d `w~r J«wnMo ‘mbH$ {dO` ‘ëë`m ho ’o$Ur CËnmXZ joÌmV àdoe H$aÊ`mMo `moOV Agë`mMo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `mVyZM ‘J `w~r g‘yh H$mOybmJdS>r‘Üò Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUma H$s Ho$di ’o$UrCËnmXZ H$aUma qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXH$m§Zm R>oH$m XoD$Z Amnbm ~«±S> {dH${gV H$aUma Aem {d{dY àíZm§Mo ‘mohmoi V`ma Pmbo.

’o$Ur joÌmMo EH$ÌrH$aUlr. XmXy `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo Jobr H$mhr df} gmVË`mZo `mg§~§Yr ~¡R>H$m KoÊ`mV Amë`m. OmZodmar 2003‘Üò, ^maV gaH$maÀ`m {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImË`mMm ^mJ Agboë`m Q>oŠZm°bm°Or-BÝ’$m°‘}eZ-’$moaH$mpñQ>ªJ A±S> Agog‘|Q> H$mCpÝgb (Q>rAmÈ’$Egr) Zo Jmoì`mV OrAm`{df`H$ EH$ ~¡R>H$ KoVbr. `m‘Üò ’o$UrMm OrAm`-AO© H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmdbo CMbÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. Q>rAmÈ’$EgrZo `mdoir ‘moKm {gëH$, ’w$bH$mar Q>oŠñQ>mB©ëg d H$m§JS>m Q>r AmXtÀ`m OrAm`-AOmª{df`r ‘m{hVr {Xbr.

Jmodm gaH$maÀ`m ‘m{hVr d V§ÌkmZ ImË`mH$S>o (S>rEgQ>r), S>m°. dX} `m§À`m H$mimV, `mH$m‘r nwT>mH$ma KoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar

40

gmondÊ`mV Ambr. S>rEgQ>rZo 2004-05 ‘Üò `m{df`r gd© KQ>H$m§Mr ‘Vo OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ MM}Mr ‘m{bH$mM Am`mo{OV Ho$br d ’o$UrÀ`m7 OrAm` à‘mUnÌm~m~V à{H«$`m am~dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{‘Vr Zo‘br. ’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘idÊ`m~m~V nmqR>~m {‘iV Jobm. nU ^maVmVrb OrAm`H$m`ÚmZwgma OrAm`gmR>r AO©Xma hr EH$ g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm Agmdr bmJVo. `m‘wio Aer g§KQ>Zm {Z{‘©VrMm {dMma ‘yi Yê$ bmJbm. AIoa Owb¡ 2006‘Üò Jmodm H$mOy’o$Ur CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>ba g§KQ>Zm (Mm¡H$Q> 3 … ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm, nmR> 1) EH$ g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U ‘J OrAm`gmR>r AO©Xma åhUyZ S>rEgQ>rgmR>r hr g§KQ>Zm H$m`© H$ê$ bmJbr.

gÜ`mÀ`m pñWVrV ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoMr gXñ`g§»`m H$‘r Amho. Ooìhm OrAm` H$m`©aV hmoB©b d gXñ`m§Zm nadmZm {‘iob Voìhm hr g§»`m Z¸$sM dmT>ob. gÜ`m ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoV XmoZ ‘w»` KQ>H$ AmhoV. A) ~m°Q>ba, ~) CËnmXH$ Oo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ’o$Ur CËnmXZ H$ê$Z ñdV…M ~m°Q>qbJ H$aVmV. ’o$UrjoÌm‘Üò N>moQ>çm j‘VoÀ`m CËnmXH$m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. Ë`m§Zm AmOda H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>ZoMo à{V{Z{YËd bm^bobo Zmhr. EH$m nmhUrV Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s, gw‘mao 98.5 % ’o$UrCËnmXH$m§Zm OrAm`~m~V VgoM ’o$Urbm OrAm`XOm© {‘idÊ`mgmR>r Mmbboë`m à`ËZm§~m~V H$mhrM ‘m{hVr Zmhr. EH$m nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm `mH$S>o bj doYbo. ~hþVoH$ N>moQ>o CËnmXH$ ho Ho$di H$mOyh§Jm‘mnwaVoM `m joÌmer OmoS>bobo AgVmV. ~m°Q>baà‘mUo Ë`m§Zm df©â hm ì`dgm` H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio Cd©[aV H$mimV Vo BVa H$m‘Y§Xm H$aVmV. VgoM CËnmXH$m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z dm{f©H$ nad-mZm VgoM R>oHo$Xmar ¿`mdr bmJVo. `m‘wio Vo Xadfu `m joÌmer {ZJ{S>V AgVrbM Ago Zmhr.

’o$Ur AOm©Mr {Z{‘©VrS>m°. dX} `m§Zr Zo‘boë`m g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Pmë`mZ§VaM ’o$UrgmR>r OrAm`-AO© H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m‘mbm Zo‘H$s {Xem d JVr {‘imbr. `m‘Üò {d{dY nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm O~m~Xmè`m dmQy> XoÊ`mV Amë`m. Jmo‘§VH$s` nÌH$ma {g[ab {S>Hw$Ýhm `m§À`mH$S>o ’o$UrMm B{Vhmg H$mJXmda CVaÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar XoÊ`mV Ambr. ‘m[a`m {S> bm°S>© ~«mìhmo S>m H$moñVm am°{S´>Jrg `m§Zr Jmodm H|$Ðr` dmMZmb`m‘YyZ ’o$UrÀ`m Jmoì`mVrb CJ‘ñWm{df`rMo gm{hË` O‘m H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ‘XV Ho$br. ’o$UrMm d¡km{ZH$ d Vm§{ÌH$ Ahdmb ~ZdÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar OwZo Jmodo òWrb ^maVr` H¥$fr g§emoYZ g§ñWm (Am`grEAma) H|$ÐmVrb d¡km{ZH$m§da gmondÊ`mV Ambr.

‘mM© 2007n`ªV, ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-AOm©Mm ‘gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mV

Ambm d Ë`mMm Aä`mg Jmodm CÚmoJ ‘hmg§K d S>rEgQ>r‘m’©$V H$aÊ`mV Ambm. S>rEgQ>r d Zì`mZoM ñWmnZ Pmbobr ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm ho `mgmR>r AO©Xma hmoVo. MoÞB©Vrb OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`merhr `mH$m‘r g„m‘gbV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m gyMZm§Zwgma Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2007‘Üò S>rEgQ>rZo AOm©Vrb ‘wX²X²`m§‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. nwÝhm EH$Xm Amdí`H$ ~Xb Ho$ë`mda AIoa 19 {S>g|~a 2007 amoOr ’o$UrMm OrAm` à‘mUnÌmgmR>r MoÞB©Vrb Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mV AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ‘Úno`m§gmR>rÀ`m Agboë`m loUr 33Zwgma “Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur’ Agm 120 H«$‘m§H$mMm AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Am{U OrAm` à‘mUnÌmgmR>r àW‘ AO© H$aÊ`mMm ‘mZ VgoM ‘Ú{d^mJmVyZ àW‘ AO© H$aÊ`mMm ‘mZ ’o$Urbm {‘imbm.

’o$Ur AOm©Mr N>mZZr`m à{H«$òVrb nwT>rb Q>ßnm åhUOo OrAm` a{OñQ´>ma H$Sy>Z, g„mJma g{‘VrÀ`m8 ghH$m`m©Zo `m AOm©Mr N>mZZr H$aÊ`mMm. `m g„mJma g{‘VrMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ Jmoì`m‘Üò 4 OmZodmar 2008 amoOr Pmbr. `m‘Üò ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmè`m {H$‘mZ XmoZ-VrZ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§À`m CnpñWVrV ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`{df`H$ AOm©da gmXarH$aU H$aÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoMo nXm{YH$ma ‘o. dmP (AÜ`j), JwéXÎm ^º$m (g{Md) Am{U ho{Z«Šg (I{OZXma) ho gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo. BVa CnpñWVm§‘Üò ‘o. gmd§V d adr H¥$îU `m ~m°Q>ba ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. EHy$U 17 à{V{ZYr `m ~¡R>H$sg hOa hmoVo. `mn¡H$s BVa 12 OU ho gaH$mar A{YH$mar hmoVo. gdmªZrM Ë`m§Zr Jmoì`mÀ`m Anojm d ’o$UrMm OrAm` à‘mUnÌm~m~VMm Xmdm R>m‘nUo ‘m§S>bm.

’o$UrMm AO© VnmgUrMm doi hmoVm. `mMdoir ’o$Ur CËnmXZm-Vrb nma§n[aH$ d¡{eîQ>ç, d¡{dÜ` `m§Mo Xe©Z `m CËnmXH$m§Zr KS>{dbo. CËnmXH$m§Mo åhUUo d AOm©Vrb ‘m{hVr `m§Mm Vmi‘oi KmbÊ`mV Ambm.

`m ~¡R>H$sVrb gyMZm§Zwgma ‘mM© 2008‘Üò gwYm[aV AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va nwT>rbM ‘{hÝ`mV ’o$Ur CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>ba d amÁ` gaH$ma‘Yrb à‘wI A{YH$mar Aem `m CnH«$‘mVrb gh^mJr à{V{ZYtMr ~¡R>H$ Jmoì`mV KoÊ`mV Ambr. ~¡R>H$sV ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm` AOm©{df`r {d{dY àíZ, ‘wÔo CnpñWV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. “Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur’ `m ZmdmZo AO© gmXa Ho$ë`m‘wio hmoUmè`m n[aUm‘m§Mm D$hmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Xwgè`m EH$m g„mJma ‘§S>imZo “Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur’EodOr Ho$di “’o$Ur’ `m ZmdmZo AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br. 2 Am°JñQ> 2008 amoOr Pmboë`m ~¡R>H$sV

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Zmdm‘Üò Vgm ~Xb H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm.

AOm©V "’o$Ur' Agm ~Xb Ho$ë`mZ§Va hm AO© Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2008‘Üò OrAm`-OZ©b‘Üò à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Am{U ‘J nwT>o bmoH$m§À`m gyMZm d haH$VtgmR>r Iwbm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. haH$Vr gmXa H$aÊ`mÀ`m 120 {Xdgm§À`m H$mbmdYr‘Üò H$moUVrhr haH$V Zm|X Z Pmë`mZo AIoa 27 ’o$~«wdmar 2009 amoOr AOmªMr A§{V‘ Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr d 9 ‘mM© 2009 amoOr S>rEgQ>rbm OrAm`-à‘mUnÌ {‘imbo.

EHy$UM S>rEgQ>rÀ`m d Zì`mZoM ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoÀ`m A{daV d àm‘m{UH$ à`ËZm§Zm ’o$Urbm OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘imë`mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ è bm^bo. AmVm `mnwT>o `m OrAm` XOm©Mr A§‘b~mOdUrMo AmìhmZ AmhoM. nwT>rb {d^mJmV, ’o$UrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©Vrà{H«$`m d {ZH$fm§~m~V OrAm`Ûmao H$gm ‘oi gmYm`Mm `m{df`r {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMm Aä`mg’o$UrMr ì`mIm Am{U OrAm`-Šb~Mo {Z`‘’o$UrMr Zm|X H$aUmam Ahdmb hm EH$ ‘hÎdmMo gm{hË` Amho. `m‘Üò nmoVw©JrO H$mimnmgyZÀ`m H$mOyÀ`m d ’o$UrÀ`m àdmgmMm B{Vhmg ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho. H$mOy{df`rÀ`m nma§n[aH$ g§H$ënZm, ñWm{ZH$ àXoemV H$mOybm Agbobo nma§n[aH$ ‘hÎd, H$mOy ~m|S> d ’o$UrMo amgm`{ZH$ n¥W…H$aU, AmXr KQ>H$m§da AhdmbmV àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. `m‘Üò XmoZ ^mJm§‘Üò g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho … “’$’ {d^mJmV “{ZH$f’ Va “O’ {d^mJmV “CËnmXZ nÕVr’ (Mm¡H$Q> 16 … OrAm`-ì`m»`m).

Mm¡H$Q> 16 …’o$UrMr OrAm`-ì`m»`m‘mM© Vo ‘o `m H$mbmdYrV V`ma Pmboë`m H$mOy~m|S>m§Vrb H$mOy ag Am§~dyZ d Ho$di `m Am§~boë`m agmnmgyZ {Û-CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$òZo 19-20 J«mC j‘VoMo V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo ‘Úno` åhUOo ’o$Ur Aer ’o$UrMr OrAm`-ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. CËnmXZ à{H«$òVrb KQ>H$m§~m~V Imbrb "Šb~-{Z`‘m§V' ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho …

- gm‘mÝ`V… Z¡g{J©H$nUo PmS>mdê$Z nS>bobr n¹$ ’$ioM dmnabr OmVmV.

- nma§n[aH$ ^Å>rÛmao (nm°Q>-ñQ>rb) Vm§ã`mMo “^mÞ’ d ‘mVrMr “bmdUr’ `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z `m agmMo CÜd©nmVZ Ho$bo OmVo.

- n{hë`m CÜd©nmVZmZ§Va 16-17 J«mCMo ‘Ú (VmoS>n) CËnÞ hmoVo.

- Xwgè`m CÜd©nmVZmgmR>r 130 {bQ>a VmoS>n d 110 {bQ>a Am§~bobm H$mOy ag `m§À`m {‘lU dmnê$Z Ë`mnmgyZ 19-20 J«mCMr ’o$Ur ~Zdbr OmVo.

Mm¡H$Q> 16 (OrAm`-ì`m»`m) hr ’o$Ur-Šb~À`m gXñ`m§gmR>rMo {Z`‘ R>adVo. OrAm` H$m`ÚmÝdò, Oa H$moUr `m ’o$Ur Šb~Mm gXñ` ZgVmZmhr ’o$Ur{df`rMo {ZH$f Amnë`m ‘ÚCËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaV Agob Va Vmo àH$ma OrAm` H$m`ÚmMo C„§KZ R>aVo. VgoM “OrAm`-’o$Ur’ dmnaÊ`mgmR>r ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoMr ‘mÝ`Vm KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo Am{U g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {ZH$fm§à‘mUoM ’o$Ur CËnmXZ H$aUo H«$‘àmá R>aVo. `mgmR>rM ’o$UrMr OrAm` ì`m»`m ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo.

nma§n[aH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXZmVrb na§nam§gX^m©V `m OrAm` {Z`‘m§{df`r H$mhr àíZ CnpñWV amhVmV, Oo `mnyduM ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. Ë`mnydu ’o$Ur-AO©{Z{‘©VrXaå`mZ Šb~À`m {Z`‘m§‘Üò H$mhr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV H$m ho nmhmdo bmJob. ‘mM© 2007‘Üò ’o$UrÀ`m AOm©Mm n{hbm ‘gwXm V`ma Pmbm. d Ë`m‘Üò Amdí`H$ ~Xb H$ê$Z nwÝhm Vmo {S>g|~a 2007‘Üò gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va Jmoì`m‘Üò OmZodmar 2008 d Am°JñQ> 2008‘Üò g„mJma g{‘VrÀ`m XmoZ ~¡R>H$m nma nS>ë`m. Ë`mVrb gyMZm§Zwgma Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2008‘Üò gwYm[aV AO© OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mg gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ‘J àíZ nS>Vmo H$s `m gyMZm§Zwgma Zì`mZo gmXa Ho$boë`m AOm©‘Üò H$mhr ‘moR>o ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo H$m?

{deof, åhUOo `m Zì`m AOm©V CËnmXZ à{H«$`m, gm{hË`mMm dmna qH$dm CÜd©nmVZmMo V§Ì9 `m{df`r H$mhr ‘moR>o ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo ZìhVo. ’$º$ ’o$UrÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$m§À`m à‘mUm§{df`r WmoS>o ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$m§À`m à‘mUm{df`rM OmZodmar 2008‘Üò Pmboë`m g„mJma g{‘VrÀ`m n{hë`m ~¡R>H$sV â XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. ’o$Ur CËnmXZm{df`r gm§{JVboë`m Vm|S>r ‘m{hVrbm, qH$dm nma§n[aH$ {ZH$fm§Zm, Vo Oar ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoVrb nmÌVm {ZH$f Agbo Var gd©M ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Zm OrAm`Mm bm^ ìhmdm `m hoVyZo {deof ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo ZìhVo.

Xwgam ~Xb åhUOo OrAm` AOm©Vrb ’o$UrÀ`m ZmdmMm- "Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur' EodOr "’o$Ur" Agm. hm ~Xb g„mJma g{‘VrÀ`m Xwgè`m ~¡R>H$sV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m Zmdm{df`r VrZ n`m©` XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ‘yi "Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur", Xwgam åhUOo {ZdS>bobm "’o$Ur' d {Vgam "JmodZ ’o$Ur". `m ~¡R>H$sV "’o$Ur' `m Zmdmbm ‘mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr d nwT>o "’o$Ur' `m ZmdmZoM OrAm` à‘mUnÌ àmá H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m~m~V AmnU `mnyduM AdJV Pmbmo AmhmoV.

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ZmdmV H$m` Amho? Am{U ZmaimMo CXmhaUOrAm`gmR>r `mo½` Zmd XoÊ`m‘mJohr H$mhr ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m Amho. OrAm` à{H«$òV gh^mJr Agbobm EH$ gaH$mar A{YH$mar åhUmbm, "’o$Ur' ho Zmd WoQ> H$moUVohr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ gwMdV Zmhr. Ogo Xm{O©qbJ qH$dm e°ånoZ. `m‘wio Ë`mbm Vgo {deofU hdo. VgoM "Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur' `m ZmdmgmR>r Jmoì`mZo Amnbm Xmdm {gÕ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. `m{df`r ’o$Urg§KQ>ZoÀ`m EH$m nXm{YH$mè`mZo A{YH$ ñnï> ‘m{hVr {Xbr … "JmodZ ’o$Ur' `m ZmdmÀ`m H$ënZo‘mJo Jmodm åhQ>bo H$s ’o$Ur d ’o$Ur åhQ>bo H$s Jmodm ho g‘rH$aU bmoH$m§Zm ‘mhrV Amho. `m Zmdm‘wio Jmoì`mMr AmoiI ’o$Urbm {‘iVo. nU AmVm Ho$di "’o$Ur' hoM Zmd {Xbo Joë`mZo AmVm XmoÝhr ’o$Ut‘Yrb ’$aH$ A{YH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.

`m ~¡R>H$m§Zm CnpñWV am{hboë`m d{H$bm§Zr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmoiI ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVohr {deofU (CXm. Jmodm) dmnaÊ`mMr qH$dm doJio d¡{eîQ>ç (CXm. H$mOy) ho Zmdm‘Üò dmnaÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zgë`mMo ñnï> Ho$bo. Zm‘mbm {deofUmÛmao AmoiI XoUo åhUOo Zm‘ Amnbr AmoiI ñnï> H$aÊ`mg Ag‘W© R>aVmo Agm ‘wÔm ‘m§S>bm Jobm. VgoM {deofUmÀ`m dmnamZo (Jmodm qH$dm H$mOy) ’o$UrMm Omo A{YH$ma Amho Vmo H$mTy>Z KoVë`mgmaIo hmoB©b.

Imbrb XmoZ CXmhaUo hm ‘wÔm A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVmV …’o$Q>m MrO d Ë`mbm OrAm` ‘mÝ`Vm Amho H$s Zmhr `mdarb

dmXmMo CXmhaU hm ‘wÔm ñnï> H$aVo. `wamo{n`Z OpñQ>g H$moQ>©‘Üò S>oÝ‘mH©$, O‘©Zr d ’«$mÝg `m Xoem§Zr ’o$Q>m `m eãXmbm Amjon KoV Xmdm XmIb Ho$bm hmoVm. eodQ>r ’o$Q>mbm J«rH$ OrAm` åhUyZ Ý`m`mb`mZo ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr. `m IQ>ë`mV gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambobm nwamdm åhUOo S>oÝ‘mH©$À`m KQ>ZoV “’o$Q>m’ Agm H$moUVmM eãXà`moJ Z dmnaVm “S>°{Ze ’o$Q>m’ Agm dmnabm Jobm hmoVm. H$moQ>m©Zo hm ‘wÔm J«mø ‘mZV J«rH$ eãX gy{MV H$aUmao ho Zm‘ Agë`mMm {ZU©` {Xbm hmoVm.

Xwgao CXmhaU ho MoÔmaMo Amho Oo AJXr CbQ>o Amho. "MoÔma' ho Zmd EH$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ eãX Amho. CXm. {~«Q>Z‘Yrb MoÔma Om°O© qH$dm MoÔma IoS>o. `m‘wio `m ^mJmV ~Zdbobo MrO ho "MoÔm[a¨J' na§naoZwgma ~Zdbobo AgVo. nU hm eãXà`moJ `m àXoemV qH$dm BVa àXoemV CËnÞ hmoUmè`m d Or H$mhr “MoÔm[a¨J’ na§naoZwgmaM ~Zdbr Jobobr ZgVmV Aem BVa MrO CËnmXZm§gmR>r eãXà`moJ dmnabm OmVmo Ë`mà‘mUo Om{VJV dmnaÊ`mV Ambm Amho. npíM‘r XoemVrb ({~«Q>Z‘Yrb gm°‘agoQ>, S>m°agoQ>, S>odm°Z d H$m°Z©dob àm§V) H$mhr CËnmXH$ AmVm "MoÔm[a¨J' `m nma§n[aH$ à{H«$`mnÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§K{Q>V Pmbo AmhoV d Ë`m§Zr `wamonmV "doñQ> H§$Q´>r ’$m‘©hmD$g MoÔma' `m ZmdmZo OrAm` à‘mUnÌmgmR>r AO© gmXa Ho$bm Amho.

`m XmoÝhr CXmhaUm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Xwgè`m g„mJma ~¡R>H$s‘Üò “’o$Ur’ hoM Zmd gdmªV bm^Xm`H$ Agë`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. OrAm` AhdmbmV qH$dm XmoÝhr g„mJma ~¡R>H$s¨‘Üò Zmai ’o$Ur{df`H$ H$mhrM C„oI Zgë`m~m~V H$mhr H$im`bm ‘mJ© Zmhr. ^maVmÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rV ZmaimnmgyZ VmS>r{Z{‘©VrMm ‘moR>m B{Vhmg Amho (Mm¡H$Q> 17 … Zmai). ‘mm¡{IH$ VgoM boIr Ago ânya nwamdo AmhoV Oo H$mOy ’o$UrMo Jmodm ho CJ‘ñWmZ Agë`mMo {gÕ H$aVmV. {deofV… {Ì-CÜd©nmVZ nÕVrZo ~Zdbobr H$mOy’o$UrMr na§nam. `mnyduM Z‘yX Ho$ë`mà‘mUo Jmoì`mV "’o$Ur' hm eãX H$mOy d Zmaimn-mgyZ ~Zboë`m ‘Úm§Zm dmnabm OmVmo. `m‘wioM Jmodm {dH«$sH$a H$m`Xm, 1964‘Üòhr "’o$Ur' `m ZmdmZo H$moUË`mhr EH$m ‘ÚàH$mambm g§~moYbobo Jobobo Zmhr. "VmS>rnmgyZ XoerXmê${Z{‘©Vr' `m nmR> 7‘Üò qH$dm "H$mOyagmnmgyZ ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr' `m nmR> 8‘Üòhr Vgm C„oI Zmhr. Ë`mì`{V[aº$ bmoH${à` d ì`mdgm{`H$ dmnamà‘mUo ZmaimnmgyZ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr nydunmgyZM hmoV Agë`mMo {gÕ hmoVo. H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm, nyduMo CËnmXH$ Am{U VËH$mbrZ ‘Úì`mdgm{`H$ ho `m C„§KZm~m~V nwamdo R>ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m‘wio Zmai ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Zm “’o$Ur’ ho Zmd dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ IynM AdKS> R>ê$ eH$Vo.

Mm¡H$Q> 17 … Zmai … EH$ H$ënd¥j^maVmV ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vrbm ‘moR>m B{Vhmg d na§nam Amho. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimV emoY bmJboë`m nma§n[aH$ ^Q²Q>çm§‘Üò ìh{Q>©H$b Q>mBn, ‘m|Jb d MrZr ^Å>r `m§À`mà‘mUoM J§YmaZ ^Å>rhr bmoH${à` Amho. Jmoì`mV nma§n[aH$ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr à{H«$òV dmnabr OmUmar bmdUr hr `mM J§YmaZ na§naoVrb Amho.

^maVmÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rV ZmaimMm {d{dY àH$mao dmna hmoVmo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ n`©Q>H$, d¡km{ZH$ `m§Zrhr Zmaim{df`r {deof Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho. 16ì`m eVH$mV BQ>m{b`Z n`©Q>H$ bwS>moìh BH$mo {S> dW}‘m `m§Zr Jmoì`mgh npíM‘ {H$ZmanÅ>rda ^«‘U Ho$bo. Vmo ZmaimÀ`m PmS>mH$S>o ’$maM AmH${f©V Pmbm hmoVm. ZmaimnmgyZ ~ZUmao {d{dY nXmW©, ZmaimÀ`m PmS>mÀ`m {d{dY Ad`dm§Mm ‘mZdr OrdZmV X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV hmoUmam dmna `m‘wio Zmai hm H$ënd¥j Amho, ho PmS> OJmVrb gdm}Îm‘ OmVrMo PmS> Amho Ago Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho. ZmaimÀ`m {d{dY Cn`moJm§n¡H$s Ë`mZo Xhm Cn`moJ Amnë`m boIZmV Z‘yX Ho$bo AmhoV. `m‘Üò ZmaimnmgyZ {Ì-CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$òÛmao VmS>r{Z{‘©VrMmhr g§X^© Amho.

Vmo åhUVmo- Zmai Omimda R>odÊ`mV òVmo d EH$, XmoZ, VrZ-doir CH$idÊ`mV òVmo. `mVyZ ~«±S>rgmaIm nXmW© {‘iVmo. Ë`mÀ`m dmgmZoM Amnbo S>moHo$ Jw§J hmoD$Z OmVo. `m Xoem§‘Üò `m ‘ÚmMo godZ Ho$bo OmVo.

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g§X^©- {X Q´>°ìhëg Am°’$ bwS>moìh BH$mo {S> dW}‘m, B.g.1503 Vo 1508

hm dmX gmoS>dUo dmQ>Vo {VVHo$ gmono Zmhr. H$maU ‘J nwÝhm OrAm` AOm©‘Üò `mo½` Vr gwYmaUm H$amdo bmJob. Oa H$m Vgm {ZU©` PmbmM Va ‘J XmoÝhr CËnmXZm§Vrb ’$aH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mOy d Zmai Aem XmoZ àH$maÀ`m ’o$UtMm ñnï> C„oI H$aUo JaOoMo ~Zob. “’o$Ur’À`m {demb N>ÌrImbr XmoÝhr CËnmXZo amhÿ eH$Vrb. `m{df`rMo boIZ nmR> 4‘Üò {dñV¥VnUo H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV "’o$Ur' ~«±S>Zo‘Imbr Vo H$mOynmgyZ ~Zbo` H$s ZmaimnmgyZ ho J«mhH$m§Zm ñnï>nUo g‘Obo nm{hOo.

H$mOy ~m|S> … VmoS>Ur, nwadR>m d ’$moS>UrMo {ZH$f’o$Ur-OrAm`‘Üò H$mOy~m|S>m§{df`r C„oI Amho Vmo Agm, gm‘mÝ`V… nyU© n¹$ d PmS>mdê$Z O{‘Zrda nS>bobr H$mOy~m|S>o. `mVyZM H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m ’o$UrgmR>r dmnamgmR>r nma§n[aH$ nÕVrda Pmbobo EH$‘V {XgyZ òVo. H$mOyVmoS>Ur{df`r OrAm`‘Üò Cn`wº$ Aer ‘m{hVr Amho. nU H$mhr àíZm§~m~V OrAm` AhdmbmVhr CÎmao gmnS>V ZmhrV.

H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm nwadR>m H$moRy>Z Ho$bm Omdm `m{df`r OrAmÀhdmbmV H$mhrM ñnï>rH$aU Zmhr. Jmoì`m~mhoê$Z òUmar H$mOy~m|S>o ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrV dmnamdrV H$s ZH$mo `m{df`r H$mhr C„oI Zmhr qH$dm Jmoì`mVrbM H$mOy~m|S>o ’o$UrgmR>r dmnamdrV Agohr Hw$R>o Z‘yX Zmhr. `m‘wio amÁ`m~mhoê$Z H$mOy AmUÊ`mg EH$àH$mao ‘yH$ nadmZJrM OrAm` AhdmbmV XoÊ`mV Amë`mMo dmQ>Vo. VgoM H$mhr ~m°Q>ba d CËnmXH$m§‘Üòhr H$mOynwadR>çm~m~V ‘VôX Am-hoV. Oo bm°arVyZ dmhVwH$sÛmao AmUbobr H$mOyy~m|S>o dmnaVmV Ë`m§Zmhr ’o$UrMm ñdmXmV ’$aH$ nS>V Agë`mMr OmUrd Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va `m dmhVwH$sXaå`mZ H$mhr ~m|S>o Iam~hr hmoVmV Ago hoM CËn-mXH$ ñnï> H$aVmV. `m‘wioM H$mOy~m|S>m§gmR>r H$mhr {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe {ZX}{eV H$aÊ`m{df`r {dMma Ho$bm Jobm nm{hOo. `m g§X^m©V ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm ñH$m°M pìhñH$sÀ`m CXmhaUmnmgyZ ~moY KoD$ eH$Vo. ñH$m°M{Z{‘©VrgmR>r ~mb} hm ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘YyZM AmUbm Jobm nm{hOo Ago H$mhr ~§YZ Zmhr. gm‘mÝ`V… BVa `wamo{n`Z Xoem§‘YyZ ~mb} AmUbm OmVmo. `m‘wio H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m nwadR>çm{df`r ’o$Ur-OrAm` {Z`‘m§‘Üò A{YH$ ñnï>Vm AmUbr Jobr Va Vo bm^Xm`H$ R>aob. `mÛmao ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>baZm Amnbo CËnmXZ ho {d{eï> àXoem-Vrb H$mOy§nmgyZM ~Zdë`mMo ~mOmamg gm§JÊ`mMr g§Yr {‘iob.

H$mOy~m|S>o ’$moS>Ur{df`r H$moUVo gm{hË` dm V§Ì dmnamdo `m{df`rhr OrAm`-{Z`‘ H$mhr ñnï> H$aV ZmhrV. {deof åhUOo

`m AOm©À`m `mXrV H$moi§~rMm dmna H$aÊ`mMo åhQ>bo Jobo Amho. EHy$UM nma§n[aH$ VwS>dm d Mw‘i nÕVr d AmYw{ZH$ ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$ea, Q´>H$O°H$gh qnOam dmnaÊ`mMr nÕVr `m§Zm EH$M ñWmZ {Xë`mMo dmQ>Vo. `m‘wio ^{dî`mV H$moUVohr V§Ì dmnaÊ`mg EH$ àH$mao ‘w^m XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m~m~V Vrd« ‘VôX OmUdVmV. H$mhrOU gwMdVmV H$s H$mOyag H$gm Jmimdm `m‘wio H$mhr ’$aH$ nS>V Zmhr, `m‘wio gmarM V§Ìm§Zm g‘mZ ñWmZ Amho. Va Oo nma§n[aH$ VwS>dmnÕVrZo ag JmiVmV Vo åhUVmV H$s nma§n[aH$ nÕVrbm bJXm agm‘Üò {‘giV Zmhr. H$mhr ‘Úào‘tZm hm ’$aH$ ‘hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. Va H$mhr ‘Úào‘r ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eaÛmao Jmiboë`m H$mOyagmg ‘mÝ`Vm XoVmV.

òWo Ago gwMdÊ`mV òV Amho H$s ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrVrb àËòH$ Q>ßß`mdaMo {ZH$f A{YH$ ñnï> Ho$bo VaM ho {ZH$f n[anyU© R>ê$ eH$VmV. VgoM {d{dY àH$mao ~Zdbobr ’o$Ur `m{df`r J«mhH$m§Zm ‘m{hVr {‘iÊ`m~m~V Ver ‘m{hVr bo~bda XoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`m‘wio bo~qbJ H$go H$amdo `m{df`r ñnï> ‘m{hVrMm C„oI H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. nwT>rb nmR>mV OrAm`-N>ÌrImbr bo~b H$go ’$aH$ ñnï> H$aVo `m{df`r ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

CÜd©nmVZ gm{hË` d V§Ìm{df`rMo {Z`‘hm ^mJ ’o$Ur OrAm`-{ZH$fm§Mm Jm^m Amho. `mVyZM ’o$Ur Šb~À`m {Z{‘©VrMr JaO ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zobm dmQ>br. ‘mÝ`Vmàmá gXñ`m§Zm ho {ZH$f ~maH$mB©Zo nmimdo bmJUma AmhoV. OrAm`‘Üò bmdUr nm°Q>-ñQ>rb Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Va Vm§ã`mMo “^mÞ’ Aer gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `mì`{V[aº$ BVa H$moUVohr gm{hË` dm V§Ì `m§Mm OrAm`-AOm©V C„oI Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iV Zmhr. `m‘wio ZmZm àíZm§Mm Jw§Vm g‘moa V`ma hmoVmo. Zo‘Ho$ H$moUVo gm{hË` dmnamdo ( CXm. {g‘|Q> nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sV ~wS>dVm òUmar H$m°Bb), nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm Zo‘Ho$ H$m` åhUm`Mo Amho (CXm. bmdUr) qH$dm H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm H$m` åhUmd`mMo Amho ho OrAm` {ZH$fm§‘Üò g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr. nU H$m`ÚmÝdò OrAm`-Šb~À`m {Z`‘m§Mo nmbZ Z H$aUo åhUOo OrAm`Mo C„§KZ H$aUmao R>aob. Ë`m‘wio g§~§{YV ì`º$sbm ’o$Ur-{ZX}eH$ dmnaÊ`mda ‘ZmB© KmVbr OmB©b. CXm. `mnyduM nm{hbobo n‘m© h°‘Mo CXmhaU nhm (Mm¡H$Q> 8 … n‘m© h°‘, nmR> 2). WmoS>Š`mV ‘wÔm hm Amho H$s AmVm Ho$di bmdUr dmnê$Z ’o$Ur ~ZdUmè`m§ZmM OrAm`Mm XOm© {‘iUma Amho.

’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZoMo {Z`‘m§V gwYmaUm H$aUo JaOoMo dmQ>Uma Amho. gd}jUmV Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s, gw‘mao 75 Q>ŠŠ`m§hÿZ A{YH$ CËnmXH$ ho EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b

44

/ ‘m°S>Z© nm°Q>-ñQ>rb nÕVr dmnaVmV. `m‘wio òWo ì`mnH$ ZO-aoVyZ {dMma H$ê$Z nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm d H$m`XoeraarË`m Zo‘Ho$ H$moUVo V§Ì d gm{hË` Cn`wº$ R>aob ho ñnï> Ho$bo nm{hOo. bmdUr hm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f Amho - ’o$Urg§X^m©V Va hr na§nam nmiUo ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho. Var, CËnmXZnÕVrVrb ~Xb, Zì`m V§Ìm§Mo d CnH$aUmMo AmJ‘Z d ~mOmamMr ~XbVr g§ñH¥$Vr `m‘wio bmdUr {S>pñQ>bada VS>OmoS> H$aUo ^mJ nS>bo Amho. VgoM ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$ea d EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© nm°Q>-ñQ>rb `m§Mm A{YH$m{YH$ hmoV Agbobm dmna `m‘wio ~hþVm§e CËnmXH$ ho ’o$Ur-Šb~‘YyZ dJibo OmUma Amho. Aem n[apñWVr ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo ì`mnH$ Ñï>rZo {dMma H$ê$Z g‘Vmob gmYUo `mo½` R>aUma Amho.

CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$ò{df`rMo {Z`‘CËnmXH$ Am{U ‘Úào‘r `m§À`m‘Üò g‘Vmob gmYV ’o$Ur-OrAm`Zo {Û-CÜd©nmVZ nÕVr ñdrH$mabobr Amho. CÜd©nmVZm{df`rÀ`m BVa {Z`‘m§‘Üò J«mC d Xwgè`m CÜd©nmVZmgmR>rÀ`m {‘lUmMo à‘mU `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho …

- OrAm` ’o$UrMm J«mC hm 19 Vo 20 `m Xaå`mZ Agmdm

- Xwgè`m CÜd©nmVZmgmR>r 130 {bQ>a VmoS>n d 110 {bQ>a Am§~bobm H$mOyag dmnamdm.

H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZH$f R>adUo ho AdKS> AgVo, {deofV… nma§n[aH$ nÕVtZm H$m`Xoera ~§YZmV ~m§YVmZm Va Vo IynM AdKS> ~ZVo. gd}jUm‘Üò J«mCÀ`m à‘mUm~Ôb {d{dY ‘Vo {‘imbr hmoVr VgoM ~m°Q>ba d CËnmXH$ ho nmiV Agboë`m doJdoJù`m {ZH$fm§dahr àH$me Q>mH$bm Jobm hmoVm. (AmH¥$Vr 1 … J«mCMr {d^mJUr). H$mhr ~m°Q>ba J«mC hm 25 Ag-mdm Ago åhUVmV Va H$mhrOU Vmo 17 Agmdm Ago gm§JVmV. nU ~hþVm§e bmoH$m§Zr J«mC hm 21 Agmdm Ago Z‘yX Ho$bo hmoVo. nU OrAm`-{Z`‘m§Zwgma ho gd© ~m°Q>ba d CËnmXH$ ’o$Ur-Šb~‘YyZ dJibo OmVrb. `m A§JmZo {dMma H$aVmZm VgoM J«mhH$m§Mo ‘V bjmV KoVmZm J«mCÀ`m {ZH$fm§{df`r nwZ{d©Mma H$aUo `mo½` dmQ>Vo. `mgmR>r XmoZ n`m©` AmhoV … J«mCMo à‘mU {H$‘mZ nmVirda R>odUo, CXm. 19 . Va Xwgam n`m©` åhUOo J«mCMo à‘mU 19 Vo 25 `m Xaå`mZ amIUo. `m‘wio A{YH$m{YH$ ~m°Q>ba d ‘ÚgodH$m§Zm `mMm bm^ {‘iob.

`mMàH$mao Xwgè`m CÜd©nmVZmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {‘lUmÀ`m à‘mUmda EH$‘V gmYVm òB©b. {d{dY CËnmXZ nÕVtMm VgoM `mg§~§Yr H$mhr gm{hË`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Ago dmQ>Vo H$s ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo ho {ZH$f ho OrAm` {Z`‘m§à‘mUo H$S>H$ d H$mQ>oH$moa Ago ZmhrV. H$mhrOU Am§~bobm ag d VmoS>n `m§Mo 1…8 Ago à‘mU

amIÊ`mMo gm§JVmV. Va gd}jU Ahdmbm‘Üò ho à‘mU 5.2…1 Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m‘wio ’o$UrŠb~Zo EH$ ì`mnH$ ^y{‘H$m KoD$Z gd©g‘mdoe d EH$‘V hmoUmè`m nma§n[aH$ nÕVr, {ZH$fm§Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`m{df`r {dMma H$am`bm hdm. na§nam nmiVmZm A‘§b~OmdUr H$aVm òB©b Ago ho {Z`‘ AgmdoV.

4) ‘ÚgodZmMo ì`gZ hr gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`m Zmhr, Ago `mVyZ gwMdm`Mo Zmhr. VgoM ZH$br ‘ÚmMr g‘ñ`mH$S>ohr J§^ranUo nm{hbo nm{hOo. ‘Úì`gZmMr g‘ñ`m hr {d{eï> ‘mZdrd¥ÎmrVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoVo Am{U hr g‘ñ`m Ho$di Jmodm qH$dm ’o$UrerM {ZJ{S>V Zmhr. XwX£dmZo, Jmoì`mVrb {H$Zmè`mdarb n`©Q>Z ‘ÚgodZmg àmoËgmhZ XoVo Ago H$mhr J¡ag‘O V`ma Pmbo AmhoV.

5) Jmoì`mÀ`m CÎma gr‘obm bmJyZM ‘hmamï´>mVrb qgYwXwJ© {Oëhm dgbobm Amho.

6) OmZodmar 2008‘Üò Pmboë`m ~¡R>H$sV ‘m{hVr d V§ÌkmZ ImË`mMo g§MmbH$ lr. ‘m`Ho$b {S>gmoPm `m§Zr Jmoì`mVrb ‘mZHw$X© Am§~m, {MH$Z H°${’«$`b ‘Q>U VgoM H$Q>bm d {’${Ze ‘mem§Mr nmH$H¥$Vr ho OrAm` XOm©gmR>r XmdoXma R>ê$ eH$VmV Ago Z‘yX Ho$bo hmoVo.

7) H$mOy ’o$Urbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mMm {ZU©` `m ~¡R>H$m§‘Üò gwadmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`mVM Pmbm hmoVm.

8) OrAm`-AO© à{H«$ògmR>r n[a{eï> 2 nhm.9) ~mînr^dZ à{H«$ò‘Üò dmnabobr {d{dY CnH$aUo, gm{hË` `m§Mo

g{dñVa {ddoMZ, gmXarH$aU AOm©‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

45

nmR> 4 ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U ’o$Ur

`m nmR>m‘Üò AmnU ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§Mo {díbofU H$aVmZm ho {ZH$f òWrb nma§n[aH$ dmaemÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r VgoM Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H$go dmnaVm òVrb `m{df`r D$hmnmoh H$aUma AmhmoV. `mdoir OrAm`{df`H$ Agbobr CËgwH$Vm Am{U ñWm{ZH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo, {dH$mgmMo `m g§H$ënZoZo {Xbobo dMZ ho nwÝhm EH$Xm AmR>dy`m.

4

46

`m nmR>m‘Üò AmnU ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§Mo {díbofU H$aVmZm ho {ZH$f òWrb nma§n[aH$ dmaemÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r VgoM Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H$go dmnaVm òVrb `m{df`r D$hmnmoh H$aUma AmhmoV. `mdoir OrAm`{df`H$ Agbobr CËgwH$Vm Am{U ñWm{ZH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo, {dH$mgmMo `m g§H$ënZoZo {Xbobo dMZ ho nwÝhm EH$Xm AmR>dy`m. OrAm`‘Yrb {ZH$fm§~m~V EH$dmŠ`Vm hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§‘Üò `mo½` g§dmX gmYÊ`mMr JaOhr ì`º$ hmoV Agbr Var, OrAm` g§H$ënZoVrb ‘yi Jm^m g‘moa R>odyZ, `m nmR>mV `m {ZH$fm§Mr COiUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ’o$UrjoÌmMm {dH«$sH$a Ahdmb VgoM Ho$boë`m gd}jUmXaå`mZ O‘dboë`m ‘m{hVrÀ`m gmXarH$aUmÛmao `m nmR>mMr gwadmV H$ê$`m. `mZ§Va ’o$UrÀ`m nwadR>m‘mJm©da EH$ ZOa Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr AgyZ `mVyZ XmoZ àH$maMo ‘mJ© {d^mJÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV … "N>moQ>m d WoQ>' Am{U "bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS>'. `m nwadR>m ‘mJmªdarb ’o$UrgodZmMo à‘mU d ñdê$n `m§Mohr {díbofU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mMm dmna H$ê$Z ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§er ‘oi KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `mÛmao ñH$m°M d ‘oPH$bZo Ogo EH$mM OrAm`-N>ÌrImbr {d{dY ‘mJ© MmoImibo AmhoV VgoM ‘mJ© ^{dî`mV {d{dY Zmdm§Imbr ’o$Ur MmoImiy eHo$b H$m `mMmhr emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

’o$Ur joÌ’o$Ur CËnmXZmbm Ag§K{Q>V joÌmMr {H$Zma bm^bobr Amho.

VgoM ho joÌ Zoh‘rM bKwCÚmoJ loUrV ~gdbo OmVo. EH$m AWm©Zo ’o$UrjoÌmbm Ag§K{Q>V joÌmMo ñdê$n `mo½` Agob, H$maU `m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m ‘Owam§Zm g§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$m‘Jmam§à‘mUo noÝeZgmaIo bm^ {‘iV ZmhrV. Va XwgarH$S>o ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrÀ`m H$m‘mV g§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$maImÝ`mà‘mUoM gmao ì`mn, H$ï> H$amdo bmJVmV. BVHo$M Zìho Va amÁ`mMm {dH«$sH$a ‘hgwbmV dmQ>m Úmdm bmJVmo, ’o$Ur CËnmXZmgmR>r gaH$maMm nadmZm ¿`mdm bmJVmo, H$ƒm ‘mb d CÜd©nmVZmgmR>r CnH$aUo, gm{hË` `m§Mm doioda nwadR>m H$amdm bmJVmo. hm gmam IQ>mQ>mon Pmë`mda ‘J Hw$R>o ’o$Ur CËnmXZ 10 KoVm òVo d Ë`mZ§Va Vo ~mOmamV {dH$mdo bmJVo. hm gmam {dMma H$aVm ’o$Ur CÚmoJmbm “bKw CÚmoJ’ H$joV ~m§YUo ho AÝ`m`H$maH$ d MwH$sMo Amho. CËnmXZmÀ`m AmH$S>çmÀ`m ^mfoV (nadmZmYmaH$ CËnmXH$m§H$Sy>Z)10 ~mobm`Mo Va, 2006 gmbr Jmoì`mMo ’o$Ur CËnmXZ ho 12.4 bj {bQ>a11 BVHo$ hmoVo Va ^maVmV ~Zboë`m naXoer ‘ÚmMo CËnmXZ ho 240 bj {cQ>a hmoVo. EH$m CËnmXH$mMr CËnmXZj‘Vm Am{U Ë`mMo amhUr‘mZ `mdê$Z `m CÚmoJmMr loUr R>adm`Mr Agob Va bKwCÚmoJ hm XOm© R>rH$ Amho nU ’o$UrMo EHy$UM gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb ñWmZ nmhVm hm XOm© ’$maM N>moQ>m dmQ>Vmo. hm ‘wÔm òWo aoQ>md`mMm Zmhr. gd}jUmV Jmoim Ho$bobr àmW{‘H$ ‘m{hVr hr gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$, XOm©Ë‘H$ nÕVrZo ‘m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho d Ë`mVyZ ’o$UrÀ`m ñWmZ XmIdÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

47

gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ {ZX}eH$² ² ²’o$Ur joÌmVrb ‘w»` KQ>H$ åhUOo … CËnmXH$, KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo, {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vo d ~m°Q>ba. A~H$marH$a ImË`mZo (Mm¡H$Q> 18 … A~H$marH$a) nadmZm XoVmZm Ogo JQ> nmS>bo AmhoV Ë`mZwgmaM ho JQ> AmhoV. `mì`{V[aº$ `m joÌmV ‘Ü`ñWhr AmhoV. ‘Ü`ñW ho àËòH$ XmoZ H$m‘m§Xaå`mZ ‘mbmMr Or dmhVyH$ H$amdr bmJVo Vo H$m‘ H$aVmV. ho Oar doJdoJio Q>ßno d H$m‘o Agbo Var H$mhr ~m°Q>ba ho ’o$Ur CËnmXH$hr AmhoV Va H$mhr CËnmXH$m§Zr Amnbo ñdV…Mr ‘Úmbòhr CKS>bobr AmhoV. Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUo nmhm`bm {‘iVmV. EHy$UM ì`mnH$ ZOaoVyZ `m ~Xbm§H$S>o nmhVm nwadR>m gmIirXaå`mZ EH$ ‘moR>o d¡{eîQ>ç nmhm`bm {‘iV Amho. AmVm AZoH$ CËnmXH$ nwadR>m gmIirVrb WoQ> A§{V‘ J«mhH$mbmM Amnbo CËnmXZ nmoMdÊ`mMm {dMma H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. `mVyZM Vo AmVm Amnë`m CÚmoJmMo H$go ì`dñWmnZ H$aV AmhoV `mMo Xe©Z hmoVo.

Mm¡H$Q> 18 … ’o$UrgmR>r A~H$mar nadmZmJmodm A~H$mar H$a H$m`Xm, 1964Ýdò amÁ` A~H$mar ImVo ’o$Ur CËnmXZmVrb {d{dY Q>ßß`m§Zm nadmZm XoVo. `m{df`rMo {Z`‘ H$m`ÚmVrb nmR> H«$. 8 "H$mOyagmnmgyZ ‘Ú{Z{‘©Vr'‘Üò Z‘yX AmhoV. H$mOy~mJ ‘mbH$s ñdê$nmdê$Z H$mOy bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ ho H$mOy{d^mJ åhUyZ ~ZdÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Xadfu ’o$~«wdmar d ‘mM©‘Üò `m {d^mJm§Mm {bbmd hmoVmo. H$mOyag{Z{‘©VrgmR>r bmJUmar H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm hm dm{f©H$ {bbmd AgVmo. H$mOy ag {Z{‘©VrgmR>r gdm©{YH$ ~mobr bmdUmè`m C‘oXdmambm nadmZm {Xbm OmVmo. {H$Vr H$mOyag CËnm{XV Ho$bm OmB©b Ë`mdê$Z {bbmdmMr ~mobr a¸$‘ Úmdr bmJVo. Oa H$m {Z{dXm Anojoà‘mUo ZgVrb qH$dm H$moUr nwT>o òV Zgob Va A~H$mar ImVo hr {Z{dXm aÔ R>adVo. H$mhrdoim Va EImÚm H$mOy{d^mJmMm {bbmdM hmoV Zmhr. 2002gmbÀ`m Am{W©H$ VnmgUr Ahdmbm‘Üò Ago Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s 1999 Vo 2002 `m H$mbmdYrXaå`mZ gw‘mao 250 H$mOy{d^mJm§Mm {bbmdM Pmbm ZìhVm Am{U `m‘wio gw‘mao 12.7 bmI én`m§À`m A~H$mar H$amg ‘wH$mdo bmJbo hmoVo. VgoM H$mOyagmnmgyZ ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrgmR>r doJim nadmZm {‘idmdm bmJVmo. AZoH$Xm {OZo H$mOy{d^mJmVrb ‘mb IaoXrgmR>r {Z{dXm gmXa Ho$bobr AgVo Vr ì`º$shr ’o$Ur CËnmXZ nadmÝ`mgmR>r AO© H$aV AgVo. hr EH$ dm{f©H$ à{H«$`m AgyZ AO©XmamZo A~H$mar ImË`mbm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o dmnamV Agboë`m ^Q²Q>çm d Ë`m§Mo ñWb `m{df`r ‘m{hVr Úmd`mMr AgVo.

g§»`mê$nmV nmhm`Mo Pmbo Va {H$Vr amÁ` A~H$mar nadmZo XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV (Vº$m 1 … ’o$Ur joÌ)12 EdT>rM ‘m{hVr

CnbãY Amho. Jmoì`mV 2500hÿZ A{YH$ nadmZmYmaH$ ^Q²Q>çm AmhoV `mdê$ZM CËnmXZmVrb ñnYm© d ñdê$n bjmV òVo. ~hþVm§e ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§H$S>o EH$ EH$M ^Å>r Amho. Va Ad¿`m 3 Q>¸o$ CËnmXH$m§H$S>o 5 dm A{YH$ ^Q²Q>çm AmhoV. Va nwadR>m gmIirÀ`m Xwgè`m Q>moH$mbm amÁ`mV 6500hÿZ A{YH$ nadmZmYmaH$ {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vo AmhoV. `m‘Üò ‘Úmbò, VmdoZ©, XwH$mZo, aoñQ>m°a§Q> `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. Va WoQ> nwadR>m ‘mJm©da ‘mÌ Ago {MÌ nmhm`bm {‘iV Zmhr. VgoM ’o$UrMo ~mQ>br~§X CËnmXZ ho EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m ‘mZmZo ’$maM H$‘r AgVo. Ë`m‘wio 19 ~m°Q>baÀ`m g‘yhmVrb AZoH$m§H$S>o {d{dY ~«±S> nmhm`bm {‘iVmV.

Vº$m 1 … ’o$Ur joÌ (2005-06){d^mJ g§»`m

nadmZmYmaH$ ^Q²Q>çm 2656

{H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vo 6589

KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo 94

~m°Q>ba 19gm¡OÝ` … ‘wImonmÜ`m` BQ>r EEb. (2008)

{d{dY JQ>m§À`m gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ pñWVr‘Üò AJXr Q>moH$mMo ’$aH$ {XgVmV. H$mOy ~m|S> ho bdH$a Iam~ hmoV Agë`m H$maUmZo ~hþVoH$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ ho H$mOy ‘mb CnbãY joÌmOdiM CËnmXZ KoVmV. `m‘wio VmbwŠ`mÀ`m AJXr A§V©JV ^mJm§‘Üò Q>oH$S>çm§dahr ho CËnmXH$ AmT>iVmV. gÎmar (32 %), {S>Mmobr (16%) `m VmbwŠ`m§‘Üò ~hþVm§e nadmZmYmaH$ ^Q²Q>çm (Vº$m 4 … H$mOyMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdê$n) AmhoV. XwJ©‘ ^mJmV amhV Agë`m‘wioM OrAm`darb MM}Xaå`mZ Jmoì`mVrb `mM àXoem§Vrb à{V{ZYtÀ`m gh^mJmMo à‘mU ho gdmªV H$‘r AmT>iV Ago. `m joÌmVrb Q>moH$mÀ`m ’$aH$m§Mo AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU åhUOo Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU. EH$m nmhUrV Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s, EH$ g‘yh åhUyZ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>ba d {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vo `m§À`m‘Üò {ejUmMo à‘mU IynM AmT>ibo hmoVo. 79 Q>¸o$ ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zr XhmdrZ§Va emioMo Vm|S>M nm{hbobo Zmhr. Va gd© ~m°Q>ba ho {H$‘mZ ~mamdr {eH$bobo Va 86 Q>¸o$ ho nXdrYmaH$ hmoVo. KmD$H$ {dH«o$Ë`m§‘Üò ‘mÌ Ë`m‘mZmZo {ejUmMo à‘mU A{YH$ hmoVo. `m dJm©Vrb 60 Q>ŠŠ`m§hÿZ A{YH$ à{V{ZYr ho 10dr Vo 12dr Xaå`mZ {eH$bobo AmhoV. {ejUmVrb `m V’$mdVr~amo~aM amoOJma H$m‘m§‘Üòhr Aer V’$mdV AmT>iVo. ’o$Ur CËnmXZ hm EH$ h§Jm‘r ì`dgm` Amho. ‘mM© Vo ‘o Xaå`mZ H$mOy~m|S>o CnbãY AgVmV. `m‘wio ’o$Ur

48

CËnmXZmgmR>rMr gmar nyd©V`mar (CXm. nadmZm {‘idUo) ‘mM©nydu H$amdr bmJVo qH$dm ‘o ‘{hZm g§në`mZ§Va (CXm. ^Å>rMo ^mJ gwQ>o H$aUo). H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m CnbãYVoZwgma CËnmXH$m§À`m {‘iH$VrMo à‘mU Adb§~yZ AgVo. 95 Q>ŠŠ`m§hÿZ A{YH$ CËnmXH$ BVa H$mimV Xwgao H$m‘ H$aVmV Va `mn¡H$s 65 Q>¸o$ bmoH$ ho eoVmV H$m‘ H$aVmV. EH$m AWm©Zo àËòH$ Q>ßß`mdarb ì`mdgm{`H$ ho EH$‘oH$m§nojm doJim Agy eH$Vmo. Cd©[aV H$mimV ~m°Q>ba ’o$UrgmR>m VgoM BVa ~«±S>Mr KmD$H$ {dH«$shr H$aV AgVmo. VgoM {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vohr df©â `m EH$mM joÌmV AgVmV.

EHy$UM Aem n[apñWVrV ’o$Urg§~§Yr gd© ‘m{hVr EH${ÌV H$aUo IynM ‘moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. Ho$di Jmodm åhUyZ Zìho Va EH$ "‘Ú' åhUyZ hr ‘m{hVr Amho. A~H$mar ImË`mZo O‘m Ho$bobr ‘m{hVrVyZ Iar n[apñWVr à{Vq~{~V hmoB©b H$s Zmhr ho gm§JUo IynM H$R>rU Amho. åhUyZM ‘J H$mOy nrH$ bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ, A~H$mar H$a ‘hgyb d BVa gmar AmH$S>odmar nmhVm ’o$UrÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dñVmamMr Zo‘H$s ì`már {H$Vr Amho ho R>m‘nUo gm§JVm òV Zmhr.

’o$UrÀ`m {dñVmamMo ‘mnZ H$aUmam n{hbm KQ>H$ åhUOo H$mOy bmJdS> joÌ (Vm{bH$m 2 … H$mOy nwadR>çmVrb AW©H$maU) 1986nmgyZ drg dfmª‘Üò H$mOy bmJdS>rImbrb joÌm‘Üò 18 % dmT> Pmbobr Amho. `m {dñVmam~amo~aM Jmoì`mVrb H¥$frjoÌmImbrb O‘rZrVhr dmT> Pmbobr Amho. Ago Agob Var, `mÛmao ’o$Ur CËnmXZmV Zo‘H$s {H$Vr dmT> Pmbo ho H$mhr ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. `m {dñVmam‘mJo H$mOy{~`m§Mo dmT>bobo ì`mnmar ‘hÎdhr bnbobo Agë`m‘wio, bmJdS> dmT>ë`m‘wio dmT>bobo gmaoM CËnmXZ ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnabo Jobo ZgUma ho g‘OyZ ¿`mdo bmJob. Jmoì`mV {dH${gV Ho$ë`m Joboë`m H$mOy OmVr `m H$mOyag dmT>rnojm H$mOy~r CËnmXZmV dmT> ìhmdr `m hoVyZo {dH${gV Ho$ë`m Joë`m AmhoV. `m Ñï>rZo Jmodm gaH$maÀ`m BVa ImË`m§H$Sy>Z Jmoim Ho$bobr ‘m{hVr nm{hë`mda Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s 1987 Vo 2005 `m H$mbmdYrXaå`mZ H$mOy~r CËnmXZm‘Üò Vã~b 150 % dmT> Zm|X Pmbobr Amho. hr ‘m{hVr darb Xmì`mbm nwï>r XoVo. Vm{bHo$Vrb ‘m{hVrZwgma nadmÝ`m§Mr g§»`m hr Ho$di H$mOybmJdS>rImbr joÌ dmT>ë`m‘wio dmT>br Zgë`mMo Xe©{dVo. CbQ>, ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ nadmZm g§»òV bjUr` KQ> AmT>iyZ òVo. nmR> H«$. 3‘Yrb ‘m{hVrÀ`m {ZarjUmdê$Z EH$ H$maU dmQ>Vo H$s naamÁ`mVyZ H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoì`mV AmUÊ`mMo à‘mU ’$maM dmT>bobo Amho. `m‘wioM ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ H$mOyCËnmXZ nwadR>m hm Xw{Zdm`© Zmhr ho ñnï> hmoVo.

Vm{bH$m 2 … H$mOy nwadR>çm‘mJMo AW©H$maUdf© H$mOy^Å>r nadmZm

g§»`m H$mOy bmJdS>rImbrb

joÌ (hoŠQ>a)

1986 3037 46888

1996 3991 51360

2000 3217 53767

2008 2703 55612

A~H$mar H$a ImVo H$mOyg§~§Yr BVa ‘m{hVrhr Jmoim H$aVo `m‘Üò {H$Vr {bQ>a ’o$Ur CËnmXZ Pmbo d A~H$mar ‘hgyb {H$Vr {‘imbm (Vm{bH$m 3… CËnmXZ d A~H$mar ‘hgyb) `m§Mm g‘mdoe AgVmo. ’o$Ur CËnmXZ (Am{U CËnmXH$m§Mr nadmZm g§»`m) `m‘Üò åhUOoM 1986gmbr Vo 9.9 bmI {bQ>a Agë`mnmgyZ Joë`m drg dfmªV {Zåå`mhÿZ A{YH$ KQ> Pmbobr Amho. Va 2006‘Üò bjUr`ÑîQ>çm Vo 12 bmI {bQ>ada nmoMbo. ’o$Ur CËnmXZ Am{U ^Å>tMr g§»`m `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y hm Jm|YimV Q>mH$Vmo. àËòH$ ^Å>rÛmao Ho$bobo CËnmXZ ho ‘mhrV Zgë`mZo Am{U gd}jUmÛmaohr hr ‘m{hVr O‘dUo eŠ` Zgë`mZo `m Jm|Yim‘mJo J‘H$ H$mhr H$iyZ òV Zmhr. `m‘mJMo Iao H$maU H$Xm{MV CËnmXH$m§H$Sy>Z ImoQ>r ‘m{hVr XoUo Am{U ^Å>rMo CËnmXZhr dmT>dUo (naamÁ`mVyZ AmUboë`m ~m|S>m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z?) `m‘Üò XS>bobo Agob. Jmoì`mVrb EHy$U ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrMm {dMma H$aVm ’o$Ur CËnmXZmMm dmQ>m hm IynM H$‘r Amho. CXm. 2006‘Üò, Zmai ’o$UrMo CËnmXZ ho 5 bmI {bQ>a hmoVo, {~AaMo 192 bmI Va ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMr naXoer Xmê$Mo CËnmXZ 240 bmI {bQ>a hmoVo. XoerXmê$Ûmao {‘iUmè`m A~H$mar H$am‘Üòhr H$‘mbrMr dmT> Pmë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo. BVa Xoer Xmê$‘Üò g‘mdoe Agë`mZo ’o$UrnmgyZ {‘iUmam Zo‘H$m A~H$mar ‘hgyb gm§JVm òV Zmhr.

Vm{bH$m 3… ’o$Ur CËnmXZ d A~H$mar ‘hgybgmb ’o$Ur CËnmXZ (bmI

{bQ>a)A~H$mar ‘hgyb (bmI énò)

1986 9.86 9.46

1996 7.36 9.25

2000 4.84 6.00

2006 12.39 62.55 Q>rn … hm A~H$mar H$a hm Xoer Xmê$Mm Amho, `m‘Üò Zmai’o$UrMmhr g‘mdoe Amho.

49

H$mOy‘ÚmMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVrH$mOy {d^mJ d ’o$Ur CËnmXZA~H$mar H$amg§X^m©Vrb ‘m{hVrÛmao Amnë`mbm VmbwH$mñVar` ’o$Ur CËnmXZ d {dH«$s `m{df`rMo {MÌ ñnï> hmoD$ eH$Vo. Jmodm A~H$mar H$a H$m`Xm, 1964Ýdò (1964‘Yrb H«$.5) Agboë`m ‘m{hVrZwgma H$mOy’o$UrMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d^mJUr Amnë`mbm g‘OyZ KoVm òVo. `m H$m`ÚmVrb Xwgao H$b‘ ho ’o$Ur CËnmXZmVrb {d{dY Q>ßno, H$mOy{d^mJm§À`m {bbmdmnmgyZ H$mOy agJmiUrÀ`m nadmÝ`mn`ªVMr H$m‘o {Z`§{ÌV H$aVo (Mm¡H$Q> 18 … A~H$mar H$a). hr gmar ‘m{hVr AWm©VM g§{X½Y Amho `mV Xw‘V Zmhr- ‘Úì`dgm`mbm Agbobr H$m`Xoera ~§YZm§‘mJMo ho EH$ CKS> Jw{nV Amho.

’o$Ur CËnmXZmMo àXoeVm{bH$m 4‘Üò H$mOy{d^mJ d ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>rMm nadmZm `m§Mr AmH$S>odmar AmnU nm{hbr. Jmoì`mV H$mOybmJdS>rMo à‘wI VmbwHo$ åhUOo CÎma Jmoì`mVrb gÎmar (19%), noS>Uo (15%), {S>Mmobr

(14%) d X{jU Jmoì`mVrb gm§Jo (13 %) `m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ho VmbwHo$ Jmoì`mVrb A§VJ©V ^mJmV AgyZ C§MgIb Q>oH$S>çm d nR>mam§Zr ì`mnbobo AmhoV. VgoM {S>Mmobr, gÎmar d Ho$no ho VmbwHo$ Jmoì`mVrb ImUàXoe åhUyZhr AmoiIbm OmVmo.

Ë`m‘wio ~hþVoH$ H$mOy {d^mJ ho `m VmbwŠ`m§‘Üò AmT>iVmV. `m‘Üò EH$Q>çm gÎmarMm dmQ>m hm 35 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Amho. Va CÎma Jmoì`m‘Üò 75 Q>¸o$ H$mOy{d^mJ gm‘mdbobo AmhoV. H$mOyjoÌmV AmUIr EH$ nadmZm bmJVmo Vmo åhUOo ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r. `mnyduM gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo, H$mOy~m|S> ho bJoM Iam~ hmoV Agë`mZo H$mOy^Å>r hr gm‘mÝ`V… Aem CËnmXZ àXoemOdiM AgVo. Á`mà‘mUo H$mOy~m|S>o dmhVwH$sMo CKS> Jw{nV ‘mhrV Amho, VgoM EH$m H$mOy{d^mJmVyZ Xwgè`m H$mOy{d^mJmV H$mOyag qH$dm H$mO~m|S>o dmhVyH$ H$ê$Z ZoÊ`mg H$m`Xoera ~§Xr Amho. `m‘wio H$mOyCËnmXZ joÌ d ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrMr ^Å>r ho OdiOdiM AgVmV. EHy$U ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr ^Q²Q>çm§n¡H$s CÎma Jmoì`mMm dmQ>m hm 78 % BVH$m Amho Am{U `mVhr 32 % ^Q²Q>çm `m gÎmarV dgboë`m AmhoV. H$mOyjoÌmMo ho ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {MÌ {dñVmaV Amho. ~mX}e VmbwŠ`mV Ho$di 6% H$mOy{d^mJ AmhoV nU `m VmbwŠ`m‘Üò nadmZmYmaH$

Vm{bH$m 4 … H$mOy {nH$mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d^mJUr d ’o$Ur CËnmXZVmbwH$m H$mOy bmJdS> joÌ

(000hoŠQ>a)H$mOy {d^mJ nadmZmYmaH$ ^Q²Q>çm

CÎma Jmodm 40.109 1165 2067

{VgdmS>r 4.054 76 150

~mX}e 6.428 91 253

noS>Uo 8.264 140 140

{S>Mmobr 7.738 169 424

gÎmar 10.255 561 853

’$m|S>m 3.37 128 247

X{jU Jmodm 14.912 367 589

gm§Jo 6.955 150 221

H$mUH$moU 3.241 90 110

Ho$no 2.448 79 129

gmgï>r 1.915 17 78

‘waJmd 0.353 31 51

g§nyU© Jmodm 55.021 1532 2656Q>rn … ‘m{hVr 2005-06 gmbMr Amho

g§X^© … ‘wImonmÜ`m` BQ>r Eb. (2008)

50

^Q²Q>çm§Mo à‘mU ho EHy$U ^Q²Q>çm§À`m 10 % BVHo$ Amho.

’o$UrMr ‘moR>r KmD$H$ {dH«$s hmoUmao VmbwHo$nwadR>m gmIirVrb EH$EH$ Q>ßnm OgOgo nwT>o OmD$ Vgo H$mOyMo joÌ ho {dñVmaV Joë`mMo OmUdVo. ’o$UrMr qH$dm XoerXmê$Mr {dH«$s H$aUmè`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m nadmÝ`m§Mo g§»`mË‘H$ à‘mU ho gd©M VmbwŠ`mV AmT>iVo. nU A~H$mar ImVo ’o$UrgmR>r doJim d XoerXmê$gmR>r doJim {dH«$snadmZm XoV Zgë`mZo ’o$Ur~m~VMo ho {MÌ ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMr {dXoer Xmê$ d Xoer Xmê$ `m§Zm EH${ÌVnUo “Iwë`m ‘mbmMr {H$aH$moi {dH«$s’ d "~mQ>br~§X ‘mbmMr {H$aH$moi {dH«$s' Aem ñdê$nmV {dH«$s nadmZm {Xbm OmVmo. `m‘wio ‘ÚgodZmÀ`m à‘mUmMo àXoedma ñdê$n, ~XbVo àdmh `m§Mr ‘m{hVr {‘iy eH$V Zmhr. VgoM ’o$UrMo godZ qH$dm ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rÀ`m {dXoer ‘ÚmÀ`m godZmMo à‘mU {d^mJdma H$iV Zmhr. Var gd}jUmXaå`mZ KoVboë`m ‘wbmIVtXaå`mZ `mg§X^m©V H$mhr ‘m{hVr {‘imbr Amho.

{H$aH$moi {dH«$s nadmZm, EHy$U bmoH$g§»`m d n`©Q>H$m§Mo à‘mU `m gmè`m EH${ÌV ‘m{hVrVyZ WmoS>o {MÌ A{YH$ ñnï> hmoVo, ho Z¸$s. A{YH$ bmoH$g§»`m Agbobm VgoM n`©Q>H$m§Mm AmoK A{YH$ Agboë`m VmbwŠ`m‘Üò gdm©{YH$ {H$aH$moi {dH«$s nadmZo AmhoV (AmH¥$Vr 2 … ‘w»` VmbwHo$). 19 Q>¸o$ ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$g§»`m d 28 Q>¸o$ n`©Q>H$ ôQ> XoUmam VmbwH$m Agboë`m gmgï>rMm {H$aH$moi {dH«$s nadmÝ`m§‘Yrb dmQ>m hm 35 % Amho. {deof åhUOo gmgï>r hm VmbwH$m X{jU Jmoì`mV òVmo. `m VmbwŠ`mV Ho$di 1 % H$mOy{d^mJ AmhoV Va ^Q²Q>çm§Mo à‘mU ho Ho$di 3% Amho. `m CbQ> 22 % ^Q²Q>çm Agbobm gÎmar d 16 % ^Q²Q>çm Agbobm {S>Mmobr VmbwH$m ho H$‘r bmoH$g§»òMo (AZwH«$‘o 7 % d 4%) VgoM H$‘r n`©Q>H$ ôQ> XoUmao VmbwHo$ AmhoV. VgoM `m XmoZ VmbwŠ`m§V ImUjoÌmMo à‘mUhr A{YH$ Amho. `m‘wio `m VmbwŠ`m§Vrb {H$aH$moi {dH«$s nadmÝ`m§Mo à‘mU ho Ho$di 6 % Amho.

gm‘mÝ`V… XoerXmê$Mr Am{U {deofV… ’o$Urg§~§Yr Or AmH$S>odmar CnbãY Amho Ë`mdê$Z ’o$UrMo Zo‘Ho$ {H$Vr godZ hmoVo `mMo {MÌ ñnï> H$aUo AdKS> Amho. gd}jUmXaå`mZ Ho$bobo {ZarjU VgoM nwadR>m gmIirVrb {d{dY Q>ßß`m§da H$m‘ H$aUmè`m à{V{ZYtZr gm§{JVboë`m ‘m{hVrZwgma, ~mQ>br~§X ñdê$nmV qH$dm ~«±S> ñdê$nmV ’o$UrMr {dH«$s hr IynM H$‘r Amho. ’o$UrMo "{~J ~m°g'gmaIo Oo H$mhr ~«±S> AmhoV Vo ~mOmamVrb à‘wI ~«±S> AmhoV. ’o$UrgmR>r EHy$U 19 nadmZmYmaH$ ~m°Q>ba gyZ Ë`m§Zr {d{dY ~«±S> {dH${gV Ho$bobo AmhoV. (N>m`m{MÌ 13 … bm±J A±S> ~m°Q>ëS>).

VgoM Oo H$mhr à‘wI CËnmXH$ (‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>bg©) AmhoV Ë`m§Zrhr Amnbo CËnmXZ ho Ë`m§À`m AmoiIrÀ`m ê$nmVyZ ~«±S> åhUyZ {dH${gV Ho$bobo Amho. `m nwT>rb {d^mJmV ’o$UrÀ`m nwadR>m‘mJm©dê$Z Ago {d{dY ~«±S> emoYÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.

’o$UrMm nwadR>m ‘mJ©’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr VgoM ~m°Q>qbJ joÌmVrb d¡{dÜ`mà‘mUoM ’o$UrMo nwadR>m‘mJ©, godZg§ñH¥$Vr d godZñWio `m§À`mVhr d¡{dÜ` AZw^dm`bm {‘iVo. AZoH$OU Kam‘Üò EH$Q>çmZo qH$dm {‘Ìm~amo~a ’o$Ur godZ H$aVmV. hr ’o$Ur WoQ> CËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z qH$dm ~mQ>br~§X ñdê$nmV Agob Va ‘Úmb`mVyZ IaoXr Ho$bobr AgVo. VgoM ‘Úmb`mVrb ‘Xhmoe ‘mhmob Am{U Jm|JmQ>mÀ`m dmVmdaUmVhr ’o$UrMm AmñdmX KoUmao AZoH$OU AmhoV. VgoM n§MVmam§{H$V hm°Q>obm§À`m ~ma‘Üòhr H$m°H$Q>ob‘Üòhr ’o$UrZo ñWmZ nQ>H$mdbo Amho. H$mhr {Z`{‘V ‘Úào‘r ho g§Ü`mH$mir Amnë`m Zoh‘rÀ`m ‘Úmb`mV OmD$Z grb Zgbobr ’o$Ur~mQ>br IaoXr H$aVmV.

’o$UrgodZmMr hr {d{dY {R>H$mUo hr {d{dY {ZH$fm§Zwgma, Á`mà‘mUo ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baMr {d^mJUr Pmbr Amho Ë`mà‘mUo {d^mJÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. `m nwadR>m ‘mJmªMr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$mMo kmZ, Ë`mMr g‘O Am{U godZmVrb gd`r d g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mmhr Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gd}jUmXaå`mZ Ho$boë`m {ZarjUmdê$Z doJionU AgUmao Agohr nwadR>m‘mJ© emoYÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV …

- N>moQ>m d WoQ> … hm nwadR>m ‘mJ© hm ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baÀ`m AmoiIrda ~Zbobm AgVmo. `m‘Üò A§{V‘ J«mhH$ d CËnmXH$ `m§À`mV WoQ> g§~§Y AgVmV.

- bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> … `m ‘mJm©da ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Ur nwadbr OmVo. òWo CËnmXH$mMr AmoiI ‘hÎdmMr ZgVo Va J«mhH$ d CËnmXH$ `m§À`mV WoQ> g§~§Y ZgVmV.

N>moQ>m d WoQ> nwadR>m ‘mJ©gd}jUmXaå`mZ EH$àH$maMr ‘m{hVr gmVË`mZo {‘iV hmoVr Vr åhUOo WoQ> CËnmXH$M {H$aH$moi {dH«$sH|$Ðm§Zm CXm. ~ma, hm°Q>ob, ‘Úmbò `m§Zm Amnbm ‘mb {dH$Vmo. gd}jUmV ‘wbmIV KoVboë`m CËnmXH$m§n¡H$s 75 Q>¸o$ bmoH$ ho WoQ> {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Ë`mbmM Amnbm ‘mb {dH$VmV. Va {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Ë`m§H$Sy>Z {‘imboë`m ‘m{hVrÛmao gw‘mao 80 Q>¸o$ ‘mb hm aoñQ>m°a§Q>‘ÜòM {dH$bm OmVmo Va AÜ`m©nojm A{YH$ ‘mb hm ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§À`m ‘mbH$sÀ`mM hm°Q>obm§‘YyZ {dH$bm OmVmo. `m nwadR>m ‘mJm©Vhr d¡{dÜ` AmT>iVo

51

(N>m`m{MÌ 12 …N>moQ>m d WoQ> nwadR>m ‘mJ©, N>moQ>m d WoQ>)

(N>m`m{MÌ 12 … N>moQ>m d WoQ>)…

- WoQ> CËnmXH$mZo nwadbobm ‘mb … A§{V‘ J«mhH$mbm hm CËnmXH$M Amnbm ‘mb {dH$Vmo. EH$Va J«mhH$ ^Å>rÀ`m {R>H$mUr òVmo qH$dm CËnmXH$ J«mhH$mÀ`m Kar ‘Ü`ñWmÀ`m ‘XVrZo Amnbm ‘mb nmoMdVmo.

- CËnmXH$mMm ñdV…Mm ~mQ>br~§X ~«±S> … CËnmXH$mZo CËnmXZm~amo~aM ñdV…Mr ~m°Q>qbJ ì`dñWm V`ma Ho$br AgyZ Amnë`m CËnmXZmMm ~«±S> {dH${gV Ho$bm Amho.

-CËnmXH$mÀ`m ‘mbH$sMo ‘Úmb` qH$dm {H$aH$moi {dH«$s XwH$mZ … AZoH$ CËnmXH$ ho Amnbm ‘mb WoQ> {dH$Ê`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ‘Úmb` qH$dm {dH«$s XwH$mZ gwê$ H$aVmV. `m{R>H$mUr Vo Ho$di Ë`m§MmM ‘mb R>odVmV.

- ‘Úmb` qH$dm {H$aH$moi {dH«$s XwH$mZ … J«mhH$ hm ‘Úmb` qH$dm {H$aH$moi {dH«$s XwH$mZmVyZ ‘mb IaoXr H$aVmo.

`m N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m‘mJmªMo ‘w»` d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baÀ`m AmoiI hr `m ‘mJm©À`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgVo. IynM H$‘r ‘Ü`ñWm§Mr CnpñWVr R>odV, ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>caMr AmoiI hr WoQ> A§{V‘ J«mhH$mn`ªV nmoMdbr OmVo. EH$ ‘Úào‘r d ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>ca `m§À`mVrb `m WoQ> ì`mdhm[aH$ g§~§YmVyZ KÅ> Ago gm‘m{OH$ ~§Y Owië`mMo AZw^dmg òVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ho g§~§Y H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, na§namJV Ambobo AgVmV d {‘Ìn[admam‘Üò {dñVmabobo AgVmV. Xadfu hm ‘Úào‘r Img ’o$Ur ‘mb KoÊ`mgmR>r Jmoì`mV òVmo. Aem AZoH$ ‘Úào‘tZr Amnë`m ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>ba{df`r ‘m{hVr {Xbr. `m‘wio {d{dY ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>ba{df`r ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aVm Ambr. VgoM ‘Úmbò, VmdoZ© òWo {d{dY àH$maMo, {d{dY ~«±S>Mo ‘Ú {dH$bo OmVo, Aem {R>H$mUrhr CÎm‘ XOm©À`m ’o$UrZo Amnbr ñdV…Mo d h¸$mMo Ago ñWmZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo Amho. Aem {H$aH$moi {dH«$s H|$Ðm§‘Üò CËnmXH$ d {dH«o$Vm `m§À`mV {Z‘m©U Pmboë`m gm‘m{OH$ ~§YmVyZM ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©Mo à{Vq~~ C‘Q>Vo. nUOrVrb EH$ aoñQ>m°a§Q> ‘mbH$mZo, Omo Amnë`mH$S>o Agboë`m ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©Mr h‘r XoVmo, H$mhr {Z`{‘V J«mhH$m§Mo CXmhaU {Xbo … ""ho ~Km, gm‘mÝ`V… ‘r Zoh‘rM CÎm‘ ’o$Ur‘mbmÀ`m emoYmV AgVmo. H$moUrVar gm§JVo H$s A‘yH$ CËnmXH$ Mm§Jbm Amho. Voìhm ‘r Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z ’o$UrMm Z‘wZm IaoXr H$aVmo d Vmo ‘mÂ`m {Z`{‘V J«mhH$m§Zm XoVmo. Oa H$m ‘mÂ`m J«mhH$m§Zm ’o$UrMm XOm© AmdS>bm Va ‘J Vmo ‘mb IaoXr H$aVmo.''

`m nwadR>m ‘mJm©Mo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo, hm ‘mJ© Zoh‘rM ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>caMr bmoH$m§‘Üò Agbobr AmoiI Am{U J«mhH$mMo `m joÌmVrb kmZ `mdê$Z Vmobbm OmVmo. CËnmXH$m§Mr

(AmH¥$Vr 2 … ‘w»` VmbwHo$)

52

EH$ Amnbr AmoiI AgVo, H$mhr OU Va bmoH${à`M AgVmV. CËnmXH$mMr hrM AmoiI Ë`mbm J«mhH$dJ© {‘idyZ XoVo. åhmngm òWrb EH$ CËnmXH$-~m°Q>ba Omo {VÝhr àH$mao ’o$Ur ~ZdVmo (bmdUr, H$m°Bb d qgJb-~°M B§S>pñQ´>Ac nÕV) Ë`mZo ~m°Q>qbJ~amo~aM Amnbo ñdV…Mo Ago ~«±S> {dH${gV Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mMo CXmhaU ’$maM ~mobHo$ Amho. bmdUrÛmao ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr hr Ë`mMr Im{g`V Amho. ho CËnmXZ Vmo ~«±S>ZmdmImbr {dH$Vmo VgoM Iwbr {dH«$shr H$aVmo. Vmo åhUVmo … ""‘mPo H$mhr Img J«mhH$ AmhoV Oo Iwë`m ñdê$nmVM ’o$Ur IaoXr H$aVmV (...) H$moUr EH$Xm ‘mPm J«mhH$ ~Zbm H$s Vmo eodQ>n`ªV g§~§Y R>odVmo. ‘mÂ`m ~«±S>oS> ‘mbm~Ôbhr ‘r AerM ^mdZm ~miJVmo H$s EImXm Zdm J«mhH$ Ooìhm ‘mPr ~mQ>br IaoXr H$aVmo Voìhm Vmo ‘mÂ`m CËnmXZmer ‘aon`ªV ZmVo OmoS>ob. H$maU EH$M XOm© Am{U Mm§Jë`m ‘mbmMr h‘r. ~mH$s H$mhr Zmhr.''

`mbmM OmoSy>Z nUOrVrb EH$ {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Vm, Á`mMo AdKoM J«mhH$ ho nUOr ehamV amhVmV, åhUVmo … ""bmoH$ ñWm{ZH$ XwH$mZmVyZM IaoXr H$aVmV. WoQ> CËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z dm ‘Úmb`mVyZ. AJXr ‘moR>m "H$igmo'hr IaoXr H$aVmV.'' hm J«mhH$dJ© nmhÿZM H$mhr CËnmXH$m§Zr AmVm Amnbo CËnmXZ ~mQ>br~§X ñdê$nmV gmXa Ho$bo Amho Va H$mhrOU Agm à`moJ H$aÊ`mMm {dMma H$aV AmhoV. `m {R>H$mUr XmoZ KQ>H$ OmUdVmV. EH$m ~mOybm CËnmXH$ hm Amnë`m ‘mbmMr h‘r XoV WoQ> A§{V‘ J«mhH$mbm Amnbm ‘mb nwady nmhV Amho Va XwgarH$aS>o ~m°Q>qbJ‘Üòhr Amnbm nm` amodyZ `m ì`dgm`mVrb gmar Am{W©H$ gyÌo Amnë`m hmVmV KoD$ nmhV Amho.

CËnmXH$mMr bmoH${à`Vm, Ë`mÀ`m ‘mbmMm XOm© `mMr Om{hamV hr ‘m¡{IH$ hmoVo. EH$ J«mhH$ Xwgè`m J«mhH$mbm gm§JVmo, Xwgam {Vgè`mbm... Aer. nUOrVrb EH$ aoñQ>m°a§Q> ‘mbH$

Amnbm AZw^d gm§JVmo H$s ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>ba emoYÊ`mgmR>r Vmo H$mhr VmbwŠ`m§Vrb ‘Úmb`m§Mr H$er nmhUr H$aVmo Vo. CÎm‘ ’o$UrMr ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm Xwgam òmoV åhUOo Ë`mMo {Z`{‘V J«mhH$. Ë`mMà‘mUo {VgdmS>r VmbwŠ`mVrb EH$ ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>ba Omo bmdUrÛmao ’o$Ur JmiVmo Ë`mZo `m N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m‘mJm©{df`r A{YH$ ‘m{hVr {Xbr. ""‘mPo J«mhH$ ho ñWm{ZH$ d AmgnmgÀ`m ^mJmVboM Amho. EH$Va ho J«mhH$ WoQ> ‘mÂ`mH$S>o ‘mbIaoXrgmR>r òVmV qH$dm Ë`m J«mhH$m§Zm ‘r Zo‘Š`m H$moUË`m ‘Úmb`m§Zm ‘mb nwadVmo ho n¸o$ R>mD$H$ Amho, Ë`m‘wio Vo Ë`m ‘Úmb`mV OmVmV d H$igmo IaoXr H$aVmV.''

’o$UrCËnmXH$mÀ`m AmoiIrMm, g‘mOmVrb ñWmZmMm Ogm `m nwadR>m ‘mJm©da à^md nS>Vmo VgmM à^md J«mhH$mMmhr nS>Vmo. J«mhH$m§Zm `m N>moQ>çm d WoQ> ‘mJm©Vrb ’o$UrMm XOm© ‘mhrV AgVmo. Am{U Ë`mMo CËnmXH$mer qH$dm {dH«$sH|$Ðmer WoQ> g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmbobo AgVmV. `m nwadR>m‘mJm©Vrb EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo EImÚmÀ`m Kar XmamVM ’o$Ur IaoXrMr nÕV. ‘Ü`ñW hm CËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z J«mhH$mn`ªV ‘mbmMr dmhVyH$ H$aVmo d CËnmXH$mMr ‘m{hVr J«mhH$m§n`ªV nmoMdVmo. AZoH$Xm `m ‘Ü`ñWmH$S>o EH$mM CËnmXH$mZo ~Zdboë`m qH$dm XmoZ CËnmXH$m§Zr ~Zdboë`m XmoZ doJù`m ~°M‘Yrb ‘mbhr AgVmo. `m‘wio J«mhH$mbm XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m ‘mbmMm XOm© MmIVm òVmo. Aem àH$mamVyZM ‘J EH$m nwadR>m ‘mJm©darb CËnmXH$ hm Xwgè`m nwadR>m‘mJm©darb J«mhH$mer ZmVo OmoSy> eH$Vmo. VgoM ‘Úmb`m§‘Üòhr J«mhH$ d [aQ>oba `m§À`m‘Üò àñWm{nV Pmboë`m g§~§Ym§Mm à^md `m nwadR>m‘mJm©da hmoVmo. `m{df`r nUOrVrb EH$ ~ma‘mbH$ gm§JVmo, ""Vwåhr ‘mÂ`m aoñQ>m°a§Q>‘Üò òD$Z {dMmabo H$s "Vw‘À`mH$S>o Mm§Jbr H$mOy Amho H$m?' ‘r "hmo' åhUoZ. ‘r åhUoZ H$s Vwåhr `mn¡H$s H$mhr Z‘wÝ`m§Mm ñdmX ¿`m. Vwåhmbm Omo ‘mb AmdS>ob Vmo Vwåhr ß`m.'' gd}jUmXaå`mZ Aem ZmZm{dY AZw^dm§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJbo. J«mCMmMUr{edm` J«mhH$ ho Ho$di dmgmda ’o$UrMm XOm© VmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. `m{df`r nyduhr ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. … ""`mgmR>r Vwåhmbm Vw‘À`m ZmH$mbm à{ejU Úmdo bmJob. Vw‘À`mH$S>o AZw^dr ZmH$ Agob Va Vwåhr ’o$UrV EH$ ~moQ> ~wS>dm d Ë`mMm dmg ¿`m. Vwåhmbm bJoM Ë`m ’o$UrMm XOm© C‘Job.'' WmoS>Š`mV `m nwadR>m ‘mJm©da ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©Mo d ewÕVoMo Iao {ZH$f ho J«mhH$M AmhoV. hm nwadR>m ‘mJ© N>moQ>m d WoQ> Agë`mZo CËnmXH$mMo gm‘m{OH$ ñWmZ d J«mhH$mer Agbobo ZmVo `m§Mm nañna g§~§Y AgVmo.

bm§~ d ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Ur nwadR>m ‘mJ©

AmH¥$Vr 3: N>moQ>m d WoQ> nwadR>m ‘mJ©

53

’o$UrMm Xwgam nwadR>m‘mJ© åhUOo "bm§~ d ~mQ>br~§X ‘mJ©'. åhUOo ’o$Ur hr EH$ ~«±S> åhUyZ ~mQ>br~§X ñdê$nmV {dH$br OmVo. `m ‘mJm©{df`r A{YH$ OmUyZ KoÊ`mnydu ho g‘OyZ KoVbo nm{hOo H$s N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m ‘mJm©MrM H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço `mbmhr bmJy hmoVmV. CXm. AZoH$ ~m°Q>baMo g‘mOmV {d{eï> ñWmZ AgVo, AmoiI AgVo. `m ‘mJm©da ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©Mm {deof ’$aH$ nS>V Zgbm Var ~m°Q>baÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ J«mhH$m§Zm CËnmXH$mg§~§Yr {H$Vr ‘m{hVr nmoMdbr OmVo (qH$dm {H$Vr ‘m{hVr bndbr OmVo) ho ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo. hmM {ZH$f H$mhr ‘Úmb`m§Zmhr bmJy hmoVmo {OWo ~mhoa ~«±S>oS> ‘ÚCËnmXZo Xe©Zr^mJmV R>odbobr AgVmV nU AmV‘Üò ‘mÌ Iwë`m ñdê$nmVrb ’o$Ur {dH$br OmV AgVo.

’o$UrMo ~mQ>br~§X CËnmXZ hr na§nam Jmoì`mZo nmoVw©JrOm§H$Sy>Z A~H$mar `§ÌUoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ KoVbr. "pìhZmoO Zo{Q>dmoO' (Xoer Xmê$) d "pìhZmoO `wamo{n`moO' (`wamo{n`Z ‘Ú) `m§À`mVrb ’$aH$ XmIdÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo VmdoZ© d ~ma `m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mVyZ nwT>o H$a{Z`‘m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm åhUyZ {OWo Ho$di ~mQ>br~§X ‘Ú {dH«$s Ho$br OmVo Ë`m B‘maVrbm (CXm. ~ma) nadmZm XoÊ`mMm {Z`‘ ~ZdÊ`mV Ambm.

ñWm{ZH$m§Mr Iwë`m ‘ÚmbmM {‘iUmar ng§Vr nmhVm ~mQ>br~§X ’o$UrMo nwadR>m ‘mJ© ho Anojoà‘mUo {dH${gV Pmbo ZmhrV. ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Ur {dH«$s H$aUmar àm‘w»`mZo XmoZ {R>H$mUo AmhoV … nadmZmYmaH$ ‘Ú{dH«$s XwH$mZ, ~ma d WmoS>çm lr‘§V ^mJm§‘Üò aoñQ>m°a§Q>. Ago Agbo Var, {d{dY gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§‘Üò ’o$Ur bmoH${à` Amho. BVa dñVy§à‘mUoM J«mhH$mJ{UH$ Md ~XbV OmV Agë`mZoM {d{dY {H$‘VrVrb {d{dY ~«±S> ~m°Q>baZr {dH${gV Ho$bobo AmhoV.

`m nwadR>m‘mJm©Mo doJionU åhUOo òWo ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baMr CnpñWVr {VVH$ser ‘hÎdmMr R>aV Zmhr. ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Ur CËnmXZm§darb bo~bda CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$`m, ñWmZ qH$dm CËnmXH$ `m{df`r ¹${MVM ‘m{hVr N>mnbobr AmT>iVo. `m{df`r EH$ AndmXmË‘H$ CXmhaU åhUOo AmZ§X {S>pñQ>carMm "AmoëS> d°Q>' ~«±S>. `m ~«±S>Mr ’o$Ur bmH$S>m‘Üò ‘wadbobr AgVo. ‘mJÀ`m nmR>mV MMm© Ho$ë`mà‘mUo ’o$UrMm XOm© `mo½` amIÊ`mgmR>r ~m°Q>ba ho {d{dY Cnm` `moOVmV. AZoH$ ~m°Q>ba ho CËnmXH$m§er Mm§Jbo g§~§Y R>odyZ AgVmV. hr gmar ‘m{hVr AàË`jnUo A§{V‘ J«mhH$mn`ªV nmoMV AgVo. CXm. nUOrVrb EH$m Zm‘m§{H$V ‘Úmb`mMm ‘mbH$ gm§JVmo, ""Oo Iao ‘Úào‘r AmhoV Vo ’o$UrbmM àmYmÝ` XoVmV, qH$dm Vo ñWm{ZH$ ~«±S>bmM ng§V XoVmV. Oa H$m ñWm{ZH$ ~«±S> (N>m`m{MÌ 13 … bm§~ d ~mQ>br~§X nwadR>m ‘mJ©)

54

Ë`m§Zm éMbm Zmhr Va Vo “{~J ~m°g’ `m Ë`m§À`m AmoiIrMm ~«±S>bm ng§Vr XoVmV.''

`m nwadR>m‘mJm©‘Üò ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baMo ZJÊ` ñWmZ `m~amo~aM J«mhH$m§‘Üòhr CËnmXZm~m~V H$‘r kmZ AgVo. EH$m ~m°Q>baZo gm§{JVbo H$s ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Urbm gm‘mÝ`V… {~JaJmo‘§VH$s`M ng§Vr XoVmV. nUOrVrb EH$ à‘wI XwH$mZXma gm§JVmo H$s, ~mQ>br~§X ’o$UrÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r ~hþVm§e ho n`©Q>H$M òVmV. `m{df`r ~mX}e‘Yrb EH$m XwH$mZXmamZo A{YH$ àH$me Q>mH$bm … ""H$m` hmoVo H$s H$mhr XwH$mZm§‘Üò Ho$di n`©Q>H$M ôQ> XoVmV. ho XwH$mZ åhUOo n`©Q>ZñWiM AgVo. òWo Jmo‘§VH$s` J«mhH$ H$‘r AgVmV. (...) n`©Q>H$m§Zm òWrb ~«±S>~m~V, ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©~m~V H$mhrM ‘m{hVr ZgVo. XwH$mZXma gm§Job Vgo Vo IaoXr H$aVmV.''

AJXr daÀ`m gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ñVamVrb J«mhH$m§gmR>rhr ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Ur CËnmXZ ho ~ma, aoñQ>m°a§Q>‘Üòhr CnbãY AgVo. `m daÀ`m ñVamVrb J«mhH$dJm©gmR>r {H$Zmar VmbwŠ`m§Vrb (CXm. {VgdmS>r, ~mX}e) ~ma, aoñQ>m°a§Q> d ‘hmJS>r hm°Q>obo hr nwadR>m ‘mJm©Vrb doJim {d^mJ AgVmV. H$m`ÚmÝdò `m {R>H$mUr grb Zgboë`m ~mQ>ë`m§VyZ ’o$Ur{dH«$s H$aÊ`mg ‘ZmB© Amho. `m‘wio Aem {R>H$mUr gm‘mÝ`V… ‘mXm‘ amogm {S>pñQ>barMm "{~J ~m°g' `mgmaIo à{gÕ ~«±S>M {dH«$s H$aVmV. `m nwadR>m ‘mJm©darb J«mhH$m§À`m `m godZmÀ`m gd`r, na§nam `m IynM doJù`m AgyZ ~hþVoH$OU ’o$UrMo godZ ho H$m°H$Q>obÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$aVmV (Imbr nhm). `m {R>H$mUr BVa nwadR>m‘mJm©Vrb

J«mhH$m§à‘mUo Ho$di ’o$UrM {nUmao J«mhH$ A^mdmZo AmT>iVmV. ~mQ>br~§X ’o$Ur CËnmXZ ho XwH$mZm§Vhr CnbãY Agm`bm hdo `m‘wio J«mhH$m§À`m {ZdS>r‘Üò BVa ‘Ú~«±S>~amo~a (^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rÀ`m {dXoer ‘Ú) ’o$UrÀ`m ~«±S>Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoB©b. Á`m§Zm ’o$UrMr gd` ZgVo Aem Zd»`m J«mhH$m§gmR>r ~«±S> hmM XOm© d ewÕVoMm àVrH$ AgVmo. Aem J«mhH$dJm©gmR>r ~«±S> hm AmoiIrMm ‘w»` ‘wÔm R>aV AgVmo.

`m nwadR>m‘mJm©‘Üò ’o$UrMo AmH$f©U ho ~Xbboë`m ñdê$nmV nmhm`bm {‘iVo. EH$ J«mhH$dJ©, CXm. n`©Q>H$ ho Jmoì`mVrb gwQ>rMr AmR>dU åhUyZ ’o$UrH$S>o nmhV AgVmV- {H$Zmar n`©Q>Z Am{U ’o$gmiVo ‘Ú `m§Mr AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoUmar Jmoì`mVrb gwQ>r. `m‘wio Aem J«mhH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ~«±S>Zr Jmoì`mVrb ‘wº$ dmVmdaUmMo Xe©Z KS>{dUmè`m AmH$f©H$ n°H$‘Üò Amnbr CËnmXZo gmXa H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. AZoH$ ~m°Q>bg©Zr `mgmR>r {d{dY AmH$mam§V, a§Jg§JVrV ~mQ>ë`m§‘Üò d AmH$f©H$ n°Ho$O‘Üò CËnmXZo gmXa Ho$br AmhoV. H$mhr ~«±S>Mo n°Ho$qOJM BVHo$ AmH$f©H$ Amho H$s, Ë`mVrb ‘ÚmMm XOm© Ë`mbm gmOoem Zgë`mMo J«mhH$m§Mo ‘V ~ZVo. `m{df`r EH$m XwH$mZXmamZo EH$m ~«±S>{df`rMo CXmhaU gm§{JVbo, ""Ë`m ’o$UrMm XOm© Vgm H$mhr H$‘r ZìhVm. nU Ë`m ~mQ>brMm AmH$maM BVH$m AmH$f©H$ hmoVm H$s Ë`m‘mZmZo ’o$Ur {’$H$s dmQ>V hmoVr.'' J«mhH$mcm hì`m AgUmè`m gwb^Vo{df`r Xwgam EH$ XwH$mZXma åhUmbm, ""H$mhr n`©Q>H$ grb~§X ~mQ>ë`m§Mr ‘mJUr H$aVmV. Ho$di Jmo‘§VH$s`M Iwbr ’o$Ur {nVmV. ~mhoê$Z Ambobo ‘Úào‘r grb~§X CËnmXZm§ZmM àmYmÝ` XoVmV. AJXr H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ Ambobo bmoH$hr {dMmaVmV H$s "Vw‘À`mH$S>o grb~§X ~mQ>br {‘iVo H$m?' Zmhr åhQ>bo Va Vo IaoXr H$aV ZmhrV, H$maU àdmgmXaå`mZ Ë`m§Zm grb~§X Zgbobr ~mQ>br `mo½` dmQ>V Zmhr.''

AZoH$ ~«±S>Mm àgma ho AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç `m nwadR>m‘mJm©bm bm^bobo Amho. EH$m ~mOyZo ~mOmamV H$go PnmQ>çmZo ~Xb hmoVmhoV `mMo ho ÚmoVH$ Amho, Va XwgarH$S>o ~mOmamMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm Pmbobr {d^mJUr nmhm`bm {‘iVo. AZoH$àH$mao `m XmoÝhr ~mOy {‘gibobo {MÌ AZw^dmbm òVo. Ogo H$s EH$ ~m°Q>ba Amnë`m XmoZ à‘wI ~«±S>Mr ‘m{hVr XoVmo d nwT>o AZm¡nMm[aH$arË`m gm§JVmo H$s `m XmoÝhr ~«±S>‘Üò H$mhr {deof ’$aH$ Zmhr. `mg§~§Yr Ë`mbm {dMmabo AgVm Vmo gm§JVmo, ""XwH$mZXmam§MrM Ver Zoh‘rM doJdoJim ~«±S> Amnë`m XwH$mZmV {Xgmdm Aer ‘mJUr AgVo. åhUyZM Va ‘r doJdoJir bo~bo bmdyZ Amnbo CËnmXZ {dH$Vmo. H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm ‘r gm§{JVë`mà‘mUo ~«±S>À`m bo~bMr EH$m{YH$maemhr hdr AgVo Va Xwgè`mbm Xwgao bo~b hdo AgVo. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m J«mhH$m§Mr {‘gi H$amd`mg ZH$mo AgVo. åhUyZM ‘r hr XmoZ ~«±S>

(AmH¥$Vr 4 … bm§~ d ~mQ>br~§X nwadR>m ‘mJ©)

55

~Zdbo AmhoV.’’ Xwgam EH$ ~m°Q>ba {d{eï> {d^mJmVrb ’o$UrMr Md hr H$gm Amnbm doJim ~«±S> ~ZdVo `m{df`r ~mobbm. Vmo åhUmbm, ""gm§Jo ^mJmVrb H$mOy§nmgyZ Zmodm Jmodm hm ’o$UrMm ~«±S> ~ZdÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m ’o$UrMm J«mC WmoS>m A{YH$ AgVmo. Va H$mUH$moUmVrb H$mOy§nmgyZ "òg ~m°g' hm H$‘r J«mC Agbobm ’o$Ur ~«±S> ~Zdbm OmVmo.''

’o$Ur Am{U n`©Q>H$ ‘Úào‘r{’$eH$ar, ’w$Q>~m°b, {’$EñQ>m Am{U ’o$Ur `mÛmao {‘iUmam "Jmo‘§VH$s` AZw^d' n`©Q>H$m§Zm Mm§JbmM bw^mdVmo. n`©Q>H$ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ nwñVHo$, ~«m°Ma, Q´>°ìhbm°J AmXr gm{hË` ho ’o$UrMm g‘mdoe Zgob Va AnwaoM dmQ>Vo. AZoH$ ~m°Q>ba gm§JVmV H$s n`©Q>H$, ‘J Vo Xoer AgmoV dm naXoer, ho Amnbo ‘hÎdmMo J«mhH$ AmhoV. ~mQ>br~§X ’o$UrMo ~«±S> `mM J«mhH$dJm©V A{YH$ bmoH${à` AmhoV. åhUyZM OrAm` à‘mUnÌ {‘imë`mZ§Va ’o$Urbm EH$ OmJ{VH$ ‘Ú åhUyZ ñWmZ {‘iob Aer Amem `m ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm Amho. dV©‘mZnÌm§Vrb à{gÕ Pmboë`m ‘m{hVrZwgma `m {XeoZo à`ËZ gwê$ Pmë`mMo g‘OVo. CXm. `wZm`Q>oS> ~«odarOH$Sy>Z ’o$Urbm EH$ ^maVr` ‘Ú åhUyZ OmJ{VH$ ñVamda gmXa H$aÊ`m{df`rÀ`m àñVmdmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Amho. pèh`m {S>pñQ>bar d ‘mXm‘ amogm `m ~m°Q>bg©Zrhr ’o$Urbm naXoemV gmXa H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bobo AmhoV. dV©‘mZnÌm§Vrb ~mVå`m§Zwgma, 2005-06 gmbr ’o$UrMr {Z`m©V gdm©{YH$ åhUOo 40 hOma Ho$g Pmbr hmoVr. hr {Z`m©V A‘o[aH$m, gm¡Xr Aao{~`m, H°$ZS>m, O‘©Zr, {~«Q>Z `m Xoem§Zm Pmbr hmoVr.

‘ÚgodZmÀ`m gd`r, Md, d ‘m{hVr `m‘Üò ho n`©Q>H$ d¡{dÜ` AmUVmV. n`©Q>H$m§g‘moa ’o$Ur hr e{º$embr d H$S>H$ `m ê$nmV gmXa H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b {XgVmo. nU Ago H$aVmZm WmoS>r gmdYmZVm ~miJm`bm hdr (Mm¡H$Q> 19 … n`©Q>H$ Omio). ’o$UrMo ho MwH$sMo gmXarH$aU ’o$UrÀ`m {dñVmaUmè`m ~mOmanoR>oda g§H$Q> AmoT>dy eH$Vo. Img n`©Q>H$m§gmR>r d {Z`m©V ~mOmanoR>ogmR>r ’o$Ur A{YH$ éMH$a ~ZdÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ’o$Urbm Agbobm H$mOyMm ñdmX hQ>dÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo Jobobo AmhoV. `m à`ËZm§V Jw§Vboë`m EH$m ~m°Q>baZohr Vgm H$b Agë`mMo ñnï> Ho$bo … ""dmg hm ’o$UrMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. nU n`©Q>H$m§Zm hm dmg CJ« ñdê$nmMm dmQ>Vmo. nU Oa H$m `mbm dmgM Zgob Va ‘J ho ‘Ú ’o$Ur dmQ>UmaM Zmhr.'' Xwgam EH$ ~m°Q>baZo gm§{JVbo H$s ’o$UrMo H$mhr Z‘wZo ñH$m°Q>b§S>bm ZoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo nU dmgm‘wio Vr EH$ Moï>oMm {df` R>abr. EH$m BÀNw>H$ IarXXmamZo ’o$UrMm dmg KmbdÊ`mgmR>r Vr H$moiemVyZ JmiyZ KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwMdbr.

Mm¡H$Q> 19 … ’o$Ur EH$ n`©Q>H$ Omion`©Q>H$ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ nwñVHo$ d àdmgdU©Z boIH$ ho ’o$UrÀ`m godZmZo Kem‘Üò OiOi hmoVo Aem ñdê$nmMo boIZ H$ê$Z ’o$Urbm EH$ dmB©Q> AmoiI XoVmV. A{ZVm XogmB© `m§Zr "~m°‘JmQ>©Zg© ~m°å~o'‘Üò åhUVmV, "’o$Ur ho EH$ {df Amho.' VemM àH$mao Jmoì`mda AmYm[aV bmoÝbr ßb°ZoQ> JmBS>‘Üòhr Agm CVmam AmT>iVmo …

It's as clear as water, it tastes like aromatic gasoline and it really packs a punch [...] Feni first-timers might be well advised to mix it with a soft drink like Limca or cola' or just close your eyes and shoot it. [...] You can also buy colourful decorative bottles from wine stores (between Rs. 100 and 400), which make a good gift for friends you want to incapacitate.

H$mhrOU ’o$Ur ho n`©Q>H$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ CÎm‘ gmYZ Agë`mMo ‘mZVmV nU Ë`m§Mr hr Anojm àË`jmV CVadUo {VVHo$ gmono Zmhr.

da Xe©{dë`mà‘mUo, Á`m VmbwŠ`m§‘Üò n`©Q>H$m§Mm AmoK A{YH$ Amho Ë`m VmbwŠ`m§‘Üò ‘Ú {dH«$snadmZo A{YH$ AmhoV (AmH¥$Vr 2 … ‘w»` VmbwHo$). A~H$mar ImË`mVrb ‘m{hVr hr Xoer Xmê$ d ’o$Ur `m§À`mg§X^m©Vrb AmH$S>odmar doJdoJir XoD$ eH$V Zgë`m‘wio n`©Q>H$m§Mr g§»`m Am{U ‘Ú{dH«$s nadmZm `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mo Zo‘Ho$ {MÌ ñnï> H$aVm òV Zmhr. Var CnbãY Agbobr ‘m{hVr `m {XeoZo {dMma H$aÊ`mg Z¸$s àd¥Îm H$aVo (Vm{bH$m 5 … n`Q>©H$m§Mo à‘mU)

Jmoì`mV Omo n`©Q>H$m§Mm bm|T>m òVmo Ë`m‘Üò {d{dY JQ> AmhoV. n{hbo XmoZ à‘wI JQ> åhUyZ "Xoer' d "{dXoer' n`©Q>H$. {dXoer n`©Q>H$m§‘Üòo MmQ>©a hm°{bS>o hm JQ>hr ‘moR>m Amho. 1980À`m XeH$mÀ`m AIoarg Ho$di 10 % à‘mU Agbobm hm MmQ>©a hm°{bS>o n`©Q>H$m§À`m `m JQ>mMm dmQ>m AmVm EHy$U naXoer n`©Q>H$g§»òV 50 %da nmoMbm Amho. `m n`©Q>H$ JQ>mMo {d{eï> nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ H$aVm òV Agë`mZo `m JQ>mMm Jmoì`mVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$, nma§n[aH$ qH$dm ’o$UrgmaIr doJir d¡{eîQ>ço {H$VnV AZw^dVm òVrb hm àíZM Amho. Va Xoer n`©Q>H$m§Mm ‘moR>m JQ> hm ~hþYm AmR>dS>çmÀ`m gwQ>rdoir Jmoì`mg ôQ> XoVmo. amÁ` n`©Q>Z {d^mJmÀ`m ‘m{hVrZwgma Xoer n`©Q>H$ hm gm‘mÝ`V… 5 {Xdgm§da A{YH$ H$mi dmñVì` H$aV Zmhr, Am{U hm bKwdmñVì`mMr g§ñH¥$Vr Xoer n`©Q>H$m§‘Üò dmT>V Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.

‘J ‘w»` ‘wÔm òVmo H$s Aem àH$maÀ`m n`©Q>H$m§g‘moa ’o$Ur H$em àH$mao gmXa Ho$br OmVo. `m{R>H$mUr ‘J ~ma, VmdoZ©Mm ‘mbH$, ~maQ>|S>a, XwH$mZXma `m§Mr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. n`©Q>H$ A{YH$ à‘mUmV ôQ> XoUmè`m H$mhr daÀ`m ñVamVrb ~ma d aoñQ>m°a§Q>Mr

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Vm{bH$m 5

n`©Q>H$g§»`m Am{U ‘Ú{dH«$s nadmZo VmbwH$m n`©Q>H$ g§»`m AmÈ‘E’$Eb d grEb {dH«$sgmR>r nadmZmYmaH$

XwH$mZo*

Xoer naXoer godZmgmR>r ~§X~mQ>brVyZ

CÎma Jmodm 1,207,668 200,920 3677 763

{VgdmS>r 555,224 73,046 948 272

~mX}e 518,999 121,737 1428 273

noS>Uo 18,539 5,063 302 44

{S>Mmobr 15,748 152 262 41

gÎmar 0 0 156 33

’$m|S>m 99,158 922 581 100

X{jU Jmodm 767,112 141,155 3072 472

gm§Jo 7,553 339 264 32

H$mUH$moU 15,184 9,160 328 45

Ho$no 0 0 388 28

gmgï>r 524,395 113,192 1604 297

‘waJmd 219,980 18,464 488 70

g§nyU© Jmodm 1,974,780 342,075 6749 1235 Q>rn … 2005-06 gmbmVrb ‘m{hVr* ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMo {dXoer ‘Ú d Xoer Xmê$g§X^© … ‘wImonmÜ`m` BQ>r EEb. (2008)

H$mhr gm‘mÝ` d¡{eîQ>ço Aer … òWo Ho$di ~mQ>br~§X ~«±S>M CnbãY Ho$bo OmVmV, A^mdmZoM H$moUr J«mhH$ WoQ> ’o$UrMr ‘mJUr H$aVmo, Am{U Ooìhm ’o$UrMo godZ Ho$bo OmVo Vo H$m°H$Q>ob ñdê$nmV AgVo (Mm¡H$Q> 20 … H$m°H$Q>ob). {H$Zmar e°H$ ^mJmVrb ’o$UrgodZ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U òWrb g§ñH¥$Vr `mV H$mhr {deof ’$aH$ Zmhr; {deof åhUOo {H$Zmar ^mJmV Iwë`m ñdê$nmVrb ’o$Ur CËnmXZhr CnbãY AgyZhr ’$magm ’$aH$ {XgV Zmhr.

Mm¡H$Q> 20 … ’o$Ur H$m°H$Q>obJmoì`mV ’o$Ur H$m°H$Q>obMo XmoZ bmoH${à` àH$ma AmT>iVmV. `m§À`m amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$m§‘Üò {deof ’$aH$ Zgbm Var Vo XmoZ doJdoJio H$m°H$Q>ob ~«±S> Agë`mMo dmQ>Vo …

JmodZ éå~m … H$mOy ’o$Ur d ìhmBQ> a‘ ho g‘à‘mUmV {‘giyZ Ë`m‘Üò JaOoà‘mUo ‘mog§~r qH$dm AZZg ag {‘giyZ ‘moR>çm noë`m‘Üò ~’$m©gh {Xbo OmVo.

{gëìha g±S²>g … AZZg ag d "goìhZ An' `m§À`m‘Üò

XwßnQ> à‘mUmV Zmai’o$Ur {‘gibr OmVo d ~’©$ {‘giyZ ho H$m°H$Q>ob ‘moR>çm ½bmg‘YyZ {Xbo OmVo.

BVa H$mhr à{gÓ H$m°H$Q>ob‘Üò ’o$Ur ho à‘wI ‘Ú dmnê$Z BVa KQ>H$m§À`m à‘mUmV WmoS>o’$ma ~Xb Ho$bobo AgVmV. CXm. ‘mJm©[aQ>m H$m°H$Q>ob‘Üò Q>o{¹$bmMr OmJm H$mOy’o$UrZo KoVbr Amho Va {nZm H$mobmS>m‘Üò ìhmBQ> a‘ EodOr Zmai’o$Ur dmnabr OmVo.

’o$Urbm OmJ{VH$ XOm© {‘idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV n`©Q>H$ EH$ XyV åhUyZ H$m`©aV AgVmV, nU Ë`mhr ncrH$So> Ago AmT>ibo Amho H$s Jmoì`mVyZ Or H$mhr ’o$UrMr {Z`m©V hmoVo Ë`mVrb à‘wI {hñgm hm A{Zdmgr Jmo‘§VH$s`M A{YH$ à‘mUmV dmnaV AgVmV. A‘o[aH$m, gm¡Xr Aao{~`m, H°$ZS>m, O‘©Zr d {~«Q>Z `m Xoem§Zm ’o$Ur{Z`m©V hmoVo. EH$ à‘wI ~«±S>‘mbH$ `m{df`r A{YH$ ñnï>rH$aU XoVmo … ""Amåhr ‘Ü`nyd© d AmImVr Xoem§‘Üò ’o$Urbm àdoe XoD$ eH$bmo H$maU {VWo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV A{Zdmgr Jmo‘§VH$s` amhVmV. `m bmoH$m§ZrM ’o$Urbm {VWo à{gÕr {Xbobr Amho.'' Ago Agbo Var 1990À`m XeH$mV H°$ZS>mbm ’o$Ur {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mÀ`m

57

à`ËZm§dê$Z {Z`‘m§Mr ~§YZo d ~«±S>{df`r {deof OmJ¥Vr ZgUo `m g‘ñ`m gm‘moè`m Amë`m hmoË`m. Am|Q>m[a`moÀ`m ‘Ú {Z`§ÌU g{‘VrZo ’o$UrMo Z‘wZo VnmgyZ ñWm{ZH$ {dH«$s {Xbr. VgmM à`ËZ Q>moamoÝQ>mo‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambm. nU {VWo ‘ÚmH$m©Mo à‘mU, Z‘wÝ`m§‘Üò d¡{dÜ`Vm Am{U ’o$Urbm Xn© `m {ZH$fm§dê$Z ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr Jobr Zmhr.

Q>o{¹$bmgmaIo ’o$Urbmhr ^{dî` bmôb `m hoVyZo ~m°Q>baZm n`©Q>H$ ‘hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV. `m‘wio ‘ÚgodZmMr Zdr g§ñH¥$Vrbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmV Amho. ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rÀ`m {dXoer ‘Ú ~«±S>er ñnYm© H$aVmZm ’o$Ur H$m°H$Q>obÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$er gmXa Ho$br OmVo `mda ’o$UrMo ^{dî` Adb§~yZ Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo. VgoM EH$ AmH$f©UmMm ^mJ åhUyZ Q>o{¹$bm-em°Q>à‘mUo ‘ÚgodZmMr na§nam ~m°Q>bar emoYë`mg ’o$Uràgmamg ‘XV hmoB©b. AÝ`Wm Ho$di gm‘mÝ` n`©Q>H$mbm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ ’o$Urg‘moarb ^{dî`mVrb dmQ> H$R>rUM {XgVo. EHy$UM ’o$UrÀ`m àgmamgmR>r OmJ¥Vr à`ËZm§Mr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV JaO Amho, Ago à`ËZ AmVm ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ìhm`bm hdoV.

’o$UrMo {ZH$f’o$UrMo {d{dY nwadR>m ‘mJ©, godZmMr {d{dY dVw©io Am{U MmcrarVr `mVyZ `m ‘ÚmV Agbobr d¡{dÜ`Vm ñnï> H$aVo. VgoM ’o$UrMm ñWm{ZH$ (n`©Q>H$m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ) d OmJ{VH$ (A{Zdmgr Jmo‘§VH$s`m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ) ñVamdarb Zì`m ~mOmanoR>m§V H$gm àdoe hmoVmo hohr `mVyZ {XgyZ òVo. ’o$UrCËnmXZmVrb ~Xbhr Zdr CnH$aUo d V§ÌkmZmMm dmna (nmR> 3 nhm) H$gm Ho$bm OmVmo ho gm§JVmV. `m gd© àH$mam§dê$Z ’o$UrMm ^{dî`mVrb {dH$mgmg§~§Yr {d{dY {dMma nwT>o òVmV Am{U òWoM OrAm`-{ZH$f ‘hÎdmMr d {ZUm©`H$ ^y{‘H$m KoD$ eH$VmV. ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§g§X^m©V Imbr àíZ {dMmabo OmD$ eH$VmV …

- gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§g§X^m©V ho OrAm` {ZH$f Jmoì`mer {H$Vr gj‘nUo Owibobo AmhoV?

- gÜ`m ’o$UrOJVmV AmT>iUmè`m d¡{dÜ`m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho OrAm`-{ZH$f {H$Vr d H$go bd{MH$ AmhoV?

- nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm ‘mÝ` hmoVrb VgoM Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm eŠ` hmoVrb Ago ’o$Ur‘Üò ^{dî`mV ~Xb H$ê$ XoÊ`mg ho OrAm`-{ZH$f ‘mÝ`Vm XoVrb H$m?

`m àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm `mnydu AmnU nm{hbobo n‘m© h°‘ dmXmMo CXmhaU nmhUo Cn`moJr R>aob (Mm¡H$Q> 8 … n‘m© h‘°,

nmR> 2). n‘m© h°‘ g§X^m©V, CËnmXZ à{H«$òVrb {d{dY ~m~tZwgma, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem§er {d{dY ñVam§Zwgma ho OrAm`-{ZH$f ~ZÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. CXm. Sw>H$am§Mo g§JmonZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Omo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm Vmo g§nyU© BQ>br‘Üò {dñVmabobm hmoVm. nU h°‘da à{H«$`m hr Ho$di n‘m© àm§VmVM Ho$br OmÊ`mMm {Z`‘ hmoVm. ’o$UrMo OrAm`-{ZH$f ho AemMàH$mao {d{dY àH$maÀ`m àXoem§Vrb ~Xbm§er gmYå`© gmYUmao AgmdoV.

’o$UrVrb KQ>H$H$mOyÀ`m {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem§VyZ nwadR>m H$aÊ`m{df`r Agobbr g§{X½YVm `mnyduM M{M©br Jobr Amho (nmR> 3 nhm). OrAm`-{ZH$fm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda hr g§{X½YVm JwwánUo H$mOy~m|S>m§Mr naamÁ`mVyZ Am`mV H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xë`mMmM àH$ma Agë`mMo OmUdVo. ñWm{ZH$ ‘mJUr bjmV KoD$Z ho "CKS> Jw{nV' Amdí`H$ dmQ>V Agbo Var `mda H$mhrVar {ZpíMVM ~§YZ d ‘`m©Xm Amdí`H$ Amho. ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ XOm©MmM H$mOy Jmoì`mV AmUbm Omdm `mg§~§Yr Ë`mV ~§YZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ’o$UrÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çmMo g§ajU ìhmdo d ’o$UrCËnmXZmg ^{dî`mVhr ñWmZ bmôb `mgmR>r H$mOyÀ`m O¡dd¡{dÜ` hm {ZH$f dmnaÊ`mMr VaVyX `m ~§YZmV Agmdr. `m g§X^m©V CËnmXZmMo A{YH$ à‘mU d H$‘VaVm Aem pñWVr‘Üò Q>o{¹$bmMo CXmhaU ‘mJ©Xe©H$ R>aob (Mm¡H$Q> 21 … AZH$m°{Hª$J Q>o{¹$bm). AJodMr Ho$di EH$M OmV dmnaÊ`mÀ`m ~§YZm‘wio Q>o{¹$bmMm O¡dd¡{dÜ`mMm nm`m hm N>moQ>m Amho, `m‘wio AJod CËnmXZ ho H$sS> d H$sQ>H$m§Zm A{YH$ à‘mUmV ~ir nS>V Amho Va A{YH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$m§Mr A{YH$ à‘mUmV ‘mÌm dmnaUo ^mJ nS>V Amho. åhUyZM H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm nwadR>m H$aUmè`m àXoemda ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘oMo ~§YZ KmbUo hr ~m~ AdKS> R>aVo. Aemdoir ñH$m°MMo CXmhaU am~dUo ho gdm©Wm©Zo `mo½` dmQ>Vo. ñH$m°MÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§‘Üò ~mb}Mm nwadR>m hm ñWm{ZH$ ^mJmVyZM ìhmdm Ago ~§YZ Zmhr. Vmo ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘YyZ qH$dm gmè`m `wamon‘YyZhr Ho$bm Var MmbVmo. nU ’o$Ur~m~VMr n[apñWVr doJir Amho. H$maU H$mOy~m|S>o bJoM Iam~ hmoVm Ë`m‘wio ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘oMo ~§YZ Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo.

Mm¡H$Q> 21 … AZH$m°{Hª$J Q>o{¹$bm ñQ>moarQ>o{¹$bm ho ‘o{H$ñH$moV {Z‘m©U hmoUmao d OJâ bmoH${à` AgUmao ‘Ú Amho. Q>o{¹$bmgmaIo ’o$UrZohr è {‘idmdo Ago AZoH$m§Zr gd}jUmXaå`mZ gwMdbo hmoVo. nU `m ‘ÚmMm OdiyZ Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg `m{df`r doJio ‘V V`ma hmoVo. ’o$Urà‘mUoM `m ‘Úmbm

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‘moR>m d lr‘§V Agm B{Vhmg Amho. `m ‘Úm{df`r 1500À`m eVH$mÀ`m ‘ÚmnmgyZÀ`m Zm|Xr B{VhmgmV AmT>iVmV. AJod Q>o{¹$bmZm do~a (ãby AJod)Mo öX` ^mOyZ Ë`mda {H$ÊdZ d nwT>o CÜd©nmVZ {H«$`m H$ê$Z Q>o{¹$bm ~Zdbo OmVo. Om{bñH$mo amÁ`m‘Üò Q>o{¹$bm ho eha dgbobo Amho. 1974 gmbr Q>o{¹$bmgmR>r "{S>Zm°{‘ZoeZ Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ' (OrAm`gmaImM hm {Z`‘ Amho) hr {Z`§ÌU `§ÌUm ApñVËdmV Ambr. ãcy AJodMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe hm Vgm ‘moR>m Amho. `m‘Üò OmpëgH$mo amÁ` VgoM eoOmarb J`mZmOwAmVmo, {‘H$mogZo, Zm`m[aV V‘md{bng `m amÁ`m§Mmhr g‘mdoe Amho. nU {ZH$fm‘§Üò Ho$di ãby AJodMmM CëcoI Agë`mZo AJod Q>o{¹$bmZmÀ`m BVa OmVr§Mo ì`mdgm{`H$ CËnmXZ KoVbo OmV Zmhr. `m‘wioM O¡{dH$ Ag‘Vmob gmYbm OmV AgyZ hm àH$ma n`m©daUr` èhmgmH$S>o KoD$Z OmV Agë`m~Ôb n`m©daUào‘tH$Sy>Z AmdmO CR>dbm OmVmo. VgoM AJodMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmV Agë`mZo, âKmog CËnmXZ d VwQ>dS>m Ago MH«$ Zoh‘rM Mmby AgVo.

1974À`m {Z`‘mà‘mUo Q>o{¹$bm Šb~ {Z`‘m§‘Üò XmoZ àH$maÀ`m Q>o{¹$bm§Zm ‘mÝ`Vm Amho …

- Q>o{¹$bm 100 % AJod … hr ’$º$ AJod ewJanmgyZM ~ZVo d `mgmR>r {d{eï> àXoemVM ~m°Q>qbJ H$amdo bmJVo.

- Q>o{¹$bm {‘ŠñQ>mo … AJod ewJa d BVa àH$maÀ`m ewJa dmnê$Z hr ~ZVo d ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Vr {Z`m©V hmoVo.

`mVrb Xwgè`m àH$mam~Ôb Šb~ {Z`‘m§‘Üò WmoS>r {e{WbVm AmT>iyZ òVo. gwadmVrbm Q>o{¹$bm {‘ŠñQ>mo‘Yrb AJod eH©$aoMo {H$‘mZ à‘mU ho 70 Q>¸o$ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. nU nwT>o Vo 51 %n`ªV H$‘r H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m‘wio ‘J BVa àH$maMr gmIa (CgmMr qH$dm BVa nma§n[aH$ gmIa) dmnaÊ`mgmR>r ‘w^m {‘imbr d `mVyZM ‘J ãby AJodÀ`m CËnmXZmer Agbobm àmXo{eH$ g§~§Y H$‘r hmoV Jobm.

Q>o{¹$bm {‘ŠñQ>mo hr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {Z`m©V Ho$br OmVo. EHy$U {Z`m©Vrn¡H$s 75 Q>¸o$ CËnmXZo ho ~mQ>br~§X ñdê$nmV A‘o[aHo$V {Z`m©V Ho$bo OmVo. Q>o{¹$bm {‘ŠñQ>mo{df`r ñWm{ZH$ ~m°Q>qbJMm àH$ma ~mOmamV AmUÊ`m{déÕ {Z`m©VXma d {dVaU H§$nÝ`m§Zr OmoaXma {damoY Ho$bm. åhUyZM AmVm AZoH$ ‘opŠgH$Z H§$nÝ`m `m ~hþamï´>r` ‘Ú CÚmoJ g‘yhm§À`m (CXm. Xm`{OAmo, ’$m°À`w©Z ~«±S>) ‘mbH$sÀ`m Pmë`m AmhoV. `m ~Xbm§‘wio Q>o{¹$bm Šb~À`m {Z`‘m§‘Yrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ YmJm hiyhiy jrU hmoV OmV AgyZ Q>o{¹$bmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§‘Üò ~Xb hmoV Mmbbm Amho.

Q>o{¹$bmMm hm AZw^d ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§~m~V ~maH$mB©Zo nmhÊ`mMm Bemam XoVmo. `m{R>H$mUr EH$ dmXmMm ‘wÔm åhUOo BVa àH$maMr gmIa {‘giUo ho `mo½` R>aVo H$m? (Mm¡H$Q> 21 … AZH$m°{Hª$J Q>o{¹$bm). doimodoir Q>o{¹$bm {‘ŠñQ>mo‘Yrb AJod ewJaMr {H$‘mZ Amdí`H$VoMo à‘mU H$‘r Ho$bo Jobo Amho. ’o$Urg§~§YrMo Ago {ZH$f ho IynM ñnï> AmhoV H$s ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>rMm à‘wI d EH$‘od KQ>H$ åhUOo Am§~dbobm H$mOy ag. ñH$m°Mnojm ’o$Urg§X^m©V hm CËnmXZmMm {ZH$f ñnï> Amho. H$maU ñH$m°M‘Üò BVa YmÝ` d H$mhr a§J XoUmao KQ>H$ (H°$am‘bgmaIo) dmnaÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xbr OmVo.

{Z{‘©Vr CnH$aUo d V§Ì’o$UrMo OrAm`-{Z`‘ ho Ho$di bmdUr nm°Q>-ñQ>rbMrM {ZdS> H$aVmV. `mVyZM ho OrAm` {ZH$f nma§n[aH$ ‘yë`m§Zm ‘hÎd XoV Agë`mMo OmUdVo. `m‘wio BVa CnH$aUo d V§Ì `m§Zm ’o$Ur OrAm`-Šb~‘Üò ñWmZ {‘imbobo Zmhr. gd}jUmVrb nmhUrZwgma, `m {Z`‘m‘wio gw‘mao 80 Q>¸o$ ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Zm OrAm`-Šb~‘Üò ñWmZ {‘iy eH$Uma Zmhr. `m g‘ñòH$S>o doirM bj XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho.

VgoM {Û-CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$òg§X^m©Vrb EH$‘VmÛmao H$m°Bbgh EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b/‘m°S>Z© nm°Q>-ñQ>rbbm ^{dî`mV ‘mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Va Zmhr Zm? `mg§~§Yr ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo gm‘m{OH$ÑîQ>çm ‘mÝ` Agbobo {ZH$fm§gX^m©V VS>OmoS> H$aÊ`m{df`r ñWm{ZH$ J«mhH$, CËnmXH$m§Mm g‘yh `m§À`mer g§dmX gmYUo JaOoMo Amho. `mg§~§Yr ñH$m°M pìhñH$sMm AZw^d bm^Xm`H$ R>ê$ eH$Vmo (Mm¡H$Q> 12 … ñH$m°M pìhñH$s, nmR> 2). 1860‘Üò ñH$m°M{Z{‘©gmR>r H$m°’o$ ^Å>rMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMo à‘mU dmT>ë`mZo nma§n[aH$ ^Å>r (~mb}-~oñS>) dmnaUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm VS>VmoS> ñdrH$maUo ^mJ nS>bo hmoVo. ñH$m°MMr ì`m»`m ~XbÊ`mMm ‘moR>m B{Vhmg AZw^dVm nmhVm, Zdo V§ÌkmZ, Zì`m CnH$aUm‘wio Zì`m g§Yr emoYÊ`mg bm^ Pmbm Amho Am{U `mMm n[aUm‘ nma§n[aH$ nÕVtda Pmbm Amho. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrg nma§n[aH$ ^Å>rMm {ZH$fm§‘Üò g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm d nwT>o nwÝhm {Vbm dJië`mZo Pmbobo ~Xb `m‘wio ñH$m°MMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZmer Agboë`m g§~§Ym§‘Üòhr ~Xb Pmbm (Mm¡H$Q> 22 … ñH$m°MMm emoY).

Mm¡H$Q> 22 … ñH$m°MMm emoY … ì`m»`m§Mm B{Vhmggm{hË` d V§ÌmVrb ~Xb VgoM H$ƒm ‘mb nwadÊ`mg§X^m©Vrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemVrb ~Xb `m‘wio ñH$m°MÀ`m {ZH$fm§‘Üò

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H$emàH$mao ~Xb Ho$bo Jobo, `mda ñH$m°MMm B{Vhmg àH$me Q>mH$Vmo. 18ì`m eVH$mV VgoM 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrg, ñH$m°MMo nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f R>abo Jobo hmoVo. ñH$m°M{Z{‘©VrgmR>r nma§n[aH$ ^Å>r dmnabr OmV Ago VgoM Ho$di ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘Yrb ~mb}M dmnabm OmV Ago. "A°¹$m {dQ>o' (ñH$m°Q>b§Q>‘Yrb ß`wAa ‘mëQ> pìhñH$s) d "CñHo$~m°J' (Am`bªS>‘Yrb na§naoer A{YH$ OdiMm g§~§Y Agbobr EH$ ñnmBñS> loUr) `m§À`m‘Yrb ’$aH$ XmIdUmao ho d¡{eîQ>ç hmoVo. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrn`ªV, ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘Yrb CËnm{XV Pmboë`m ‘mëQ>oS> ~mb}nmgyZ nm°Q>-ñQ>rbÀ`m gmømZo ñH$m°M pìhñH$sMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo ho g‘rH$aU gdmªZm H$iyZ Ambo hmoVo.

1908-09 ‘Üò pìhñH$s am°`b H${‘eZÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ñH$m°MÀ`m ì`m»ò‘Üò ‘hÎdmMo ~Xb KS>bo. `m H${‘eZbm {d{dY dmXm§da VmoS>Jo H$mT>mdo bmJbo. `m‘Üò H$m°’o$ ^Å>rMm ñH$m°M {Z{‘©VrgmQ>r dmna H$ê$ {Xbm Omdm H$m, ~mb}ì`{V[aº$ BVa YmÝ`m§nmgyZ Jmibobm ‘ÚmH©$ ñH$m°MgmR>r dmnaÊ`mg nadmZJr Úmdr H$s ZH$mo, Am{U ‘hÎdmMm ‘wÔm åhUOo ~mb}À`m CËnmXZmMm ^yàXoe H$moUVm Agmdm, Aem ‘wX²X²`m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. H${‘eZZo ñH$m°MMr gwMdbobr gmYr-gmonr ì`m»`m Aer … "pìhñH$s ho H$S>YmÝ`m§nmgyZ ~Zdbobo, Ë`mV ‘mëQ>Ûmao eH©$aoMo à‘mU dmT>dyZ ~Zdbobo ‘Ú Va ñH$m°M pìhñH$s ho darbàH$maoM nU Ho$di ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘Üò ~Zdbobo ‘Ú hmo`.'

`m H$m`Xoera ì`m»ò‘Üò {Z{‘©Vr CnH$aU qH$dm V§Ì dmnaÊ`mda H$mhr ~§YZ R>odbobo ZìhVo. VgoM ^Å>rMm àH$ma hm ‘ÚmÀ`m XOm©da à^md Q>mH$Vmo hm ‘wÔm H${‘eZZo ImoSy>Z H$mT>bm. VgoM Ho$di ‘mëQ>oS> ~mb}MmM dmna H$aUo Ago H$mhr ñnï>nUo Z‘yX Z H$aVm H${‘eZZo BVa YmÝ`m§nmgyZhr ‘ÚmH©$ {Z{‘©Vrbm EH$àH$mao MmbZm {Xbr. VgoM nma§n[aH$ ^Å>r‘Üò {Û-CÜd©nmVZmMo Or na§nam hmoVr Ë`mMr JaO Agë`mMo H$mhr Z‘yX Ho$bo Zmhr. VgoM H$mñH$‘Üò ‘Ú ‘wadÊ`m{df`rhr H$mhr {Z`‘ KmVbm Zmhr.

ñH$m°M{df`r OrAm`-{ZH$fm§‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMm {Vgam à`ËZ hm 20ì`m eVH$mV “ñH$m°M pìhñH$s H$m`Xm, 1988’ g§‘V H$ê$Z Pmbm. `m H$m`ÚmÝdò, 1990 gmbr ñH$m°M pìhñH$s Am°S©>a g§‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m‘Üò Imbrb ì`m»`m gwMdÊ`mV Ambr …

- ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘Yrb {S>pñQ>bar‘Üò ‘mëQ>oS> ~mb} (Á`mgmR>r BVa H$S>YmÝ` OmVtMo nyU© XmUoM dmnaUo) d nmUr dmnê$Z ~Zdbobo ‘Ú

- `m ‘ÚmMr ‘ÚmH©$j‘Vm hr AmH$ma‘mZmZwgma 94.8 Q>¸o$ Agob Am{U ho ‘Ú ñH$m°Q>b§S>‘Üò H$‘mb 700 {bQ>a j‘VoÀ`m AmoH$ bmH$S>mÀ`m qnnm‘Üò {H$‘mZ 3 df} ‘wadyZ n¹$ Ho$bobo Agob.

- Á`m‘Üò nmUr d pñnarQ> H°$am‘b `mì`{V[aº$ BVa H$moUVmhr KQ>H$ Z§Va KmVbm Jobobm Zgob.

`m ì`m»ò‘Üò g‘mdoemMo H$‘r ‘mnX§S> dmnaë`mMo H$iyZ òVo. `m‘wio “BVa H$S>YmÝ`m§Mo nyU© XmUo’ dmnaÊ`mg nadmZJr, d ñWm{ZH$ ~mb} CËnmXZ dmnaÊ`mMo ~§YZ Z R>odUo VgoM ‘Ú{Z{‘©VrgmR>r {d{eï> V§ÌkmZmMmM Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ ZgUo Am{U ‘Ú ‘wadÊ`mgmR>rMm H$mbmdYr hm H$‘rV H$‘r åhUOo 3 df}M R>odUo, `m VaVwXt‘wio ñH$m°M pìhñH$sgmR>r gd©M {Z{‘©Vr nÕVr d gm{hË` dmnaÊ`mg ‘w^m XoÊ`mV Ambr.

’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo OrAm`-{ZH$fm§‘Yrb VrZ KQ>H$m§g§~§Yr ñnï> {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r `m joÌmVrb {d{dY ñVamdarb ì`mdgm{`H$ d J«mhH$ `m§À`m ‘V^mdZm§Mm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo. Oa H$m H$m°Bb dmnê$Z EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© V§ÌmÛmao ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr V§Ìmda VS>OmoS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Va Ë`m§Mm `m {ZH$fm§‘Üò g‘mdoe hmoD$ eHo$b. Ho$di ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmao KQ>H$ … Am§~bobm H$mOyag d {Û-CÜd©nmVZmdoir VmoS>n d Am§~bobm H$mOy ag `m§MmM g‘mdoe Ho$bm VgoM XmoZ nma§n[aH$ d EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b/‘m°S>Z© nm°Q>ñQ>rbMm g‘mdoe Va qgJb ~°M {Z{‘©Vr H$aUmè`m B§S>pñQ´>Ab nm°Q>-ñQ>rbbm dJibo Va `mMm bm^ gÜ`m ‘moR>çm g§»òVrb CËnmXH$dJm©bm `m Šb~‘Üò gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVm òB©b. bmdUr {S>pñQ>bg©Zm Ë`m§Mo doJionU XmIdÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZmMo d¡{eîQ>ç XmIdÊ`mgmR>r BVa g§Yr AgVrbM.

’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr àXoegÜ`mÀ`m {ZH$fm§‘Üò Jmoì`mÀ`m amOH$s` gr‘m `mM ’o$UrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©VrÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘m åhUyZ ‘mZÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. H$mhr ‘Úào‘tÀ`m ‘Vo H$mOy’o$Ur ho CÎma Jmoì`mMo Va Zmai’o$Ur ho X{jU Jmoì`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç am{hbobo Amho. AZoH$ CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>bahr `m{df`r gh‘Vr Xe©dVmV. H$mimà‘mUo `m ‘Vm§‘Üòhr ~Xb hmoV Jobm Amho VgoM H$mOy bmJdS>hr AmVm g§nyU© Jmoì`mV ì`mnbr Joë`mZo ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMo joÌhr Jmoì`mVrb BVa ^mJmV {dñVmaVo Amho (Vm{bH$m 2). H$mOy bmJdS>rMo joÌ {dñVmabo Agbo Var Ë`mMà‘mUmV ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMr ñWiohr {dñVmamdrV Ago åhUUo `mo½` R>aUma Zmhr.

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`m‘wio OrAm`Zo `m ’o$UrjoÌmMm {dñVma Am{U gd©‘mÝ` Aer ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMr {R>H$mUo `mda EH$‘V H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xbr Amho.

2005-06H$mbmdYrVrb ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>rÀ`m nadmÝ`m§gmR>rMo à‘mU nm{hbo Va Ago bjmV òVo H$s, H$mOy hr CÎma Jmoì`mMrM ‘ºo$Xmar am{hbobr Amho H$maU 78 Q>¸o$ nadmZo ho CÎmaoVrb AmhoV. AOyZ VmbwH$mdma nadmÝ`m§À`m g§»òH$S>o ~maH$mB©Zo nm{hbo Va gÎmar, {S>Mmobr, ~mX}e, ’$m|S>m `m Mma VmbwŠ`m§Mm dmQ>m A{YH$ Amho (Mm¡H$Q> 4). `m‘wio `m VmbwH$mdma nadmÝ`m§Mo à‘mU bjmV KoD$Z ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘m R>adÊ`mgmR>r EH$‘V hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Aem {ZU©`m‘wio OrAm`Mr Or ^m¡Jmo{bH$ h¸$ g§a{jV H$aÊ`mMr Or g§H$ënZm Amho Vr àË`jmV CVadÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.

{Z{‘©Vrà{H«$òZ§VaMr à{H«$`mXmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m nwadR>m‘mJmªda {Z{‘©VrZ§VaÀ`m à{H«$`m§Vhr d¡{dÜ` d {d{dY {ZH$f AmT>iVmV. `m{df`r `mnydu ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `mn¡H$s “EqOJ’ hr {H«$`m AmVm Zï> hmoV Mmbbr Amho. ~m°Q>ëS> nwadR>m ‘mJ© AOyZhr {dH${gV hmoV Amho Var Ë`mZo EqOJ, ãb|qS>J d ~m°Q>qbJ‘Üò H$mhr {deof {ZH$f, ‘mnX§S> {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo ZmhrV. Va N>moQ>m d WoQ> nwadR>m‘mJ© hm, EH$mM CËnmXH$m^modVr {’$aV AgVmo. ñH$m°MÀ`m "qgJb ‘mëQ>'gmaIoM ho {MÌ Amho. gÜ`m `m ’o$Ur CËnmXZ Pmë`mZ§VaÀ`m nwT>rb à{H«$`m§~m~VÀ`m OrAm`-{ZH$fm§~m~V H$mhr {Z`‘ bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambobo ZmhrV. CËnmXH$mnmgyZ A§{V‘ J«mhH$mn`ªV CËnmXZ H$go nmoMVo hr à{H«$`m IynM ‘hÎdmMr Amho åhUyZM `mbmhr `mo½` {ZH$f bmdbo Jobo nm{hOoV. VgoM hm àíZ ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©Mm Am{U ApñVËdmMm Amho. VgoM `m à{H«$`m§Mm ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrV ‘moR>m gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Yhr Amho. Q>o{¹$bmg§X^m©Vrb AZw^dm§nmgyZ `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m§Mm {H$Vr OdiMm g§~§Y Amho ho g‘OVo (Mm¡H$Q> 22 … AZH$m°{Hª$J Q>o{¹$bm). Q>o{¹$bm {‘ŠñQ>moMo {ZH$f ho ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mV ‘w^m XoV Agë`mZo ~m°Q>qbJ d CËnmXZmÀ`m XOm©da {Z`§ÌU amIÊ`mMo A{YH$ma CËnmXH$mH$S>o am{hbobm Zmhr. H$maU gmè`m ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m AmVm A‘o[aH$V dgë`m AmhoV. Va ñH$m°MgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ~m°Q>qbJ{df`r OrAm`-{ZH$fm§‘Üò H$mhr ~§YZo ZmhrV. nU AmVm Aer ~§YZo amIÊ`mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmV Amho. `m‘wio ñH$m°MMr {Z`m©VdmT> hmoÊ`mg ‘w^m {‘imbr Amho. KmD$H$ {Z`m©V, H§$Q>Zoa‘YyZ {Z`m©VrgmR>r H$‘r IM©, Va {Z`m©V ~mOmanoR>oV Am`mVH$a Aem {d{MÌ pñWVrV ~m°Q>qbJÀ`m Am`mVrda ~§YZo òVmV. Va XwgarH$S>o, ñWm{ZH$ ~m°Q>qbJ d

n°Ho$qOJ joÌ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoV Amho. AW©H$maUmVrb Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§~amo~aM, ñH$m°M pìhñH$sg‘moa qMVm Amho H$s KmD$H$ {Z`m©V ‘mb hm {Z`m©V ~mOmanoR>oV H$gm dmnabm OmV Amho. {deofV… BVa ‘Úm§‘Üò ñH$m°M {‘giÊ`mÀ`m àH$mam§Mr qMVm. ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr, qgJb ‘mëQ> ñH$m°M pìhñH$s hr ~mQ>br~§X ñdê$nmVM {Z`m©V Ho$br OmVo. h„rM ~m°Q>qbJ JaOm§~amo~a MMm© Ho$ë`mZ§Va “ãb|S>oS> ‘mëQ> ñH$m°M pìhñH$s’ hr Zdr loUr ~mOmamV Ambr Amho.

VgoM `mo½` doiobm ‘mJÊ`m H$em A‘bmV AmUë`m OmVmV ho Q>o{¹$bm d ñH$m°MMr hr CXmhaUo XmIdVmV. ‘waboë`m H$mbmdYrdê$Z Q>o{¹$bmMo Mma ~«±S> ~mOmamV AmhoV … ãb±H$mo qH$dm OmoìhZ (2 ‘{hÝ`m§nojm H$‘r EqOJ), aonm°g°S>mo ({H$‘mZ 2 ‘{hZo EqOJ), AZoOmo ( 1 dfmªnojm H$‘r EqOJ) d EŠñQ´>m AZoOmo ({H$‘mZ VrZ df} EqOJ). ñH$m°MgmR>r EqOJMm hm {ZH$f AmoH$ bmH$S>mÀ`m qnnm§‘Üò {H$‘mZ VrZ df} ñH$m°M ‘wamdr Agm Amho. Va nma§n[aH$ nÕVrVrb qgJb ‘mëQ>gmR>r hm EqOJ H$mbmdYr {H$‘mZ 8 dfmªMm AgVmo. ãb|qS>J‘Üòhr “d°qQ>J’gmaIm àH$ma Amho. {OWo {d{dY ‘ÚàH$ma EH$‘oH$m§V `mo½` àH$mao {‘gimdrV, Ë`m§Mo EH${OZgrH$aU ìhmdo åhUyZ {H$‘mZ {d{eï> H$mbmdYrgmR>r EH$Ì R>odbr OmVmV. ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZohr CËnmXZ à{H«$òZ§VaÀ`m {H«$`m§Zmhr OrAm`-{ZH$fm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$mhr {Z`‘ bmJy Ho$bo nm{hOoV.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ d ^{dî`mVrb bo~bgÚ…pñWVrVrc qH$dm H$mhr gwYmaUm H$ê$Z OrAm` {ZH$f bmJy Ho$ë`mda {d{dY ñVam§da {d{dY àH$mao Ë`mMo n[aUm‘ {XgUma AmhoV. `mnydu C„oI Ho$boë`m XmoZ nwadR>m‘mJmªZwgma `m n[aUm‘m§À`m ñdê$nmV ’$aH$ Zgob. N>moQ>çm d WoQ> ‘mJm©darb à{V{ZYtZm `m {ZH$fm§Mm gwadmVrbm H$‘r bm^ hmoB©b. CËnmXH$ d J«mhH$ `m§À`mV WoQ> d {dœmgmMo g§~§Y Agë`m‘wio H$moUË`m {Vgè`m ì`º$s dm g§ñWoH$Sy>Z `m§Zm XOm©à‘mUnÌmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgUma Zmhr. doJù`m AWm©Zo gm§Jm`Mo Va, bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> nwadR>m‘mJm©darb à{V{ZYtZm OrAm` åhUOo AmUIr EH$ {Z`§ÌUmMm Q>ßnm AgyZ `m‘wio H$mhr Km~ê$Z OmÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr Ago dmQ>Uma Amho. ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo J«mhH$, {S>pñQ>ca d ~m°Q>ba `m§À`mer ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV g§~§Y OmoS>bo VaM OrAm`Mo ñdmJV hmoB©b.

BVa CËnmXZm§Mm EH$ AmíM`©H$maH$ n[aUm‘ åhUOo OrAm`À`m {demb N>ÌmImbr hmoUmar àgmaà{H«$`m hmo`. CXm. ñH$m°MgmR>rMo OrAm`{ZH$f ho Vgo Iwbo d H$‘r AmhoV Var

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Ë`m‘wio ãb|S>À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ qgJb ‘mëQ>Mo ApñVËd amIUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. Ë`mhr nwT>Mo nmD$b åhUOo {Z{‘©VrMo gmb, ‘waÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr, H$mpñH¨$JMr nÕV `mdê$Zhr àH$ma nS>bo Jobo AmhoV. ñH$m°MMm g§X^© KoV ‘oPH$bÀ`m OrAm`-N>ÌrImbrhr Ago àgmamÀ`m àH$ma ~ZdUo eŠ` Amho (Mm¡H$Q> 24 … OrAm` N>ÌrImbMo JQ>). AJodgr OmVrVrb ‘m½ò dZñnVrMo CÜd©nmVZ H$ê$Z ‘oPH$b ~Zdbo OmVo. ‘m½òÀ`m 100hÿZ A{YH$ OmVr AmhoV. `mVrb ‘oPH$b{Z{‘©VrgmR>r àmYmÝ` {Xboë`m OmVr åhUOo ‘m½ò Eñnm{S>Z, Q>onñQ>oQ>, bmJm© (bm±J) Am{U ‘m½ò APwb. Va AmoŠgmH$m àm§VmV ‘m½òMo ‘w»` CËnmXZ hmoVo. VgoM PmH$m{Q>H$g, g°Z bwBg nmoQ>mogr, Jwaoamo dm` Xwam§Jmo `m àm§VmVhr Ë`mMo CËnmXZ H$mT>bo OmVo. {d{dY gaH$mar g§ñWm§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo `m àm§VmVrb CËnmXH$m§Zr ‘oPH$b {Z`§ÌU g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br Amho. `m g{‘VrÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ‘ÚCËnmXZ d àgmamMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. OyZ 1997‘Üò EZAmoE‘-070-EggrE’$Am`-1994Ýdò ‘oPH$bbm g§ajU bm^bo. `m {Z`‘mZwgma ‘oPH$bMo XmoZ àH$ma R>adÊ`mV Ambo (Mm¡H$Q> 23 … OrAm` N>ÌrImbrb JQ>) d ho

XmoÝhr àH$ma ‘opŠgH$moVM ~mQ>br~§X hmoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. Var ñH$m°Mà‘mUoM `m XmoZ àH$mamVrb Omo ’$aH$ Amho, Vmo nmhUo ‘hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo.

OrAm` N>ÌrImbr OrAm`‘Yrb {ZH$fm§Mo nmbZ H$ê$Z {d{dY àH$mam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr `mgmR>r ñH$m°M d ‘oPH$bo CXmhaU ‘mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVo. J«mhH$mMr Md hr gVV ~XbV AgVo d doimodoir J«mhH$ doJir Md XoUmar CËnmXZo ‘mJV AgVmV hm gm‘mÝ` AZw^d CËnmXH$mZo Zoh‘rM bjmV R>odm`bm hdm. ’o$Ur‘Üòhr XmoÝhr nwadR>m‘mJmªda Ago d¡{dÜ` d àH$ma CnbãY AmhoV.

’o$UrMr bo~bo hr ^{dî`mV ’o$Ur‘Yrb d¡{dÜ`Vm d ’$aH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘hÎdmMr R>aUma AmhoV. `mnydu Zmai ’o$Ur{df`r {Xbobr ‘m{hVrMr COiUr H$aVmZm Ago gm§Jmdgo dmQ>Vo H$s n{hbm ’$aH$ hm H$mOy d Zmai BWnmgyZ gwê$ hmoUma Amho. ñH$m°M d ‘oPH$bà‘mUo ’o$Ur hr gwÕm EH$mM nXmWm©Mm ag Am§~dyZ V`ma Ho$br OmVo. `m‘wio òWo gmIa qH$dm BVa KQ>H$ dmnam`bm OmJmM Zmhr. Vm§{ÌH$ ^mfoV ~mobm`Mo Va ’$oUr hr "ß`wAa ‘mëQ> pìhñH$s' Amho. N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m ‘mJm©da ’o$Ur hr EH$mM ‘mñQ>a

Mm¡H$Q> 23 … OrAm` N>ÌrImbrb JQ>ñH$m°M g§X^© AmYma ‘oPH$b CËnmXZ àH$ma

ß`wAa ‘mëQ> pìhñH$s100 %~mb} ‘mëQ> pìhñH$s

Q>mBn 1 ‘oPH$b *100 % AJod … e©H$am`wº$ 100 % AJodÀ`m agmnmyZ {Z{‘©Vr

ñH$m°M pìhñH$s *~mb} d BVa H$S>YmÝ`m§À`m nyU© XmÊ`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z H$m`Xoera ì`m»òZwgma {Z{‘©Vr (g§X^© Mm¡H$Q> 23)

Q>mBn 2 ‘oPH$b *80 % AJod ewJa d 20 % Zm°Z-AJod ewJa {‘lUmÀ`m agmnmyZ {Z{‘©Vr

ãc|So>S> ‘mëQ²>g{d{dY ‘mëQ> pìhñH$s d J«oZ pìhñH$s¨nmgyZ {Z{‘©Vr ; gm‘mÝ`V… 80 % H$S>YmÝò d 20 % ‘mëQ>

ãb|S>oS> ‘oPH$b {d{dY AJodnmgyZ VgoM {d{dY {S>pñQ>bar‘YyZ ~Zboë`m ‘oPH$bMo {‘lU

qgJb ‘mëQ>Ho$di EH$mM {S>pñQ>barVrb ‘mëQ> pìhñH$sMmM g‘mdoe; `m‘Üòhr qgJb-H$mñH$ ‘mëQ> d Ago ZmdrÝ`nyU© àH$ma

qgJb ‘oPH$b EH$mM {S>pñQ>bar‘YyZ VgoM EH$mM ~°M‘YyZ ~Zbobr ‘oPH$b

ñno`gmBS> qgJb ‘mëQ>ñno` ZXrOdirb ñQ´>°Wñno` `m àm§Vm‘Üò ~Zdbobr qgJb ‘mëQ> ñH$m°M pìhñH$s

‘oPH$b n°nmbmoQ> {S> JwaoamoJwaoamo àm§VmV CËnm{XV Pmboë`m nmnmbmoQ> AJodnmgyZ {Z{‘©Vr

* XoemVrb `mo½` OrAm` H$m`Úm§Zwgma ì`m»`m§Mr {Z{‘©Vrg§X^© … Om°O© bmg©Z `m§Zr {Xbobr ‘m{hVr ; A{YH$ ‘m{hVr ‘oPH$b {Z`§ÌU g{‘VrH$Sy>Z (www.oxaca.gob.mx){‘iob.

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{S>pñQ>baH$Sy>Z ~Zdbm OmVo `m‘wio Vr "qgJb ‘mëQ>' àH$mamV ‘moS>Vo. cm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> ‘mJm©dahr CËnmXH$mZoM ~m°Q>qbJ H$m‘ Ho$bo Agob Va Ë`m ~m°Q>ëS> ’o$Urbmhr “qgJb ‘mëQ>’ åhUVm `oB©b. H$mhr ~m°Q>ba Ago àH$ma H$aV AgmdoV. gm‘mÝ`V… bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> nwadR>m‘mJm©darb ’o$Ur hr "ãb|S>oS> ‘mëQ>' àH$mamV ‘moS>ob.

’$aH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mMo BVa {ZH$fhr AmhoVM. EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b/ ‘m°S>Z© nm°Q>-ñQ>rb nÕVrMm g‘mdoe Pmbm Agë`mMo ‘mZbo Va nm°Q>-ñQ>rb àH$mamZwgmahr ’o$UrMo àH$ma nmS>Uo gmono hmoB©b. `m‘wio ‘J ‘Úào‘tZm hm ~«±S> bmdUr nÕVrZo ~Zdbm Amho Ago gm§JUo CËnmXH$m§Zm, ~m°Q>baZm VgoM {dH«o$Ë`m§Zm gm§JUo gmono d AmZ§XmMo dmQ>ob. `mM {ZH$fm§Zwgma ’o$UrVrb àmXo{eH$ ’$aH$hr ñnï> H$aUo eŠ` Amho. ñno`gmBS>à‘mUo gÎmarVhr A{YH$ g§»`oZo {S>pñQ>car AmhoV. `m‘wio Ago ’$aH$ ñnï> H$aUmao bo~b ^{dî`mV {dH${gV H$aUo eŠ` Amho.

(10) A~H$mar ImË`mMr ‘m{hVr hr `mo½` Agbr Var AMyH$ Zmhr ho EH$ CKS> Jw{nV Amho. gd}jU H$aVmZm ho AZw^dmg Ambo

(11) ^maVr` A§H$nÕVrVrb EH$ ^mJ, 1 bj åhUOo 100,000(12) `m nmR>mV Z‘yX Ho$bobr hr AmH$S>odmar hr gd}jUmXaå`mZ Jmoim

Ho$bobr Amho. Ver Zgë`mMm Ë`mMm g§X^©hr XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

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nmR> 5 ‘mJmodm

{d{dY g§ñWm, ^maV gaH$ma, {dMmad§V Am{U gdmªV ‘hÎdmMo åhUOo CËnmXH$m§Mo g‘yh `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ g§H$ënZobm Omo ì`mnH$ nmqR>~m, bmoH${à`Vm {‘iV Amho Vr gmh{OH$M Amho. CËnmXZmÀ`m CJ‘ñWmZmMr AmoiI gm§JUmè`m BVa {MÝhm§à‘mUoM (CXm. g|{Ð`, ’o$AaQ´>oS>), OrAm`Mo {ZH$f ho EH$m {d{eï> àXoemVrb CËnmXH$m§À`m g‘yhmZo nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo MmbdV AmUboë`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>çnyU© R>aUmam Aem nÕVtZm EH$m XOm©Mm, ‘mnX§S>mMm Am{U g§ajH$ {Z`‘m§Mm Am`m‘ OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {‘iV Amho. ho g‘yh ñdV…M Amnë`m g‘yhmMo {Z`‘ ~ZdVmV, nmiVmV Am{U `m g‘yhm§Mr Or Zm|XUrH¥$V g§ñWm Amho VrM `m {Z`‘m§Mr ‘mbH$ Amho.

5

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nmR> H«§$. 2‘Üò Z‘yX Ho$ë`mà‘mUo, ñWm{ZH$ d nma§n[aH$ nÕVtgmR>r OrAm`Mo ñdê$n ho EH$ê$n hmoUmao Amho, `m‘wio `m nma§n[aH$ nÕVtZm H$m`ÚmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~m§YVm òUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. Aer {MaH$mb {Q>H$Umar H$m`ÚmMr Mm¡H$Q> C^mabr Jobr Var Oo nma§n[aH$ kmZ Amho Vo ‘mÌ gdmªMoM am{hbo Amho, Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUmMr ‘ºo$Xmar {gÕ hmoV Zmhr. `m gmè`m d¡{eîQ>çm§‘wio OrAm` hr g§H$ënZm, ñWm{ZH$m§Mo Am{W©H$, ì`mdgm{`H$ h¸$ g§a{jV H$aÊ`m~amo~aM EH$ {dH$mgmMo YmoaU åhUyZ am~dbo OmV Amho `m{df`r H$mhr AmíM`© dmQy> Zò. ‘mdar ‘mH©$ (Mm¡H$Q> 2, nmR> 2), n‘m© h°‘ (Mm¡H$Q> 8, nmR> 2), J«°Zm n°S>mZmo MrO (Mm¡H$Q> 9, nmR> 2) hr nmR> 2‘Üò Z‘yX Ho$bobr CXmhaUo `m OrAm` g§H$ënZoMr ì`mnH$Vm XmIdVmV. Var `m g§H$ënZoV “C‚db ^{dî`’ Agë`mMo Oo CËgmhmZo Am{U A{VaoH$mZo gm§{JVbo OmVo Ë`mH$S>o WmoS>o gmdYmZVoZo, ~maH$mB©ZoM bj {Xbo Jobo nm{hOo. `m eodQ>À`m nmR>mV AhdmbmV AmT>ibobo {ZîH$f© Am{U ’o$Ur-OrAm` VgoM ^maVmVrb OrAm` `§ÌUo{df`rÀ`m gyMZm Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r g¡Õm§{VH$ nÕVr’o$Ur-OrAm` àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV KQ>H$ d òmoVm§Zm èñdrnUo EH${ÌV H$aUo ho ’o$UrVrb Am{W©H$, ì`mdgm{`H$ C{Ôï>o bnë`mMo ÚmoVH$ Amho. Jmodm gaH$ma, Jmodm CÚmoJ d ì`mnma ‘hmg§K Am{U ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m à`ËZm§Mo ~maH$mB©Zo AdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`mg OrAm`‘YyZ EH$ gm‘m{OH$ ‘V¡Š` gmYÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m {d{dY àH$mao H$amì`m

bmJUmè`m V`marMr H$ënZm òVo. BVa CËnmXH$ g‘yhm§Zmhr OrAm`-à‘mUnÌmgmR>r bmJUmar V`mar, gdmªZm EH$Ì AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$amdo bmJUmao ì`mn, `mgmR>r bmJUmao Cn`wº$ òmoV, {Z`‘nyVuMr à{H«$`m AmXt~m~V V`mar H$aÊ`mgmR>r ’o$UrÀ`m AZw^dmMr {eXmoar Am{U à`ËZm§da Q>mH$bobm ‘mJmodm bm^Xm`H$ R>ê$ eH$Vmo. `m g§emoYZm‘Üò dmnaboë`m g¡Õm§{VH$ YmoaUmVyZ OrAm`-Šb~{Z{‘©VrgmR>r bmJUmè`m à`ËZm§da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho …

- "Šb~' g§H$ënZm hr OrAm`gmR>r bmJUmè`m Šb~-{Z`‘ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r H$amì`m bmJUmar VS>OmoS>, EH$‘V `mH$S>o bj doYVo. VgoM Á`m g§ñWm, d¡`{º$H$ ì`mdgm{`H$ EH$‘oH$m{déÕ ì`mdgm{`H$, Am{W©H$ ñnYm© H$aVmV Vo ghH$m`m©Mm Jmo’$ H$gm {dUVmV `mdahr àH$me Q>mH$Vo.

- OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm ‘yi Jm^m åhUOo ñWm{ZH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ à{H«$`m na§nam§Mo, CËnmXZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo g§dY©Z hmo` Am{U OrAm`‘Üò Agboë`m d¡{dÜ`nyU© Z¡{VH$ ‘yë`m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ na§nam, d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Zm g§ajU nwadUo hmo`.

"Šb~' g§H$ënZm g‘OyZ KoVmZm EH$ AmdmhZ Amho H$s, Ooìhm Ho$ìhm Šb~gÑe n[apñWVr C^r amhVo Voìhm ho OrAm` {ZH$f H$m`ÚmMo ê$n YmaU H$aVmV. H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm Šb~gXñ`m§Zm ho {Z`‘ nmimdo bmJVmV, A‘bmV AmUmdo bmJVmV. CXm. OrAm` Zm|XUr AhdmbmXaå`mZ Z‘yX Ho$bobo {ZH$f. Va Oo ho {Z`‘ nmiÊ`mV Ag‘W© R>aVmV Ë`m§Zm `m Šb~‘YyZ dJiÊ`mV òVo d Ë`m§Zm

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OrAm`-Šb~Mo Zmd dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ {Z~ªY KmVbo OmVmV. `mg§~§Yr nmR> 2 ‘Üò H$mhr CXmhaUo {Xbr AmhoV. CXm. h°‘ CËnmXH$m§Mm g‘yh Am{U {~«Q>Z‘Yrb EH$ [aQ>ob MoZ A°ñS>m `m§À`mVrb dmX (Mm¡H$Q> 8, nmR> 2). EH$ gj‘ Šb~ V`ma H$aÊ`mg {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr Oéar AgVo. gXñ` {Z`‘, Šb~À`m {Z`‘ A§‘b~OmdUr~m~V VnmgUr `§ÌUm, Šb~À`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘maofm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Aem KQ>H$m§Mm `mV g‘mdoe AgVmo. OrAm`À`m ^mfoV gm§Jm`Mo Pmbo Va nwT>o ho KQ>H$ CËnmXZmMo {ZH$f, ‘mnX§S> ~ZVmV, h¸$ajUmgmR>r H$m`Xoera {Z`‘ ~ZVmV. g¡Õm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm CËnmXZmMo {ZH$f ‘mÝ` H$aUo gmono AgVo - H$maU ho {ZH$f CËnmXZmÀ`m nma§n[aH$, ñWm{ZH$ à{H«$`mnÕVtdê$ZM ~ZdÊ`mV Ambobo AgVmV VgoM `m {ZH$fm§‘wio {‘iUmè`m g§ajUmMm bm^ hm gm‘y{hH$[aË`m Ë`m CËnmXH$g‘yhmbm {‘iV AgVmV. Ago Agbo Var `m Ahdmbm‘Üò, OrAm`-CËnmXZmMo EH$ doJio d¡{eîQ>ç Agbobr "ghH$mamVyZ ñnYm©' Aer {d{eï> àH$maMr ñnYm©hr OÝ‘ KoV AgVo `mH$S>ohr bj doYÊ`mV Ambo Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 11 , nmR> 2). OrAm`-CËnmXZmÀ`m nwadR>m gmIirer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m g§ñWm, d¡`{º$H$ ì`mdgm{`H$ ho A{YH$m{YH$ Am{W©H$ bm^ {‘idÊ`mgmR>r ñnY©H$hr AgVmV. CXm. {S>pñQ>ba d ~m°Q>ba ho H$igmoÀ`m Xamdê$Z EH$‘oH$mer ñnYm© H$aVmV. VgoM ~mOmamVrb dmQ>çmdê$Zhr {dH«o$Ë`m§Xaå`mZ MT>mAmoT> MmbVo. Ago Agbo Var Ë`m§À`mVhr nañnamdb§~ZmMm YmJm Owibobm AgVmo, H$maU OrAm`Mo {ZH$f nmiÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm EH$‘oH$mer ghH$m`© H$aUo ^mJ nS>V AgVo.

`m g§emoYZmVrb Xwgam {dMma hm OrAm`À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am`m‘mer {ZJ{S>V Amho. OrAm`-CËnmXZmbm XrK© Agm B{Vhmg AgVmo, Á`mÛmao CËnmXZ {Z{‘©Vr d dmnam{df`rMo nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f ho à{Vq~{~V hmoVmV. CXm. Z¡g{J©H$ÑîQ>çm PmS>mdê$Z nS>bobo H$mOy~m|S>M dmnamdo hm ’o$Urg§X^m©V nma§n[aH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {ZH$f Amho. ho {ZH$f CËnmXZ H$go ~Zdbo OmVo `mda ~§YZo KmbVmV. ho {ZH$f gVV V`ma hmoV AgVmV, Am{U Zdo V§Ì, Zdo CnH$aU, Zdo `§Ì d Zdr ~mOmag§Yr `m§À`m‘wio Ë`m§À`m ~Xbhr KSy>Z òV AgVmV. CXm. ñH$m°M (Mm¡H$Q> 12, nmR> 2). VgoM ~XbmÀ`m H$mhr g§Yr `m Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m Agboë`m nma§n[aH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am`m‘m§‘wio `m ‘mÝ` Z H$aÊ`mgma»`m AgVmV. OrAm`-Šb~À`m {Z{‘©VrV EH$‘V hmoÊ`m‘Üò Aem g§Yr AS>Wim AmUV AgVmV.

g§emoYZm‘Yrb ho XmoZ KQ>H$, ho OrAm` {Z{‘©VrgmR>rÀ`m ‘hÎdmÀ`m ~m~tH$S>o bj XoÊ`mg ‘XV H$aVmV VgoM CËnmXZmMo nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f d Zdo H$m`Xo `m§Zm EH${ÌVnUo AmUÊ`mV Amnë`mbm ‘XV H$aVmV. OrAm`g§~§Yr Amnbm Agbobm gwadmVrMm CËgmhmdahr AmnU {dMma Ho$bm Va ho OrAm` {Z`‘ Amnë`mbm

{Xboë`m AmœmgZm§Mr nyVu H$aVmV H$s Zmhr `mMo CÎma emoYUo gwb^ hmoVo. `m nÕVrMr ^y{‘H$m ~miJÊ`mMo g‘W©Z H$aV, `m AhdmbmV ^maVmVrb OrAm` g§H$ënZo{df`r Ago g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr JaOhr ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. OrAm`Mm àgma Am{U Ë`mbm {‘iUmao H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mam§Mo VgoM VËg‘ g§ñWm§Mo nmR>~i ho {MÌ IamoIaM CËgmhdY©H$ Amho. ^maVmV OrAm` H$m`Xm A‘bmV AmUë`mZ§Va Ad¿`m H$mhr dfmªVM OrAm`gmR>rÀ`m AOmªMr g§»`m 162da nmoMbr Amho Va `mVrb 90 AOmªZm à‘mUnÌ bm^bobo Amho. ’o$UrÀ`m AZw^dmdê$Z, `m AhdmbmV OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {Xbr Jobobr AmœmgZo àË`jmV CVaVmhoV H$s ZmhrV ho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r OrAm`-`§ÌUoMo narjU H$aÊ`mMr JaO ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

OrAm`gmR>r {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU"’o$UrgmR>r OrAm` {Z{‘©Vr' `mg§~§Yr `mnydu {Xbobo {ddoMZ ho Jmodm gaH$maÀ`m {deofV… H$mhr nXm{YH$mar d {d^mJm§À`m ^¸$‘ nmqR>ã`mda àH$me Q>mH$Vo. VgoM Jmodm CÚmoJ d ì`mnma ‘hmg§Kmgma»`m BVa g§ñWm§Mr y{‘H$mhr `mH$m‘r ‘hÎdmMr am{hbobr Amho. VgoM `m{R>H$mUr gm§{JVbobm B{Vhmg hm OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mZohr {Z^mdbobr y{‘H$m, Jmoì`mV Ho$bobr OmJ¥Vr d ’o$UrÀ`m AhdmbmMr ‘gwXm

~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobo ghH$m © `mH$S>ohr bj doYVmo. Zm|XUr à{H«$`m Am{U èñdr AO© ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r gmar ‘m{hVr O‘m H$aUmè`m§À`m à`ËZm§Mr àe§gm H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr hr gmar ‘m{hVr Cn wº$ R>aVo. ’o$Ur AOmªg§X^m©VMm hm AZw d ^maVmVrb BVa CËnmXZm§À`m OrAm`à{H«$`m§er gmYå © XmIdVmo VgoM nwadR>m gmIirVrb àË oH$ ì`mdgm{`H$mbm, g§ñWm§Zm `mgmR>r EH$Ì AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$em àH$mao à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV `mdahr àH$me Q>mH$Vmo. OrAm`‘Yrb {ZH$fm§da {d{dY KQ>H$m§‘Ü o EH$‘V hmoÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$magmaIr Ì`ñW g§ñWm ‘hÎdmMr y{‘H$m ~OmdVo. Var ’o$Ur-OrAm`Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda `m KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aÊ`m~m~V XmoZ ‘wX²X² m§da qMVm ì`º$ hmoVo.

EH$‘V hmoÊ`mgmR>r, VS>OmoS>rgmR>r IynM H$‘r OmJm Amho. `m‘wio OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Vbm bmoH${à` H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo Ho$bobo ì`mnH$ d gdªH$f à`ËZ {XgyZ oVmV. ’o$Ur~m~V gm§Jm`Mo Pmbo Va Jmodm amÁ` gaH$maMm nmqR>~m hm IynM ‘moR>m hmoVm. ’o$UrÀ`m OrAm`-AO©à{H«$ oVrb {d{dY Q>ßß`m§Xaå`mZ gaH$maZo {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm nmqR>~m {‘idyZ XoÊ`m~m~V, AO© à{H«$`m gwairV hmoB©b `m~m~V {deof H$miOr KoVbr Am{U ‘J `mVyZM amÁ` gaH$maMo {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zo~amo~a EH$ AO©Xma ~Zbo. `mVyZ EH$ O{Q>c àíZ gm‘moam oVmo Vmo åhUOo ’o$UrjoÌm{df`r

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{d{dY Anojm, g§~§Y `m~m~V gaH$maMr Ì`ñW y{‘H$m am{hbr Amho H$m? OrAm`‘Yrb ñdV…À`m A{YH$mam§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^{dî`mV gaH$ma Amnë`m y{‘Ho$V H$gm d H$moUVm ~Xb H$aob?

VerM qMVm OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mÀ`m gh^mJm~m~Vhr CËnÞ hmoVo. OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b` {VÀ`mer {Z`{‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambobr MMm© `mVyZ ’o$UrMm OrAm`-AO© ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r ‘mobmMm cm^ Pmbm. nU OrAm`-AOm©À`m XOm©Mr N>mZZr H$aVmZm ho H$m`m©b` `m gh^mJm~m~V {H$Vr VS>OmoS> H$aVo? {d{dY AOmªMo Z‘wZo VgoM OrAm`-{ZH$fm§~m~VMm ‘gwXm `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda ’o$UrMr nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©Vr nÕVrda àíZ{MÝh {Z‘m©U hmoVo. Jmoì`mV Pmboë`m XmoZ g„mJma ~¡R>H$m§‘Ü o ’o$Urg§X^m©Vrb AZoH$ KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xwb©j H$aÊ`mV Ambo. CXm. Zmai’o$Ur, EŠñQ>mbmoH$b/ ‘m°S>Z© {Z{‘©Vr V§ÌmMm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV hmoV Agbobm Adb§~, AmXr. {d{dY àH$mao `m g„mJma nWH$mMm Aä`mg hm Ho$di ’o$UrÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$m§nwaVmM ‘`m©{XV am{hbm Am{U `m‘wio ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMm B{Vhmg, na§nam `m§À`mH$S>o {VVHo$go bj XoÊ`mV Ambo Zmhr. `m gd© Aä`mgmdê$Z, `m AhdmbmV Imbrb gyMZm H$amì`mem dmQ>VmV …

- amÁ` gaH$maZo {d{dY CËnmXH$ g‘yhm§Zm OrAm`~m~V ghH$m © H$amdo d JaOoà‘mUo {ZH$fm§~m~V EH$‘V hmoÊ`m~m~V `mo½` OmJm d ì`mgnrR> CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ì`ñWmMr y{‘H$m MmoI {Z^mdVmZm, amÁ` gaH$maZo g§~§{YV CËnmXZmVrb {d{dY nÕVr dmnaUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVm oB©b `mH$S>ohr bj Úmdo. EH$ AO©Xma åhUyZ Zìho Va Ho$di g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Mm A{YH$m{YH$ g‘mdoe `m Šb~‘Ü o hmoB©b `mgmR>rM gaH$maZo Amnbo ñWmZ XmIdbo nm{hOo.

- OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mZo OrAm` à{H«$ o~m~V ‘m{hVr XoUo, AO©Xmam§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUr hr H$m‘o Mmby Ro>dmdrVM. VgoM g§~§{YV CËnmXZmÀ`m {ZH$fMmMUrgmR>r Ë`m {d{eï> CËnmXZmg§X^m©Vrc AZw dr à{V{ZYtMm g‘mdoe Agmdm VgoM g„mJma g‘yhm‘Ü ohr ñWm{ZH$ J«mhH$ d VÁkm§Zm ñWmZ Agmdo.

- CËnmXZmMm OrAm`-AO© hm OrAm`-OZ©b‘Ü o àH$m{eV H$aÊ`m~amo~aM Vmo Ë`m CËnmXZmer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m ñWm{ZH$ àXoemVhr Ë`m‘Ü o Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr ‘m{hVr gdmªZm {‘imdr `mgmR>r àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV `mdm. ñWm{ZH$ dV©‘mZnÌm§‘Ü o ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm§‘YyZ hm AO© à{gÕ H$aUo, VgoM Q>rìhr, ao{S>Amo d BVa ‘mYå`m§Ûmaohr `m AOm©Mr ‘m{hVr bmoH$m§n ªV nmoMdmdr.

’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrX¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV ’o$UrZo H$gm Jmo’$ {dUbm Amho ho ’o$UrMo EH$ doJio

d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. XwX£dmZo, `m g§emoYZm‘Üò ’o$Urg§X^m©Vrb ñWm{ZH$ ê$T>r, gm‘m{OH$ ñWmZ, d¡ÚH$s` CnMma nÕVr, nmH$H$bm d BVa dmnam§~m~V ì`mnH$Ñï>rZo Ý`m` XoVm Ambobm Zmhr. Var ’o$Ur {Z{‘©Vr Am{U ’o$UrMm dmna `mVrb EH${ÌV dmagm d na§nam `mda Am‘Mm ñnï> â am{hbobm Amho. {S>pñQ>ba d ~m°Q>ba, ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>ba d J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb XrK© d {Oìhmù`mMo g§~§Y ’o$UrÀ`m gd©M nwadR>mgmIù`m§‘Yrb àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda à{Vq~{~V hmoVmV.

’o$Urg§X^m©V AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdmMm ‘wÔm åhUOo, CËnmXZ d dmnam‘Üò Agbobm gm‘m{OH$ g§X^©. ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr‘Üò EH$m CËnmXH$mZo gm§{JVboë`m Amnë`m ~mbnUrÀ`m AmR>dUtVyZ (Mm¡H$Q>13, nmR> 3) VgoM ’o$UrgodZmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ àWm `mVyZ hm gm‘m{OH$ g§X^© {ZX}{eV hmoVmo.

`m AhdmbmV ’o$UrMr g‘mOmV Imobda éOboë`m ‘wim§dahr ho g§emoYZ àH$me Q>mH$Vo. Ho$di EH$M KQ>H$ (H$mOy~m|S>) dmnê$Z CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm~amo~aM ’o$Ur CÜd©nmVZmVrb gm{hË`, V§Ì `mVyZhr ñWm{ZH$ H$mam{Jam§Mo H$g~ {XgyZ òVo. BVa gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§~amo~aM ’o$Urdahr BVa V§Ì, gm{hË`m§Mm à^md nS>bm Amho Am{U Ë`mbm g‘mO‘mÝ`Vmhr {‘imbr Amho. `m g§emoYZmV ’o$Urg§X^m©Vrb VrZ àH$maÀ`m ^Q²Q>çm§Mm C„oI Amho …

- nma§n[aH$ ^Å>r Á`m‘Üò bmdUr‘Üò CËnmXZ Jmoim Ho$bo OmVo.

- EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© ^Å>r Á`m‘Üò {g‘|Q>À`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sV H$m°Bb ~wS>dyZ R>odbr OmVo.

- qgJb ~°M B§S>pñQ´>Ab {S>pñQ>qbJ `§ÌUm

nm`mÀ`m VwS>ì`mEodOr ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eaMm Adb§~ Agm àH$maÀ`m {d{dY ~Xbm§‘YyZ ’o$UrjoÌmVrb d¡{dÜ`Vm {XgyZ òVo. AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdmMm ‘wÔm òWo Zm|Xdmdmgm dmQ>Vmo Vmo åhUOo J«mCg§X^m©V Amho. AmíM`© åhUOo `m g§emoYZmXaå`mZ ’o$UrÀ`m J«mCMr nmVir hr 21da Agmdr `mda {d{dY KQ>H$m§V EH$‘V Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo nU hr nmVirM OrAm`{ZH$fm§‘Üò Zmhr Amho (AmH¥$Vr 1, nmR> 3) Am{U `m H¥$VrVyZ Agm J«mC amIUmè`m {S>pñQ>ba d ~m°Q>baZm OrAm`-Šb~‘YyZ ~mhoaM R>odÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. nma§n[aH$ {Ì-CÜd©nmVZmEodOr {Û-CÜd©nmVZ nÕVrbm {‘imbobr ‘mÝ`Vm åhUOo H$mimZwgma ~XbUmè`m {ZH$fm§Mo ÚmoVH$ Amho.

’o$UrMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$’o$Ur-OrAm`Mo AdcmoH$Z {d{dY ‘wX²X²`m§da àH$me Q>mH$Vo (Mm¡H$Q>

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16, nmR> 2). EH$m ~mOybm Z¡g{J©H$nUo PmS>mdê$Z nS>boë`m H$mOy~m|S>m§À`m dmnamÛmao nma§n[aH$ nÕVrbm àmYmÝ` {Xë`mMo AmT>iVo. VgoM bmdUr `m nma§n[aH$ {Z{‘©VrnÕVrbm {H$Vr ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho ho {XgyZ òVo. Va XwgarH$S>o {Û-CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$`m nÕVrcm ‘mÝ`Vm XoV nma§n[aH$ {ZH$fm§‘Üò H$go ~Xb hmoV AmhoV `mMmhr àË`` òVmo Va gdm©{YH$ dmnamV Agboë`m EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© V§Ìmbm ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambobo Zgë`mMohr nmhm`bm {‘iVo. EHy$UM, ’o$UrMo ho {ZH$f ‘mJ©Xe©H$ d gImob Ago AmhoV Va H$mhr ~m~VrV `m {ZH$fm§Zr ‘yH$ ~miJë`mMo qH$dm AnyU© Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo. CXm. Xwgè`m CÜd©nmVgmR>rMo {‘lUmMo à‘mU (130 {bQ>a VmoS>n 110 {bQ>a Am§~bobm H$mOyag) Am{U ’o$UrMm J«mC hm 19 Vo 20 `m nmVirV Agmdm. VgoM H$mOyMm nwadR>çmMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoem~m~V qH$dm H$mOy~m|S>mMr ’$moS>Ur H$er ìhmdr `mdahr H$mhr {ZH$f KmbÊ`mV Ambobo ZmhrV. `mnydu MMm© Ho$ë`mà‘mUo, `m {ZH$fm§gX^m©Vrb XmoZ ‘hÎdmÀ`m ‘wX²X²`m§da nwZ{d©Mma H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho … Zmai’o$Ur d CËnmXZ {Z{‘©VrZ§VaÀ`m à{H«$`m.

’o$Ur-OrAm`‘Yrb ho {ZH$f bjmV KoV, ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo CËnmXH$ d J«mhH$ `m XmoZ ‘hÎdmÀ`m KQ>H$m§‘Üò ’o$UrÀ`m {ZH$fm§da EH$‘V H$aÊ`m~m~V `m g§X^m©Vrb bmoH$m§‘Üò g§dmX gmYmd`mbm hdm.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZXoe©H$mÛmao ’o$UrMo g§ajUñWm{ZH$ CËnmXH$m§Zm Ë`mMo nma§n[aH$ òmoV, nma§n[aH$ gmYZo d à{H«$`m§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z CËnmXZ{Z{‘©Vrg g§ajU d ñWm{ZH$ {dH$mg hr OrAm` XoV Agbobr AmœmgZo qMVmXm`H$ AmhoV. `mg§X^m©V `m g§emoYZmV Imbrb {ZarjUo Zm|XdÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV …

n{hbo åhUOo, H$mOynwadR>çmgmR>r H$moUVrhr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘maofm Z R>adUo åhUOo naamÁ`mVyZ Jmoì`mV H$mOy‘mb AmUbm OmVmo ho "CKS> Jw{nV' ‘mÝ` H$aÊ`mgmaIoM Amho. Ago Agbo Var, CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>baZm `m XOm©Vrb ’$aH$m~m~V kmZ Amho. H$mOy~m|S>m§Mo Ëd[aV hmoUmao {H$ÊdZ bjmV KoVm, Aer gr‘maofm R>adyZ Jmoì`m~mhoarb H$mOy‘mb dmnaÊ`mda {Z~ªY KmbÊ`mMm {dMma H$amd`mg hdm.

Xwgao åhUOo, Jmoì`mV H$mOybmJdS>rImbrb joÌmMm {dñVma (Vm{bH$m 2, nmR> 4). H$mOy bmJdS>rMm {d{dY ^mJm§V Pmboë`m {dñVmamà‘mUoM ’o$Ur{Z{‘©Vr ñWm§ZmMrhr Ë`m à‘mUmV g§»`m dmT>mdr Ago H$mhr Oê$ar Zmhr. `m‘wio OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ, ’o$UrMm B{Vhmg nwÝhm VnmgyZ Jmoì`mVrb Zo‘Ho$ H$moUVo VmbwHo$ ’o$UrCËnmXZmg Cn`wº$ AmhoV `mda {dMma H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho.

`m{df`r EH$‘V hmoÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$ d bmoH$gh^mJ ‘hÎdmMm Amho.

{Vgao åhUOo, OrAm`-{ZH$fm§‘Üò bmdUrMm ñnï> C„oI Amho. nma§n[aH$ ^Å>rMm ñWm{ZH$ gm{hË` d H$mam{Jam§À`m AW©H$maUmV Agbobo ñWmZ bjmV KoVm ò {ZH$fmMm n[aUm‘ ‘moR>m hmoUma Amho.

Mm¡Wo åhUOo, CËnmXZ {Z{‘©VrZ§VaÀ`m à{H«$`m§da H$mhr {ZH$f ~ZdUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo dmQ>Vo. nma§n[aH$ “EqOJ’ gma»`m na§nam IynM ‘hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV, `mVyZ Zdr g§Yr (A{YH$ Xa) {‘iy eH$Vo nU Zdm IM©hr (gmR>dUyH$ gw{dYm) dmT>dy eH$Vo. ~m°Q>qbJg§X^m©V H$mhr {ZH$f hdoM AmhoV. ’o$Ur joÌmda ñWm{ZH$ {Z`§ÌU amIUo d ’o$UrMo ñWm{ZH$ àXoem§er KÅ> g§~§Y amIUo `mgmR>r Ago {ZH$f Amdí`H$ AgVmV. "EqOJ' d ~m°Q>qbJMo {ZH$f `mVyZ Jmoì`mVrb CÚmoJmbmhr bm^ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

Zmai ’o$Ur (VmS>r)Zmai’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrMm XrK© B{Vhmg nmhVm, OrAm`‘Üò `m{df`r C„oI ZgUo `m‘wio Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. Zmai’o$Ur~m~V AZoH$ nwamdo, ‘m¡{IH$ na§nam AmhoV Á`mÛmao H$mOy’o$Urnojm Zmai’o$UrMo ‘hÎd {gÕ hmoVo (Mm¡H$Q> 17 , nmR> 3). "’o$Ur'OrAm` H$mOybm ‘mÝ` Pmbm Agbm Var, H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm, Zmai’o$Ur hm eãXà`moJ dmnaÊ`mg H$moUrhr AS>dy eH$Uma Zmhr. `m‘wio Imbrb gyMZm Zm|Xdmì`mem dmQ>VmV … H$mOy~amo~a ZmaimMmhr `m {ZH$fm§‘Üò g‘mdoe H$amdm d XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm "’o$Ur' XOm©Mm bm^ KoD$ Úmdm. ZmaiVmS>r H$s H$mOy~m|S> `mnmgyZ CËnmXZ ~Zdbo Amho Vo ~mQ>brÀ`m bo~bda à{gÕ Ho$bo H$s J«mhH$mbmhr Ë`mMm bm^ hmoB©b.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Am{U ’o$UrMo nwadR>m ‘mJ©`m g§emoYZmV XmoZ à‘wI ‘mJ© {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV … "N>moQ>m d WoQ>' Am{U "bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS>'.

N>moQ>m d WoQ> ‘mJ© hm ‘mñQ>a {S>pñQ>baÀ`m gm‘m{OH$ ‘mZ, Ë`mMr AmoiI VgoM J«mhH$m§Mo kmZ `mdê$Z AmoiIVm òVmo. (AmH¥$Vr 3, nmR> 4). `m XmoÝhr nwadR>m ‘mJmª‘Üò d¡{dÜ` Agbo Var H$mhr ~m~r XmoÝht‘Üò AmT>iVmV. bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> ‘mJm©‘Üò CËnmXH$ d A§{V‘ J«mhH$ `m§À`m‘Üò AZoH$ ‘Ü`ñW AgVmV d `m‘wio CËnmXH$mMr AmoiI hr ‘hÎdmMr R>aV Zmhr (AmH¥$Vr 4, nmR> 4). òWo ho Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo bmJob H$s `m ‘mJm©‘Yrb ’$aH$ hm XOm© dm ’o$UrÀ`m Xam‘Üò Zmhr Va XmoÝhr ‘mJmªZr ñdV…Mo Ago XOm© d XañVa {dH${gV Ho$bobo AmhoV.

’o$Ur-OrAm`Mm hm n{hbmM Q>ßnm Agë`mZo ^{dî`mV `mMo Zo‘Ho$ H$m` n[aUm‘ hmoVrb `m{df`r AmÎmmM ^mî` H$aUo C{MV

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R>aUma Zmhr.

{deof åhUOo, gd}jUmXaå`mZ Ho$di 2 % ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Zm `m OrAm` à‘mUnÌm~m~V ‘m{hVr hmoVr. N>moQ>çm d WoQ> nwadR>m‘mJm©V g§dmX H$‘rà‘mUmV hmoV Agë`mMm hm n[aUm‘ Amho. H$maU CËnmXH$ d J«mhH$ `m§À`mV {Vgam ‘Ü`ñW ¹${MVM AmT>iVmo. Iwë`m ñdê$nmV ’o$UrMm dmna hm Imobda éObm Agë`mZo Vmo MmbyM amhÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho Am{U Aem J«mhH$m§gmR>r OrAm` à‘mUnÌmMr H$mhr JaO ^mgUma Zmhr. nU H$mhr nwadR>m ‘mJm©da ‘mÌ OrAm`Ûmao ì`dgm` {dñVmamÀ`m ‘moR>çm g§Yr {‘iy eH$VmV. {deofV… Á`m CËnmXH$m§Zr ñdV…Mr ~m°Q>qbJ `§ÌUm d ‘Úmbò C^mabr AmhoV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ~«±S> {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘moR>m bm^ {‘iy eH$Vmo. `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Zr ’o$UrMm XOm© Am{U {VMo d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`màVr CËgwH$Vm XmIdbr Amho. OrAm`À`m dmnam‘wio OrAm`-N>ÌmImbr {d{dY àH$ma {Z{‘©VrgmR>r YmoaU am~dÊ`mMr g§Yrhr `m‘wio {‘iy eH$Vo (Mm¡H$Q> 23 , nmR> 4). "bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS>' nwadR>m ‘mJm©da OrAm`Mm n[aUm‘ Ëd[aV {XgUma Amho Am{U `mM nwadR>m ‘mJm©bm ‘moR>m bm^ hmoUma Amho. ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoMo ‘hÎd bjmV òB©b VgVgo A{YH$ ~m°Q>bg© `m g§KQ>ZoV g‘m{dï> hmoÊ`mg V`ma hmoVrb. `mÛmao Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ ho Aà‘m{UV ’o$Urnojm doJio Agë`mMo J«mhH$mbm nQ>dUo gmono d gwb^ hmoB©b. H$mhr {ZH$fm§~m~VMo dmX H$go gmoS>dbo OmVmV `mda ’o$UrÀ`m ^{dî`mVrb bo~b g§ñH¥$VrMm nm`m aMbm OmUma Amho. CXm. EŠñQ´>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z© H$m°Bb nÕVrbm ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr Va bmdUr nÕVr dmnaUmè`m CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>baZm Amnbo CËnmXZ Ë`mnojm doJio Amho ho bo~bdê$Z XmIdVm òB©b. ñH$m°M d ‘oPH$bà‘mUoM OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ’o$UrMo ~«±S>d¡{dÜ` gmYVm òB©b.

’o$Ur g§KQ>Zo~m~V {deof OmJ¥Vr d {ejU ‘mohr‘ am~dÊ`mMr JaO Amho. AmO n`©Q>H$m§‘Üò Á`màH$mao ’o$Ur gmXa Ho$br OmVo Vo XwX£d Amho (Mm¡H$Q> 19, nmR> 4). AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrV n`©Q>H$ ho ’o$Ur àgmamV XyV ~Zy eH$V ZmhrV qH$dm Ë`m§À`mda {dg§~yZhr amhVm òUma Zmhr. H$maU, ’o$UrMr A{YH$ {Z`m©V hr A{Zdmgr Jmo‘§VH$s`dJ©M dmnaVmo. Va ’o$UrÀ`m na§nao{df`r, {VÀ`m godZ MmbrarVt{df`r A{YH$ à‘mUmV n`©Q>H$m§‘Üò OmJ¥Vr Ho$br Va ’o$UràgmamgmR>r Ë`mMm Mm§Jbm bm^ hmoB©b Ago dmQ>Vo. ’o$UrMr AmoiI gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo {deof CnH«$‘ am~dÊ`mMr JaO Amho. ñWm{ZH$ J«mhH$m§À`m ghH$m`m©VyZ Vr Ago H$ê$ eH$Vo. OrAm`‘Yrb VaVwXr `m ^{dî`mV ‘moR>r g§Yr {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV. nU `m g§Yr Ho$di lr‘§V Aer ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXZ na§nam, Ë`mVrb d¡{dÜ` `m§À`m nm`mdaM Cä`m amhÿ eH$VmV.

69

n[a{eï>

70

n[a{eï> 1 … ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdm{‘Ëd {ZX}eH$mg H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU

^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdm{‘Ëd {ZX}eH$mMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`ÚmVrb ~m~r

Q´>rßg H$amam‘Üò OrAm`Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`m~m~Vhr ñnï> Aer ~§YZo KmbyZ XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. OrAm`‘Yrb Amnbo h¸$ g§a{jV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gXñ` Xoem§Zr BÀNw>H$m§Zm OrAm`‘Yrb Agboë`m H$m`Xoera ~m~tMo gmonñH$ma H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bo Amho. Aem H$m`Xoera VaVwXtMr J¡ahOoar hr gXñ` Xoem§‘Üò Agboë`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m VaVwXtMoM à{Vq~~ Amho. gm‘mÝ`V… VrZ àH$maMo H$m`Xoera g§ajU CnbãY AgVo … ì`mnma Mm{b[aVt‘Yrb H$m`Xo, Q´>oS>‘mH©$ H$m`Xm d {deof g§ajU {Z`‘.

ì`mnma Mm{b[aVt‘Yrb H$m`Xo … `m àH$mam‘Üò OrAm`gmR>r WoQ> qH$dm AZwHy$b Aem g§ajU VaVwXr ZgVmV. Ë`mEodOr, OrAm`Mm g‘mdoe Agboë`m H$mhr ì`mnmar nÕVtMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mg ‘ZmB© KmbUmè`m, CXm. J«mhH$mbm ’$gdUmè`m, J¡a‘mJm©Zo ñnYm© H$aUmè`m nÕVr VaVwXtÛmao AàË`j g§ajU {Xbo OmVo. ‘mb, godm `m§Mo MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo gmXa H$aUo qH$dm MwH$sMr Om{hamV H$aUo `m§Mm `mV g‘mdoe hmoVmo. g‘mZ H$m`Xo AgUmè`m Xoem§‘Üò, OrAm`gmR>r AàË`j g§ajU XoVmZm, {OWo ñnY©H$mÀ`m {MÝhmMr Z¸$b H$ê$Z Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U hmoÊ`mMr pñWVr AgVo, J«mhH$ Am{U CËnmXH$ `m§À`mVrb {dœmgmbm ~mYm òÊ`mMr ^rVr AgVo {VWo "nmqgJ Am°’$'Ûmao nidmQ> emoYbr OmVo. `m nma§n[aH$ nÕVr{df`r ‘VôX AgVmZmhr ‘wÔm òVmo H$s EH$OU BVam§À`m {dœmgmMm J¡admna H$ê$Z H$m‘ H$aV AgVmo Am{U `mÛmao J«mhH$ (Á`mMr ’$gdUyH$ hmoVo) d CËnmXH$ (Á`mÀ`m {dœmgmbm VS>m OmVmo) `m§À`mda dmB©Q> n[aUm‘ hmoVmo.

Q´>oS>‘mH©$ H$m`Xm … CËnmXZmg§~§YrMr {d{eï> IwUm, {MÝho `m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo ho `m H$m`ÚmMo ‘w»` C{Ôï> AgVo. gm‘mÝ`V… `mgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[a^mfoMr Zm|XUr (CXm. ‘oS> BZ B§{S>`m) H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. Ooìhm Vo CËnmXZ {d{eï> àXoemV ~Zdbo OmV Zgob Va Q´>oS>‘mH©$H$da ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[a^mfoMm dmna hm ’$gdm R>aVmo. gm‘mÝ`V… Q´>oS>‘mH©$ hm EH$ d¡`{º$H$ {deofm{YH$ma Agë`mZo H$m`ÚmVrb AZoH$ VaVwXr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[a^mfm§Mm dmna hm gmd©O{ZH$ hoVygmR>rM H$aÊ`mMo gm§JVmV. Ago Agbo Var. Ago AZoH$ Q´>oS>‘mH©$ nmhm`bm {‘iVmV {OWo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[a^mfm§Mm dmna Ho$bobm AgVmo. CXm.

Ho$di AmH$f©U CËnÞ H$aÊ`mgmR>r (CXm. ‘m±Q>ãb±H$) qH$dm EImÚm g§ñWoer {ZJ{S>V Agbobr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[a^mfm hr Xwæ`‘ AgVo (CXm. Am°Šg’$S>© `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog). H$mhr Xoem§‘Üò OrAm`À`m g§ajUmgmR>r H$mhr Img Q´>oS>‘mH©$Mr `§ÌUm CnbãY AmhoV. `mgmR>r H$mhr gm‘y{hH$ {MÝho, h‘r{MÝho d à‘m{UH$aU {MÝho dmnabr OmVmV.

Img g§ajUmMm àH$ma … `m àH$mam‘Üò OrAm`À`m g§ajUmgmR>r Img H$m`Xm Ho$bobm AgVmo. CXm. ^maVmVrb OrAm` H$m`Xm. ^maVmgh AZoH$ {R>H$mUr OrAm` Zm|XUr `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Aem g§ajU `§ÌUoV OrAm`gmR>r H$go g§ajU XoÊ`mV `mdo `m{df`r H$m`ÚmV VaVwXr AmhoV. `m‘wio Img g§ajU {‘imboë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ~m~tnmgyZ gm‘mÝ`V… dmnaë`m OmUmè`m ~m~tZm doJio H$aÊ`mV òVo. ^maVmVrb OrAm` H$m`ÚmVrb g„mJma JQ> ~¡R>H$m§à‘mUoM Zm|XUr `§ÌUoVrb ~hþVoH$ H$m`Úm§‘Üò AOm©Mr CnbãYVogmR>r VaVyX AgVo. `m AOm©‘Üò g§ajU ‘mJUmè`m {ZX}eH$m{df`r gdªH$f ‘m{hVr CnbãY AgVo. Vmo “{ZX}eH$’ {d{eï> n[a^mfoV ‘m§S>Umar, Ë`mÀ`mVrb {d{eï> JwUY‘© ñnï> H$aUmar Am{U `m JwUY‘mªMm àmXo{eH$ gr‘maofm§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rer Agbobm g§~§Y ñnï> H$aUmar Aer ‘m{hVr AgVo.

Ago {d{dY H$m`Xoera g§ajUmMo àH$ma AgyZhr, CËnmXH$ g‘yhmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$mhr {d{eï> Ago g‘mZ KQ>H$ AgVmVM. `m‘wio CËnmXH$ JQ>mbm Amnë`m CËnmXZmg OrAm`Ûmao g§ajU {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`ÚmVrb gd© ~mOy§Mm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. `m‘wio H$mhr JQ> darb {VÝhr g§ajU àH$mam§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. CXm. Xm{O©qbJ MhmMo CXmhaU KoD$`m. ^maVmV OrAm` H$m`Xm {Z‘m©U hmoÊ`mnyduM Xm{O©qbJMo ~moY{MÝh 1983 gmbr ~ZdÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo (N>m`m{MÌ 3, nmR> 1) Am{U Ë`mMr Q´>oS>‘mH©$ qH$dm à‘m{UV Q´>oS>‘mH©$ åhUyZ {d{dY Xoem§‘Üò Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr (CXm. A‘o[aH$m, {~«Q>Z, H°$ZS>m, OnmZ, B{Oá d AZoH$ `wamonr` Xoe). ^maVmV ñWm{ZH$ OrAm` åhUyZ àW‘ Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2004‘Üò Xm{O©qbJ MhmMr Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. d Ë`mZwgma g§ajU h¸$ {‘idÊ`mgmR>r BVa Xoem§Zmhr `m VaVwXtMr VgoM "nmqgJ Am°’'Mr ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr.`m AhdmbmV ~mg‘Vr Am{U amBgQ>oH$Mm Q´>oS>‘mH©$ (Mm¡H$Q> 2, nmR> 1) `m{df`r AmnU Ho$boë`m MM}VyZ H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo. ~mg‘VrMr Oar OrAm`Ûmao Zm|XUr Pmbobr Zgbr Var, “ì`mnmamVrb nÕVt{df`rMo H$m`Xo’ `m ‘wX²X²`mdê$Z ^maV gaH$ma `m H§$nZrbm AmìhmZ XoD$ eH$bo. Am{U {~«Q>Z‘Üò amBgQ>oH$bm Amnbm Q´>oS>‘mH©$ g§a{jV H$aVm Ambm Zmhr d nwT>o Vmo aÔ H$amdm bmJbm. Ë`mMà‘mUo, Ooìhm ñH$m°M pìhñH$s g§KQ>ZoZo S>mà {‘{H$Z ~«wdarObm {Xbobm hm`b±S> Mr’$ Q´>oS>‘mH©${déÕ AmìhmZ {Xbo (nmR> 2) Voìhm gwÕm J«mhH$mMr ’$gdUyH$ hmoVo` d CËnmXH$mÀ`m {dídmgmbm

71

VS>m OmVmo` `m ^maVr` H$m`ÚmV Agboë`m VaVwXtZwgmaM {VWohr bT>m XoÊ`mV Ambm.

n[a{eï> 2 … ^maVmV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mgmR>r AO© H$aVmZm

dma§dma {dMmabo OmUmao àíZ

{d{dY àíZm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ, ^maVmVrb OrAm` H$m`ÚmVrb d¡{eîQ>ço, VaVwXr `m{df`r Imbr {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mÀ`m Zm|XUrgmR>r H$moU AO© H$ê$ eH$Vmo?

- ì`º$tMr, CËnmXH$m§Mr H$moUVrhr g§ñWm, qH$dm H$m`ÚmÝdò ñWmnZ Pmbobr g§ñWm qH$dm `§ÌUm AO© H$ê$ eH$Vo;

- OrAm`-AO© èñdrnUo Zm|X Pmbm H$s AO©Xma hm Ë`m OrAm`Mm Zm|XUrH¥$V ‘mbH$ R>aVmo.

H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm H$moU OrAm`Mm bm^ KoD$ eH$Vmo?

- CËnmXZ ~ZdUmao CËnmXH$ ho Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m OrAm`Mm A{YH¥$VarË`m dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m OrAm` g§KQ>ZoH$S>o Zm|XUr H$ê$ eH$VmV.

-

A{YH¥$V dmnaH$Ë`m©g CËnmXH$mgmR>r Zm|X Pmboë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMm bm^ KoÊ`mg Img A{YH$ma {‘iVmV VgoM H$moUr OrAm` {ZH$fm§Mo C„§KZ Ho$bo Agë`mg Vmo H$m`ÚmMr ‘XVhr KoD$ eH$Vmo.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mgmR>r Zm|XUr ~§YZH$maH$ Amho H$m Am{U Ë`mMm AO©Xmambm H$gm bm^ hmoVmo?

- Zmhr. Zm|XUr hr ~§YZH$maH$ Zmhr, nU,

- Ver Zm|XUr Agë`mg H$moUr ñnY©H$mZo Amnë`m CËnmXZmMr Z¸$b Ho$ë`mg qH$dm OrAm` {ZH$fm§Mo C„§KZ Ho$ë`mg H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU AO©Xmamg {‘iVo.

- Ho$di OrAm`Mm Zm|XUrH¥$V ‘mbH$ d A{YH¥$V dmnaH$V} hoM OrAm`Mo C„§KZ H$aUmè`m§{déÕ H$m`Xoera H$madmB© gwê$ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

OrAm`Mo g§ajU {H$Vr H$mi bm^Vo d Ë`mMo ZyVZrH$aU H$amdo bmJVo H$m?

- gwadmVrbm 10 df} H$mimgmR>r g§ajU bm^Vo.

- hmo`, doimodoir Xa 10 dfmªZr OrAm`Mo ZyVZrH$aU H$aVm òVo.

- Oa H$m OrAm`Mo ZyVZrH$aU Ho$bo Zmhr Va Ë`m CËnmXZmgmR>rMm OrAm` H$m`Xm OrAm` Zm|XUrdhrVyZ hQ>dbm OmVmo.

EImÚm Zm|XUrH¥$V OrAm`Mo H$Yr C„§KZ Pmbo Amho Ago g‘Obo OmVo?

- H$moUr AZ{YH¥$V CËnmXH$ ho OrAm` {ZH$f Amnë`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaVmo qH$dm Ë`mMo CËnmXZ ho OrAm` {ZX}{eV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemV ~Zbo Amho Ago ImoQ>oM gm§JVmo Voìhm Vr J«mhH$mMr ’$gdUyH$ R>aVo Aemdoir Ë`m AZ{YH¥$V CËnmXH$mZo OrAm`Mo C„§KZ Ho$bo Amho Ago g‘Obo OmVo.

- OrAm`Mm dmna hm A`mo½` ñnY}À`m Ñï>rVyZ (CXm. OrAm` CËnmXZ Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo) Ho$bm OmVmo.

Zm|XUrH¥$V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMo hñVm§Va H$aVm òVo H$m?- Zmhr, OrAm` {ZH$f ho Ë`m {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmer ~m§Ybobo AgVmV.

- R>oHo$Xmar, hñVm§VaU, nadmZm, ~§YZ, VmaU qH$dm Aem Hw$R>ë`mhr H$amamgmR>r OrAm` dmnaVm òV Zmhr. Ooìhm A{YH¥$V dmnaH$Ë`m©Mo

72

{ZYZ hmoVo Voìhm H$m`ÚmZwgma OrAm`Mo bm^ Ë`mÀ`m dmagmbm {‘iVmV.

A{YH¥$V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ qH$dm Zm|XUrH¥$V A{YH¥$V dmnaH$Vm© `mbm Zm|XUrVyZ hQ>dVm òVm H$m?

- hmo`. VH«$ma {ZdmaU g{‘Vr qH$dm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ {Z~§YH$ `m§Zm A{YH¥$V dmnaH$Ë`m©g Zm|XUrVyZ hQ>dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma AgVmV.

A{YH¥$V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m‘Üò gwYmaUm, ~Xb H$aVm òVmV H$m?

- hmo`. OrAm`‘Yrb {ZH$fmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Vmo aÔ H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho.

- CËnmXZmMo {ZH$f ~XbÊ`mgmR>rhr VaVyX Amho.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mgmR>r AO© H$aVmZmOrAm`-AOm©‘Üò CËnmXZ à{H«$òg§~§Yr {d{dY {Z`‘, {ZH$f, ‘mnX§S> `m§Mm g‘mdoe AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. OrAm` H$m`ÚmVrb {Z`‘ 32(1)Zwgma Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm AOm©‘Üò g‘mdoe Agmdm …

- {Z`mo{OV {ZH$f hm CËnmXZmMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ XmIdÊ`mg H$gm bm^Xm`H$ R>aVmo?

- CËnmXZmMr loUr, XOm©;

- ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe;

- Ë`mÀ`m ñdê$nmMr d¡{eîQ>ço;

- CËnmXH$mMr ‘m{hVr;

- AO©Xma H$moUVo A{YH$ma KoD$ BpÀN>Vmo Ë`mMo H$amanÌ (A°{’$S>o{dQ>);

- ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmoiI XmIdÊ`mgmR>rMo {ZH$f, d¡{eîQ>ço;

- CËnmXZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr ‘m{hVr;

- {Z`mo{OV gr‘maofm§~Ôb boIr MVw…gr‘m;

- OrAm`‘Üò AgUmè`m {Z`‘m§Zwgma {dH$mgmMr d¡{eîQ>ço.

- ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemMm à‘m{UV ZH$mem§À`m àVr

- {deof ‘Zwî`~i (dmnabo OmV Agob Va);

- CËnmXH$m§Mr g§»`m; Am{U

- OrAm`Mo {Z`§ÌU amIÊ`mgmR>r {ZH$f, XOm© VnmgUr `§ÌUoMr ‘m{hVr.

Imbr {Xbobm AmamIS>m hm hr gmar à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aVmo.AO© gmXa Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m AOm©bm {d{eï> H«$‘m§H$ {‘iVmo. Ë`mZ§Va OrAm` H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr d {Z`‘m§Mo hm AO© nmbZ H$aVmo H$s Zmhr `mMr VnmgUr Ho$br OmVo. `mgmR>r {Z~§YH$ Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m joÌmVrb VÁk à{V{ZYtMm EH$ g„mJma JQ> ~ZdVmo d Ë`m JQ>mbm hr VnmgUrMr O~m~Xmar gmondVmo. `m JQ>mMm VnmgUr Ahdmb gmXa Pmë`mZ§Va AO© J«mø R>aVmo. `m AOm©{déÕ H$moUr haH$V KoVbr Zmhr Va Vmo ‘mÝ` Ho$bm OmVmo d ‘mÝ` Pmboë`m AOm©Mr à{gÕr OrAm` OZ©b‘Üò Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m AOm©d[aÕ haH$Vr, {damoY, Amjon Zm|XdÊ`mgmR>r Mma ‘{hÝ`m§Mm H$mbmdYr AgVmo. gd© haH$Vr (Amë`m Agë`mg) ’o$Q>mië`m Joë`m Va hm AO© Zm|XUr à{H«$òVrb ^mJ "A'Zwgma Zm|XUrgmR>r qH$dm H|$Ð gaH$maH$S>o nmR>dbm OmVmo.^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$mMr Zm|XUr Pmë`mda, Ë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV H$m`©aV AgUmam, Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m joÌmV AgUmam H$moUrhr CËnmXH$ hm Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m OrAm` dmnamgmR>r A{YH¥$V ‘mbH$ (^mJ "~'Zwgma) AO© H$ê$ eH$Vmo. CËnmXH$mÀ`m Zm|XUrMr à{H«$`m hrgwÕm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ AO©à{H«$ò gmaIrM AgVo.

OrAm` AO© Imbrb nÎ`mda gmXa H$amd`mMm AgVmo^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm H$m`m©b` B‘maVB§S>pñQ´>Ab BñQ>oQ>, Or.Eg.Q>r ‘mJ©Jw§S>r, MoÞB© - 600032Xya. H«$. … 044-22502091-93 d 98’°$Šg … 044 - 22502090B‘ob … [email protected]

do~gmBQ> … www.ipindia.gov.in

----(1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU Am{U àgma {d^mJ, dm{UÁ` d CÚmoJ ImVo, ^maV gaH$maZo {Xboë`m ‘m{hVrZwgma, http://ipindia.nic.in/ipr/gi/gi_faq.htm.

n[a{eï> 3 … A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©hm Ahdmb A{Ve` H$‘r gm{hË`m§Mm g§X^© XoV ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambm

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Amho. Var, nmR> 2‘Üò, OrAm`{df`rÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~miJÊ`mV Ambm Amho, Ë`m{df`rMo g§X^© òWo XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. VgoM, BVa AH$mª{df`r ‘m§S>bobo {d{dY ‘wÔo, Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© ho gmao gImob g§emoYZmVyZ ‘m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. åhUyZ `m g§~§Yr A{YH$ dmMZmg ‘XV ìhmdr `m hoVyZo `mn¡H$s H$mhr gm{hË`g§X^© òWo XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

Šb~ g§H$ënZm OrAm`{df`H$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm ~miJboë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§‘Üò EH$ åhUOo Šb~Mr g§H$ënZm. amÁèmó Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {dÎmì`dñWm{df`rÀ`m gm{hË`mVyZ hm CJ‘ nmdbm Amho Ooìhm 1960‘Üò ImgJr ‘mb d gmd©O{ZH$ ‘mb Aem àH$maMr d¡{eîQ>ço Agboë`m ~mOmamVrb ‘mbmMr JaO Aä`mg Ho$bm Jobm.

~J©ëg,B©. (1976). "Am°Z {X {WAar Am°’$ ŠbãO' {X A‘o[aH$Z BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ [aìøy 66 (2) … 116-121.

~wH$mZZ, Oo.E‘. (1965). "A°Z BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ {WAar Am°’$ ŠbãO.' BH$m°Zm°{‘H$m 32 (125 … 1-14.

H$m°Ýg©, Ama. d Q>r. g±S>ba (1996). {X {WAar Am°’$ EŠñQ>Z©{bQ>rO, npãbH$ JwS²>g, A±S> Šb~ JwS²>g. H|${~«O, H|${~«O `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog.

g°å`wëgZ, nr.E. (1954). "{X ß`wAa {WAar Am°’$ npãbH$ EŠñn|{S>Ma.' [aìøy Am°’$ BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg A±S> ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>Šg … 387-389

g±S>ba, Q>r. d Oo. pËeahmQ>© (1997). "Šb~ {WAar … WQ>u B`g© boQ>a.' npãbH$ Mm°B©g 92 (3-4) … 335-355.

ñQ>Z©~oÝP, E’$.nr. d Q>r. g±S>ba (1992). "eoA[a¨J A‘§J ŠbãO … A Šb~ Am°’$ ŠbãO {WAar.' Am°Šñ’$S>© BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ nong© 44(1) … 1-19.

Šb~ g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Pmë`mnmgyZM {VMm dmna hm gm‘y{hH$ g§ñWm, gm‘m{OH$ `§ÌUm d ~hþñVar` g§ñWm `m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo H$m `mMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m{df`r A{YH$ ‘m{hVr Imbrb g§X^©gm{hË`mV AmT>iVo …

H$m±½boQ>Z, Ama.S>r. (2004). "å`wÀ`wAb A°S>ìhm§Q>oOog Am°’$ H$moe©Z A±S> EpŠPQ> {d{XZ àm`ìhoQ> ŠbãO A±S> Q´>rQ>r Am°J©Zm`PoeÝg… Qw>dS>©g² A bm°{OH$ Am°’$ ìhm°bÝQ>ar Agmo{gEeZ.' [apìh{OQ>m {S> nm°{b{Q>H$m BH$m°Zm°{‘H$m94(7-8) …49-78.

bm°aoÝg, Ama.PoS>. (2006). "éb‘oqH$J A{‘S²>ñQ> J«moB§J S>m`ìh{g©Q>r … E Šb~-Am°’$-ŠbãO A°àmoM Qw> S>ãbyQ>rAmo [a’$m°‘© A±S> Ý`y Bí`y {gboŠeZ.' OZ©b Am°’$ B§Q>aZ°eZb BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ bm° 9(4) …823-835.

àH$me, E. d E‘. nmoQ>moñH$s (2007). "H$bopŠQ>ìh A°ŠeZ W«y ìhm°b§Q>ar BÝìhm‘]Q>b àmoJ«°åg … E Šb~ {WAar nñn}pŠQ>ìh.' nm°{bgr ñQ>S>rO OZ©b 35(4) … 773-792.

H$moñQ>obmo, E‘.Oo. (1996). "Båß`wAa npãbH$ JwS²>g, [abo{Q>ìh JoÝg, A±S> B§Q>aZ°eZb H$moAm°naoeZ.' nm°{bgr ñQ>S>rO OZ©b 24(4) … 578-594.

Šb~g§H$ënZo{df`r gImob Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM `m A§JmZo gm‘m{OH$, ghH$mar joÌmVrb {d{dY ‘wX²X²`m§da bj doYÊ`mgmR>rMr ‘m{hVr Imbrb gm{hË`mV AmT>iVo …

Am°ñQ´>m°‘. B©. (1990). "Jìh{ZªJ {X H$m°‘Ýg … {X Bìhm°bweZ Am°’$ BpÝñQ>Q>çyeÝg ’$m°a H$bopŠQ>ìh A°ŠeZ.' H|${~«O, H|${~«O `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog.

Am°ñQ´>m°‘. B©. (2003). "hmD$ Q>mBßg Am°’$ JwS²>g A±S> àm°nQ>u amBQ²>g Om°B§Q>br A’o$ŠQ> H$bopŠQ>ìh A°ŠeZ.' OZ©b Am°’$ Woam°{Q>H$b nm°{b{Q>Šg 15(3) … 269-270.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$ åhUOo ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>çOrAm` CËnmXZm§~m~V Agbobm XrK© B{Vhmg d {d{eï> CËnmXZ à{H«$`m `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aä`mg, ‘mZdr Ordemó, g‘mOemó `m {df`m§Vrb gm{hË`m§À`m gmWrZo "ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ç' hr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `mgmR>r dmnaboë`m H$mhr gm{hË`mMm g§X^© Imbrbà‘mUo …

AßnmXwamB©, E.(1981) … "{X nmñQ> A°O E ñH$mg© [agmog©.' ‘mZ 16(2)… 201- 209.

AßnmXwamB©, E.(1986) … "{X gmoeb bmB’$ Am°’$ qW½O … H$‘m°{S>Q>rO BZ H$ëMab nñn}pŠQ>ìh.' H|${~«O, H|${~«O `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog.

~oamS>©, Eb. d nr. ‘me©Zo (2006) … "bmoH$b àm°S>ŠQ²>g A±S> {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … Q>oqH$J AH$mC§Q> Am°’$ bmoH$b Zm°boO A±S> ~m`moS>m`d©{gQ>r.' B§Q>aZ°eZb gmoeb gm`Ýg OZ©b 58(1).

H°$bm°Z, E‘., gr. ‘oS>b, ìhr. am~oh°[agmoAm (2002). "{X BH$m°Zm°‘r

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Am°’$ ¹$m{bQ>rO.' BH$m°Zm°‘r A±S> gmogm`Q>r 31(2) … 194-217.

Jm°S>‘Z, Or., ~r. gm°O©, Oo. {dpëH$ÝgZ (1987). "’«$m°‘ ’$m{‘ªJ Qw> ~m`moQ>oŠZm°bm°Or. 'Am°Šñ’$S>©, `wHo$, ãb°H$dob npãbeg©.

‘moam°Z, S>ãby. (1993). "éab ñnog A°O B§Q>coŠMwAc àm°nQ>u.' nmo{b{Q>H$b {OAm°J«m’$s 12(3) …263-277.

ñnyZa, ~r. (1986). "{ddg© A±S> S>rbg© … {X Am°W|{Q>{gQ>r Am°’$ A°Z Amo[aE§Q>b H$mn}Q>, BZ {X gmoeb bmB’$ Am°’$ qW½O … H$‘m°{S>Q>rO BZ H$ëMab nñn}pŠQ>d', E. AßnmXwamB© (ES>.) H|${~«O, H|${~«O `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog … 195-235.

d°Z S>a ßbmoJ, Oo.S>r. (1992). "{X [aH$m°pÝñQ>Q>çweZ Am°’$ bmoH°${bQ>r. Q>oŠZm°bm°Or A±S> bo~a BZ ‘m°S>Z© A°{J«H$ëMa, BZ bo~a A±S> bmoH°${bQ>r … AZB©ìhZ S>odbn‘|Q> A±S> {X éab bo~a àmogog.' Q>r.Ho$. ‘mg©S>oZ, nr. bmod, Eg. dm°Q>‘moa d S>r. ’w$ëQ>Z npãbeg© … 19-42.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$, dmna d {dH$mgnmR> H«$. 2‘Ü`o OrAm`{df`r dmT>Vr CËgwH$Vm d àmoËgmhZ `m§Zm EH$m ì`mnH$ Mm¡H$Q>rV ~g{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `mgmR>r XmoZ nwñVHo$ ‘moR>r ‘m{hVr XoUmar R>abr … EH$ åhUOo CËnmXZmÀ`m dmnam{df`rÀ`m gm‘m{OH$ Midir Am{U Xwgao åhUOo {dH$mgg§H$ënZonmgyZ BVa H$moUË`m Jmoï>r CËnÞ hmoVmV Vo.

H°$ñQ´>r, EZ. (2204). "{S>’$apÝe`b {OAmoJ«m{’$O … ßbog, B§{S>{OZg amBQ²>g A±Q> "bmoH$b' [agmog}g." nmo{b{Q>H$b {OAm°J«m’$s 23(2) … 133-167.

Sw>nwBg, B©.E‘. d S>r. JwS>‘Z (2005). "ewS> dwB© Jmo "hmo‘' Qw> BQ>? Qw>dS>©g² E [aâbopŠgìh nm°{b{Q>Šg Am°’$ bmoH${bP‘' OZ©b Am°’$ éab ñQ>S>rO 21(3) … 359-371.

EñH$mo~ma, E. (1995). "EÝH$mC§Q>[aJ S>odbn‘|Q> … {X ‘oqH$J A±S> AZ‘oqH$J Am°’$ {X WS>© dëS>©.' {àÝñQ>Z, {àÝñQ>Z w{Zd{g©Q>r àog.

EñH$mo~ma, E. (2001). "H$ëMa {gQ²>g BZ ßbogog … [aâboŠeÝg Am°Z ½bmo~{bP‘ A±S> g~AëQ>Z© ñQ´>°Q>o{OO Am°’$ bmoH$bm`PoeZ.' nmo{b{Q>H$b {OAm°J«m’$s 20(2) … 139- 174.

JwS>‘Z, S>r. d E‘. Oo. dm°Q²>g, BS>r.(1997). "½bmo~bm`qPJ ’y$S> … A°J«o[a`Z ¹$íMÝg A±S> ½bmo~b [añQ´>ŠM[a¨J.' b§S>Z, am°Q>boO.

hmd}, S>r.(1996). “OpñQ>g, ZoMa A±S> {X {OAm°J«m’$s Am°’$

{S>’$aÝg.’ Am°Šñ’$S>©, ãb°H$dob.

OoZ{H$Ýg, Q>r.EZ.(2000). "nwqQ>J nmoñQ>‘m°S>{Z©Q>r BZQw> à°pŠQ>g … EÝS>mo{OZg S>odbn‘|Q> A±S> {X amob Am°’$ Q´>°{S>eZb H$ëMg© BZ {X éab S>odbn‘|Q> Am°’$ ‘m{O©Zb [aOÝg.' BH$m°bm°{OH$b BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg. 34(3) … 301-314.

br, Ama. d Q>r. ‘mg©Zo (2009). "{X ½bmo~bm`PoeZ A±S> [a-bmoH$bm`PoeZ Am°’$ ‘Q>o[a`b âbmoO … ’$moa ’o$Oog Am°’$ ’y$S> A±S> ao½ wboeZ.' OZ©b Am°’$ bm° A±S> gmogm`Q>r 36(1) … 129-144.

àmpÂZ`mH$, Ama. d E. {S>[a{bH$ (2001). "ßbogog A±S> nm°{b{Q>Šg BZ A°Z EO Am°’$ ½bmo~bm`PoeZ.' Am°Šñ’$S>© A±S> Ý`y `m°H©$ … amo‘°Z A±S> {bQ>b{’$ëS>.

ao, gr. (1999). "EÝS>mo{OZg S>odbn‘|Q> BZ {X Bam Am°’$ [aâbopŠgìh ‘m°S>{Z©Q>r.' OZ©b Am°’$ éab ñQ>OrO 15(3) … 257-267.

aoZm°ëS²>g, Eb.Q>r., S>r.EZ. ‘wao d Oo. {dpëH$ÝgZ (2007). "’o$Aa Q´>oS> … {X M°b|Oog Am°’$ Q´>mÝg’$m°{‘ªJ ½bmo~bm`PoeZ.' b§S>Z amCQ>boO.

d°Z S>a ßbmoJ, Oo.S>r., EM. a|qQ>J, BQ>r.EEb. (2000). "éab S>odbn‘|Q> … ’«$m°‘ à°ŠQ>m`goeZ A±S> nm°{bgrO Qw>dS>©g {WAar.' gmoembm°{O`m éa{bO 40(4)… 391-411.

^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$EH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm A{YH$ma åhUyZ OrAm`Mr h„rM {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr Agbr Var `mg§~§YrMo gm{hË` bJoMM àH$m{eV Pmbo Amho. OrAm`g§~§Yr Imbrb gm{hË` Cn`wº$ dmQ>Vo …

Bem°ëg, E‘.E (2008). "{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg ’$m°a ’y$S> àm°S>ŠQ²>g … B§Q>aZ°eZb brJb A±S> ao½`wboQ>ar nñn}pŠQ>ìO.' Šbwdoa bm° B§Q>aZ°eZb.

AmoH$moÞmoa, ~r. (2004). "{X bm° Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg.' H$m‘oéZ ‘o.

OrAm`Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r "H$m`Xoera ~m~t'Mo Ho$bobo gd}jU ho OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Q´>rßg g{Mdmb`mZo ~Zdboë`m AhdmbmV CnbãY Ho$bo Amho. gXñ` Xoem§À`m ‘mJUrZwgma `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§‘b~mOdUr~m~VMo {d{dY àíZ nS>VmiÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ho gd}jU Imbrb gm{hË`mV CnbãY Amho. …

S>ãbyQ>rAmo (2001). "[aìøy A§S>a Am{Q>©H$b 242 Am°’$ {X

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A°pßbHo$eZ Am°’$ àmopìhOÝg Am°’$ {X goŠeZ Am°’$ {X {Q´>ßg A°J«r‘|Q> Am°Z {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … g‘ar Am°’$ {X [añnm°Ýgog Qw> MoH${bñQ> Am°’$ ¹$íMÝg' (Am`nr/gr/12 A±S> A°S> 1). ZmoQ> ~m` goH«o$Q>°[aEQ>. Am`nr/gr/S>ãby/253. (gpãg¹|$Q>br [admBÁS>, (Am`nr/gr/S>ãby/253/aod.1).

^maVmVrb OrAm`Mo {Z`‘ `m{df`rhr gImob MMm© d ì`mnH$ Ñï>rZo Ho$boë`m ^maVmVrb d BVa {R>H$mUÀ`m CXmhaUm§Mo {díbofU Imbrb gm{hË`mV AmT>iVo …

Zmà, Eb.Ama d Hw$‘ma Ama. (2005), "{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … E gM© ñQ>S>r ’$m°a Am`S>opÝQ>Q>r.' Zdr {X„r, bopŠPgZopŠgg ~Q>adÏg©.

Q´>rßg H$amamVrb OrAm`{df`H$ VaVwXt{df`rMr ‘m{hVr Imbrb gm{hË`mV AmT>iVo …

EŠgwS>oamo, Eg. 2001 … B§Q>a°Zeb àmoQ>oŠeZ Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg A±S> S>odbqnJ H§$Q´>rO. Q´>oS> d{Hª$J nong© Z§. 10. gmCW g|Q>a, {O{Zìhm. òWo CnbãY … http://www.southcenter.org

BìhmÝg, Or.B©. d E‘. ãb°Ho$Zr (2006). "àmoQ>oŠeZ Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg AmâQ>a Xmohm … ¹$mo dm{S>O?' OZ©b Am°’$ B§Q>aZ°eZb BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ bm°, 9(3), 575-614.

am§JUoH$a, S>r. 2003. “{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … E [aìøy Am°’$ ànmoOëg A°Q> {X Q´>rßg H$mCpÝgb … EŠñQ>|qS>J Am{Q>©H$b 23 Qw> àm°S>ŠQ²>g AXa X°Z dmBÝg A±S> pñn[aQ²>g.’ `yEZgrQ>rES>r-Am`grQ>rEgS>r H°${n{gQ>r pãbqS>J àmoOoŠQ> Am°Z Am`nrAmg© A±S> gñQ>oZo~b S>odbn‘|Q> … Bey nona H«$.4.

`yEZgrQ>rES>r-Am`grQ>rEgS>r, 2005 … [agmog© ~wŠg Am°Z Q´>rßg A±S> S>odbn‘|Q> … nmQ>© Qw> - g~ñQ>°pÝgìh Am°pãbJoeÝg, 2.3 {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg, H|${~«O, H|${~«O `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog. òWo CnbãY … http://ictsd.snet/i/publications/11757/?view=document

OrAm`Mr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV hmoV Jobr Vgo `mVrb gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Zmhr ‘hÎd Ambo. `m{df`r "`wamo{n`Z H${‘eZ'Zo {ZYr nwadboë`m “ñQ´>|½XqZJ B§Q>aZ°eZb [agM© Am°Z {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg’ `mgma»`m gd}jUm§VyZ Jmoim Ho$bobr ‘m{hVr Imbrb gm{hË`mV AmT>iVo …

{OAmod°Zwñgr, S>r. d ghH$mar (2009). "OrAm`- E JmBS> ’$m°a ~oñQ> à°pŠQ>g.' B§Q>aZ°eZb Q´>oS> g|Q>a.

am§JUoH$a, S>r. (2004). "{X gmo{eAmo-BH$m°{Z{‘Šg Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … E [aìøy EpìhS>Ýg ’«$m°‘ `wamon.'

`yEZgrQ>rES>r-Am`grQ>rEgS>r H°${n{gQ>r pãbqS>J àmoOoŠQ> Am°Z Am`nrAmg© A±S> gñQ>oZo~b S>odbn‘|Q> …nona H«$. 8. òWo CnbãY … http://ictsd.snet/i/publications/12218/

[aeoar E‘., ~r, Jmobm©H$, Eg. íboOob, EM. Ho$’o$ d E. {bà±S> (2006). "AgoqgJ {X A°pßbH°${~{bQ>r Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg A°O E {‘Ýg Qw> Båàyìh EÝdmZm}‘|Q>b ¹$m{bQ>r BZ A’o$ŠQ>oS> BH$mo{gpñQ>åg A±S> {X H$m°pån{Q>{Q>ìhZog Am°’$ A°{J«H$ëMab àm°S>ŠQ²>g.' J«°h‘ S>Q>{’$ëQ> d {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo. ’$m`Zb [anmoQ>©, MoVh°‘ hmCg, `wHo$. òWo CnbãY … http://www.underutilized-species.org/Documents/PUBLICATIONS/wp3_ final_report.pdf

gmo‘, Eg.Ho$. d Ama. H$ënZm emór 92008). "gmo{e`mo-BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ BpåßbHo$eÝg Am°’$ OrAm` a{OñQ´>oeZ ’$m°a A°{J«H$ëMab A±S> Zm°Z-A°{J«H$ëMab H$‘m°{S>Q>rO/àm°S>ŠQ²>g BZ B§{S>`m.'`yEZgrQ>rES>r, ^maV, amï´>r` H¥$fr g§emoYZ ì`dñWmnZ AH$mX‘r, amO|ÐZJa, h¡Xam~mX `m§Mm CnH«$‘Ûmao g§emoYZ.

{gëd|S>a, ~r., S>r. ~mOm}b, E’$. A{’©$Zr, BS>r,(2000). "{X gmo{e`mo-BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ bo~ëS> àm°S>ŠQ²>g BZ A°J«r-’y$S> gßbm` MoÝg … ñn°eb, BpÝñQ>Q>çyeZb A±S> H$mo-Am°{S>©ZoeZ AmñnoŠQ>g, A°goQ²>g BQ>r H$å`w{ZHo$eÝg,' 17(1).

{gëd|S>a, ~r., S>r. ~mOm}b, E’$. A{’©$Zr, BS>r,(2000). "{X gmo{e`mo-BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ bo~ëS> àm°S>ŠQ²>g BZ A°J«r-’y$S> gßbm` MoÝg … ñn°eb, BpÝñQ>Q>çyeZb A±S> H$mo-Am°{S>©ZoeZ AmñnoŠQ>g, A°goQ²>g BQ>r H$å`w{ZHo$eÝg,' 17(2).

nmR> 2‘Üò OrAm`g§~§Yr {XgV Agbobr {d{dY ñVamdarb CËgwH$Vm `m{df`r Imbrb gm{hË`mV g§X^© AmT>iVmV …

Jwám,E.Ho$. (2005). "S>ãbyAm`nrAmo-`wEZB©nr ñQ>S>r Am°Z {X amob Am°’$ B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u amBQ²>g BZ eoA[a¨J Am°’$ ~o{Z{’$Q²>g Aam`qPJ ’«$m°‘ {X `wO Am°’$ ~m`m°bm°{OH$b [agmog}g A±S> Agmo{gEQ>oS> Q´>°{S>eZb Zm°boO - ñQ>S>r Z. 4.' OmJ{VH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm g§KQ>Zm.

bmg©Z, Oo(2007). "[aboìhÝg Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg A±S> S>o{g¾oeÝg Am°’$ Amo[a{O ’$m°a {X gñQ>oZo~b `wO Am°’$ OoZo{Q>H$ [agmog}g.' ì`mdgm{`H$ÑîQ>çm A{YH$ â Z {Xboë`m OmVtda Aä`mg H$aUmè`m E’$EAmoÀ`m ½bmo~b ’°${g{bQ>oeZ `w{ZQ>Ûmao Aä`mgmg MmbZm. òWo CnbãY … http://www.underutilized-species.org/

dmJio, Eg. (2007) "{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eZb A°O Q´>oS>-[aboQ>oS> B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u. [abodÝg A±S> BpåßbHo$eÝg ’$m°a øw‘Z

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S>odbn‘|Q> BZ E{e`m-n°{g{’$H$.' {S>ñH$eZ nona ’$m°a E{e`m-n°{g{’$H$ Q´>oS> A±S> BÝìhoñQ>‘|Q> B{Z{eE{Q>ìh `wEZS>rnr [aOZb g|Q>a BZ H$mob§~mo. òWo CnbãY … http://www2.undprcc.lk/Publications/TRADE/GI_Paper_12_Dec.pdf

CXmhaUo d Mm¡H$Q>rAhdmbmV {Xboë`m Mm¡H$Q>rVrb d BVa CXmhUm§g§~§YrMr ‘m{hVr hr Imbrb g§X^mªdê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

^maVmVrb ‘Ú CËnmXZ d godZ àH$ma

{d{dY gm{hË`mV ^maVmVrb ‘Ú CËnmXZ d godZ àH$mam§{df`r ‘m{hVr AmT>iVo. `mn¡H$s H$mhr Imbr g§X^© XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV …

ApëeZ, E’$.Ama.91979). "B§{S>`m … {X EÝeÝQ> hmo‘ Am°’$ {S>pñQ>boeZ?' ‘°Z 14(1) …55-63.

J°[aZ, Am`.S>r d ìhr.S>r. J°[aZ (2001) "{S´>¨qH$J … A°ÝW«monmobm°{OH$b A°àmoMog.' Ý`y `m°H©$, ~J©h°Z ~wŠg.

hm{S>©‘Z, S>r. (1985). "’«$m°‘ H$ñQ>‘ Qw> H«$mB‘ … {X nm°{b{Q>Šg Am°’$ {S´>¨qH$J BZ H$mobmo{Z`b gmCW JwOamV' Ama. Jwhm (BS>r.), g~AëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO 4. Zdr {X„r, Am°Šñ’$S>© `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog.

‘§S>b, Ama.gr, S>r.Or. Ym§Xa, d gr.ìhr. Yw‘o (1985). "H°$í`y A°nb {bH$a B§S>ñQ´>r BZ Jmodm.' A°ŠQ>m hm°{Q>©ŠbMa (AmÈgEMEg), 108 … 172-175.

‘±S>ob~‘, S>r.Or. (195). "AëH$mohmob A±S> H$ëMa.' H$a§Q> A°ÝW«monmobm°Or 6(3) … 281-293.

gmëT>mZm, Am`.E‘. (1995). "Am°Z {S´>¨qH$J A±S> "S´>§H$ZZog'… {hñQ>ar Am°’$ {bH$a BZ H$mobmo{Z`b B§{S>`m.' BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ A±S> nmo{b{Q>H$b {dH$br 30(37) … 2323-2331.

Xm{O©qbJ MhmXmg, Zm~m Hw$‘ma, 2003. "{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … {X EpŠñn[a`Ýg Am°’$ B§{S>`Z Q>r àmoS>çþgg© - àmoQ>oŠeZ Am°’$ Xm{O©qbJ Q>r.' nona ’$m°a dëS>©dmB©S> {gånmo{P`‘ Am°Z {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg, S>ãbyAm`nrAmo d `yEgnrEgQ>rAmo, g°Z ’«$mpÝgñH$mo, H°${b’$mo{Z©`m, 9-11 Owb¡. S>ãbyAm`nrAmo /OrB©Amo/EgE’$Amo/03+8. òWo CnbãY … http://www.wipo.int

am§JUoH$a, S>r. (AmJm‘r, 2009). "{X `wO A±S> A°pßbHo$eZ Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … {X Ho$g Am°’$ Xm{O©qbJ Q>r, BZ S>r. {OAmodmZwñgr, BS>r. {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$Q>g© ’$m°a S>odbqnJ H§$Q´>rO.' Or{Zìhm, B§Q>aZ°eZb Q´>oS> g|Q>a.

amd, {Za§OZ 2003. "{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg BZ B§{S>`Z H$m±Q>oŠñQ> … E Ho$g ñQ>S>r Am°’$ Xm{O©qbJ Q>r.' d{Hª$J nona Z§. 110, Am`grAmaAm`B©Ama, Zdr {Xbr.

~mg‘Vr‘oar-{d{d`Z, S>r. (2008). "’«$m°‘ ßb±Q> ìham`Q>r àmoQ>oŠeZ Qw> {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eZ … E gM© ’$m°a {X qbH$ {~Q>{dZ ~mg‘Vr amBg A±S> B§{S>`m/nm{H$ñVmZ.' dëS>© B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u OZ©b, ãb°H$dob npãbqeJ, 11(4), 321-344.

am§JUoH$a S>r. d Eg. Hw$‘ma (AmJm‘r, 2009). "AZmXa bwH$ A°Q> ~mg‘Vr … OoZo[a{gQ>r A±S> {X àm°ãboåg Am°’$ E Q>mÝg~m°S>©a {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eZ', dëS>© B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u OZ©b ({OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝgda Img A§H$, A{VWr g§nmXH$, {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a)

gw~æ`m,Eg. (2004). "[aqnJ dm°Q> Xo gmo … {X ~mg‘Vr H$m±Q´>moìhgu A±S> {X ñQ´>°Q>o{OO ’$m°a àmoQ>opŠQ>¨J Q´>°{S>eZb Zm°boO', ~moñQ>Z H$m°boO B§Q>aZ°eZb A±S> H§$n°[a{Q>ìh bm° [aìøy, 27(2), 529-559.

n‘m© h°‘ d J«°Zm nS>mZmo MrO‘h§‘X BS>r, B©.E.gr. (2005). "nmC§S²>g Am°’$ âboe, {X ‘MªQ²>g Am°’$ n‘m© A±S> h°‘-boQ²>g … E [aìøy Am°’$ {X n‘m© h°‘ {b{Q>JoeZ A°H«$m°g H°$ZS>m A±S> {X `wHo$.' ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm OZ©b, 18, 443.AmoH$moÞya, ~r. d Am`. {H$ardm (2004). "Amoìhìøy Am°’$ {X B©gr Ho$g bm° àmoQ>opŠQ>¨J {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg … {X ñbm`qgJ Am°’$ n‘m© h°‘ A±S> {X J«oqQ>J Am°’$ J«°Zm n°S>mZmo MrO.’' `wamo{n`Z ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm [aìøy, 26(7), 313-318.am§JUoH$a, S>r. (2007). "E ñbmBg Am°’$ n‘m© h°‘ … A§S>añQ>±qS>J {X àmoQ>oŠeZ Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg', nrQ>a `y., BS>r, B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u A±S> BÝ’$m°‘}eZ doëW, dm°ë`w‘ 4- ‘Üò. Am§Vaamï´>r` ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm H$m`Xm d YmoaU. àmOoa, AmÈg~rEZ 0-275-98882-1. 238-302.

ñH$m°M pìhñH$sñH$m°Mg§~§Yr AZoH$ nwñVHo$, boI, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ AmhoV. doimodoir `mMo

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AmnU dmMZ Ho$bobo AgVo. `mVrbM H$mhr g§X © ho Mm¡H$Q> H«$‘ 12, 22 d 23‘Ü o AmhoV Vo gm{hË` Ago …

~«±S>a, E‘. (1974), "{X Amo[a{OZb ñH$m°M'. b§S>Z, h{MÝgZ A±S> H§$. {b.

{XEËP, ìhr. B©. (1997). "{X nm°{b{Q>Šg Am°’$ pìhñH$s … ñH$m°{Q>e {S>pñQ>bg©, {X EŠgmBO, A±S> {X {nQ>rBQ> ñQ>oQ>.' {~«{Q>e ñQ>S>rO OZ©b 36(1) … 35-69.

‘°H$S>moZmëS>, E. (1935). "pìhñH$s.' E{S>Z~J©, nanm°BO àog, nwZ©à{gÕr…2006, H°$ZZJoQ> ~wŠg.

am°Z, S>ãby. (1989). "a°eZbm`PoeZ A±S> S>m`ìh{g©{’$Ho$eZ BZ {X ñH$m°M pìhñH$s B§S>ñQ>r, 1900-1939 … AZmXa bwH$ AQ> "AmoëS>' A±S> "Ý y' B§S>ñQ>rO.' BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ {hñQ>ar [aìøy 42(3) … 375-395.

ñQ>moar, E‘.gr. (1962). "{X ñH$m°M pìhñH$s B§S>ñQ>r.' Q>mÝg°ŠeÝg A±S> nong© (BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ {~«{Q>e {OAm°J«m’$g©)(31) … 97-114.

e°ånoZgm`‘Z, E.Eb. (1972). "{X {hñQ>ar Am°’$ e°ånoZ.' {bQ²>bh°ånQ>Z ~wH$ gpìh©gog {b.

Q>o{¹$bm d ‘oPH$b~modoZ, Eg. (AmJm‘r, 2009). "S>odbn‘|Q> ’«$m°‘ {d{XZ? {X nmoQ>opÝe`b ’$m°a {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg BZ {X ½bmo~b gmCW,' OZ©b Am°’$ dëS>© B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u ({OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝgda Img A§H$, A{VWr g§nmXH$, {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a).

~modoZ, Eg. d E.ìhr. P°nmQ>m (2009). "{OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg, Q>oam°Ba, A±S> gmo{e`moBH$m°Zm°{‘H$ A±S> BH$m°bm°{OH$b gñQ>oZo{~{bQ>r … {X Ho$g Am°’$ Q>o{¹$bm.' éab ñQ>S>rO OZ©b 25(1) … 108-119.

bmg©Z, Oo.(2007). "[aboìhÝg Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eÝg A±S> S>o{g¾oeÝg Am°’$ Amo[a{OZ ’$m°a {X gñQ>oZo~b `wO Am°’$ OoZo{Q>H$ [agmog}g.' ì`mdgm{`H$ÑîQ>çm A{YH$ ^a Z {Xboë`m OmVtda Aä`mg H$aUmè`m E’$EAmoÀ`m ½bmo~b ’°${g{bQ>oeZ `w{ZQ>Ûmao Aä`mgmg MmbZm. `oWo CnbãY … http://www.underutilized-species.org/

d°boÝPwEbm-P°nmQ>m, E.Or. d Or.nr. Z°^Z (2003). "Q>o{¹$bm … E Z°Mab A±S> H$ëMab {hñQ>ar.' Q>ŠgZ, `w{Zd{g©Q>r Am°’$ A°[aPmoZm àog.

n[a{eï> 4 … ’o$Ur H$mbX{e©H$m

^mJ 1 … ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM©H$mOy{d^mJm§Mm {bbmd

^mJ 2 … ‘mM©^Å>rMm nadmZm IaoXr

^mJ 3 … ‘mM©-‘oH$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aUo

^mJ 4 … ‘mM©-‘ohþam©H$ {Z{‘©Vr

^mJ 5 … ‘mM©AIoa-‘o’o$Ur CËnmXZ

^mJ 6 … OyZ^Å>r gwQ>r H$aUo

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n[a{eï> 5 … àH$ën ~¡R>H$m d ‘wbmIVtMr `mXr

g‘yh ~¡R>H$ … 30 E{àb 2007Jmodm amÁ` {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo Am{U ’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm ~ZdV Agbobr ’o$UrMm OrAm` AOm©Mm ‘gwÚmda gyMZm Jmoim H$aUo VgoM `m g§emoYZ CnH«$‘mMr ‘m{hVr XoUo VgoM ’o$Ur CËnmXH$m§Zm EH$Ì AmUUo `m CÔoemZo n{hbr g‘yh ~¡R>H$ hr XmoZmnmdbm òWrb Jmodm B§Q>aZ°eZb g|Q>a‘Üò Pmbr. `m ~¡R>H$sbm Imbrb CËnmXH$ CnpñWV hmoVo …

g§Vmof ‘mnmar (~mX}e), A‘mob Q>r. JmdH$a ({S>Mmobr), àVmn JmodoH$a ({S>Mmobr), VwH$mam‘ ZmB©H$ ({S>Mmobr), {XZoe Ho$. ZmB©H$ (H$mUH$moU), ^moO ZmB©H$ (‘waJmd), aOZrZmW {eamoS>H$a (’$m|S>m), èd§V V|Sw>bH$a (gm§Jo), OmZy Hw$Å>rH$a ({VgdmS>r), em§Vmam‘ Jmdg ({VgdmS>r), lrYa ~r. nd©VH$a ({VgdmS>r), VwierXmg ZmB©H$ (‘waJmd).

^mJrXmam§Mr ~¡R>H$ … 5 E{àb 2008’o$UrMm AO© OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mV XmIb Pmbobm AgVmZm OrAm`‘Yrb {ZH$f d Ë`mMo {d{dYm§Jr hmoUmao n[aUm‘ `m{df`r gImob, g{dñVa MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ©{Xdgâ ^mJrXmam§Mr ~¡R>H$ ~mobmdbr Jobr. `m ~¡R>H$sV g§emoYZ g„mJma g‘yhmZo OrAm` H$m`Xm, ‘oPH$b d Q>o{¹$bm CËnmXZm§Mm OrAm`~m~VMm AZw^d, `yEZgrQ>rES>r/^maV CnH«$‘mVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr CXmhaUo, VgoM OrAm`À`m B{VhmgmMr ‘m{hVr gm§JUmao gmXarH$aU Ho$bo. VgoM ^maVmVrb OrAm` H$m`Úm{df`r gmXarH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr à{V{ZYtZm Am‘§{ÌV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. gd}jUmVrb ‘m{hVrhr `mdoir gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambr. EHy$UM gm§Jmonm§J MMm© H$aÊ`mH$S>o â XoÊ`mV Ambm. CnpñWVm§‘Üò Imbrb à{V{ZYr gh^mJr hmoVo …

CËnmXH$ … àVmn JmodoH$a ({S>Mmobr), lrYa ~r. nd©VH$a ({VgdmS>r), gmoZy S>r. gmd§V ({S>Mmobr), {Jare YmaS>oH$a (~mX}e), OmZy Hw$Å>rH$a ({VgdmS>r), {XZoe Ho$. ZmB©H$ (H$mUH$moU), hŠ`w©{bZ Jm‘m (‘waJmd), {XJ§~a ZmB©H$ ({VgdmS>r), ‘amR>o (gÎmar), ^moO ZmB©H$ (‘waJmd), g§Vmof ‘mnmar (~mX}e), JwéXÎm ^º$m (åhmngm), A‘mob Q>r. JmdH$a ({S>Mmobr), èd§V V|Sw>bH$a (gm§Jo), A¾obmo S>m

H$moñQ>m ~ma}Q>mo (gmgï>r).{H$aH$moi d KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo … O°ŠgZ bmo~mo (gmgï>r), Á`mo{H$‘ am°{S´>Jrg (‘waJmd), H$m{‘bmo Hw${Q>Ýhmo (‘waJmd), am°H$ Am` Jmoåg (gmgï>r).

~m°Q>bg© … A±ÝWZr ’$Zmª{S>g (gmgï>r), a‘oe Ama. ZoéaH$a (gmgï>r), Om°Z ‘ñH$maoÝhmg (gmgï>r), ‘mXm‘ amogm {S>pñQ>barMo à{V{ZYr.

Jmodm gaH$ma d BVa g§ñWm§Mo à{V{ZYr … ‘m`Ho$b {S>gmoPm ({dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo), ‘mohZ {Jan ({dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo), E. Ama. XogmB© ( ^maVr` H¥$fr g§emoYZ g§ñWm), na~ (A~H$mar Am`moJ), nr. Ho$. qnQ>mo (Jmodm CÚmoJ d dm{UÁ` ‘hmg§K).

àH$ën nWH$ d BVa … àUd ‘wImonmÜ`m`, Eg. ‘`wa, Eg. ‘m¡`©, Q>r.gr. Ooåg, Eg. Ho$. gmo‘, ’$m. Ama. {S>gmoPm, S>oìhrS> {ddg, Om°O© bmg©Z, Am°ŠQ>m{d`mo EpñnZmogm, bVm Zmà, {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a.

g‘yh ~¡R>H$ … 8 E{àb 2008^mJrXmam§Mr ~¡R>H$ Pmë`mda bJoMM g‘yh ~¡R>H$ KoÊ`mV Ambr. OrAm`-{ZH$f d ñWm{ZH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ {Z`§ÌUmMr g§Yr, `m{df`r ‘wÔo CnpñWV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ^{dî`mVrb ’o$UrMo ~«±S> Aem {d{dY {df`m§da ‘wÔogyX d gImob MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Imbrb à{V{ZYr `m ~¡R>H$sg CnpñWV hmoVo …

CËnmXH$ … g§Vmof ‘mnmar (~mX}e), A‘mob Q>r. JmdH$a ({S>Mmobr), àVmn JmodoH$a ({S>Mmobr), {XZoe Ho$. XogmB© (H$mUH$moU), ^moO ZmB©H$ (‘waJmd), aOZrZmW {eamoS>H$a (’$m|S>m), èd§V V|Sw>bH$a (gm§Jo), OmZy Hw$Å>rH$a ({VgdmS>r), g§Xoe gmd§V ({S>Mmobr), gwXrZ gXm{ed ‘amR>o (gÎmar), JwéXÎm ^º$m (åhmngm).~m°Q>bg© … ‘°H$ dmP (åhmngm, A±WZr {S>gmoPm (Mm§Xa), Om°Z ‘ñH$maoÝhmg (gmgï>r), a‘oe ZoéaH$a (gmgï>r)

d¡`{º$H$ ‘wbmIVr`m àH$ënmMo H$m‘ XmoZ Q>ßß`m§V Ho$bo Jobo … E{àb-OyZ 2007 d E{àb-‘o 2008. `mVrb ‘wbmIVr `m d¡`{º$H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m hmoË`m. gm‘mÝ`V… ‘wbmIVrXaå`mZ Xw^mfmÀ`m ‘XVrZo (A{œZ Vm|~Q>) H$moH$Ur ^mfoMmM A{YH$ Va H$mhr doim ‘amR>r d B§J«Or ^mfm§Mmhr dmna Ho$bm Jobm. `m Xaå`mZ Imbrb bmoH$m§À`m ‘wbmIVr KoVë`m Joë`m …

CËnmXH$ … àVmn JmodoH$a ({S>Mmobr), A‘mob Q>r. JmdH$a ({S>Mmobr),

79

A¾obmo S>m H$moñQ>m ~ma}Q>mo (gmgï>r), JwéXÎm ^º$m (åhmngm), ^moO ZmB©H$ (‘waJmd), ào{e`g gmoamBe (gmgï>r), X`mZ§X ZmB©H$ (Ho$no), {XZoe XogmB© (H$mUH$moU), OmZy Hw$Å>rH$a ({VgdmS>r), nm°b {S>gm (gmgï>r), aOZrZmW {eamoS>H$a (’$m|S>m), amo{hXmg KmS>r ({S>Mmobr), gXm{ed ‘amR>o (gÎmar), gmoZy S>r. gmd§V ({S>Mmobr), lrYa ~r. nd©VH$a ({VgdmS>r), VwH$mam‘ ZmB©H$ ({S>Mmobr), C‘oe gmd§V (~mX}e).

~m°Q>bg©, {H$aH$moi d KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo … O°ŠgZ bmo~mo (gmgï>r), aoJZ ho{Z«Šg (...), ‘°H$ dmP (åhmngm), A°ÝWZr ’$Zmª{S>g (gmgï>r), a‘oe ZoéaH$a (gmgï>r), AZ}ñQ>mo Amëdm[ag (nUOr), bwB©g (nUOr).

gaH$mar A{YH$mar d BVa … E. Ama. XogmB© (^maVr` H¥$fr g§emoYZ g§ñWm), ‘m[a`m {S> bm°S>© ~«mìhmo S>m H$moñQ>m am°{S´>Jrg (Jmodm H|$Ðr` dmMZmb`), nr. Ho$. qnQ>mo (Jmodm CÚmoJ d dm{UÁ` ‘hmg§K), ‘m`Ho$b {S>gmoPm ({dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo), ‘mohZ {Jan ({dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo), H$mbm}g ’$Zmª{S>g (Jmodm H|$Ðr` dmMZmb`), E‘. ‘moXñga (n`©Q>Z ImVo), na~ (A~H$mar Am`moJ), {garb {S>Hw$Ýhm (nÌH$ma), ‘m[a`mo H$m~«mb, n{g©ìhb ZmoamoÝhm ({Zd¥Îm gaH$mar A{YH$mar).

80

H$moH$Ur eãXà`moJm§Mr `mXr

H$moH$Ur eãXà`moJ: ‘amR>r AW©^mÞ: CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$òV nXmW© R>odÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao ‘moR>o JmobmH$ma ^m§S>o.^Å>r,^Å>r: ‘mVrZo ~Zdbobr Myb Á`mnmgyZ CîUVm nwa{dbr OmVo.H°$Owbmo: ½bmo-d‘© (’$màâbm`); VgoM H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m agmMo Xwgè`m§Xm CÜd©nmVZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va {‘iUmam AH©$.Mw‘i: H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm bJXm.’o$U/’o$U:o ’o$g, ’o$gmiUo.J«mC/S>J«r: ’o$Urg§X^m©V ‘ÚmMr ‘ÚmH©$j‘Vm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r KZVm ‘moOUmao ‘mnH$ (hm`S´>mo‘rQ>a).H$igmo / H$moigm:o 14 eoa ‘mnmMo YmVyMo qH$dm ‘mVrMo ^m§S>o.H$m§Q>mo: PmS>mdê$Z O{‘Zrda nS>bobr H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmar, EH$m Q>moH$mbm {Iim Agbobr bmH$S>r H$mR>r.H$moi§~r: nm`mÛmao H$mOy~m|S>o ’$moS>Ê`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òV Agbobm N>moQ>m IÈ>m.bmdUr: CÜd©nmVZmgmR>r {deofV… nm°Q>-ñQ>rb V§ÌmÛmao Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m CÜd©nmVZgmR>r dmnabm OmUmam eãX.‘mS>/‘mÈ>: Zmai qH$dm ‘mS>mMo PmS>, VgoM ZmaimnmgyZ Jmoim Ho$boë`m VmS>rgmR>rhr hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo.‘moao‘: CÜd©nmVZ ^m§S>çm§Mr Zir ~§X H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabm OmUmam ^mJ.Zir: ^mÞ d bmdUrbm OmoS>Umar, Z¡g{J©H$ gm{hË`mnmgyZ ~Zdbobr Zir.{Zamo /{Za: H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm MwamS>m Ho$ë`mda {‘iUmam ag; nmUr VgoM agmgmR>rhr hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo. ZwS>r: ñWm{ZH$ dobtnmgyZ ~Zdbobm Xmoa Á`mMm dmna {Zamo JmiUrgmR>r Mw‘i ~m§YyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.n§Vbmo‘: VmoS>Urdoir H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr OmUmar ~wÅ>r, AmVm `mH$m‘r ßbmpñQ>H$ ~mXë`m§Mmhr dmna hmoV Amho.qnOao/nOam: ’o$Ur CÜd©nmVZ à{H«$òV Mw‘i EH$Ì R>odÊ`mgmR>r VgoM {Zamo JmiVmZm Q´>H$ O°H$Mm dOZ åhUyZ dmna H$aVmZm `mMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. gm‘mÝ`V… bmoI§S>r qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$ gm{hË`mnmgyZ ~Zdbm OmVmo, gmoamo/‘Ú: Xoer Xmê$ VgoM hþam©H$ `m§Zm g§~mo{YV H$aUmam eãX.Vmd}Z/‘Úmb`: nmoVw©JrO ^mfoVyZ Ambobm eãX, ‘Ú, VmS>r {dH«$sMo XwH$mZo Am{U nydu {dH«$sH$a H$m`ÚmÀ`m ^mfoV XoerXmê$ {dH«$sMo XwH$mZ.hþam©H$: H$mOy~m|S>agmÀ`m n{hë`m CÜd©nmVZmZ§Va {‘iUma AH©$, eãXH$moemÀ`m ^mfoV ‘ÚmH$m©Mo (AëH$mohmob) à‘mU H$‘r Agbobo ‘Ú

g§X^© … ’«$mpÝgñH$mo, E.gr.Oo (1916) A {S>ŠeZar Am°’$ H$m|H$Zr‘ BZQy> B§p½beOZmX©Z, nr.~r. (1999) A à°pŠQ>H$b H$m|H$Ur-B§p½be EZgm`Šbmono{S>H$ {S>ŠeZar‘m’o$B©, E.E’$.EŠg (1883) A°Z B§p½be-H$m|H$Ur {S>ŠeZar / E H$m|H$Ur-B§p½be {S>ŠeZarqnQ>mo, Oo.E‘. (1923) A°Z B§p½be-H$m|H$Zr‘ àmoZmCpÝg¨J nm°Ho$Q> {S>ŠeZar

81

{deof ‘mJmodm^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdm{‘Ëd {ZX}eH$ (OrAm`) `m g§H$ënZobm {d{dY g‘yh, {dMmad§V, YwarU d J«m‘rU bmoH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo g§ajU d {dH$mg Midirer g§~§{YV Agbobo à{V{ZYr `m§À`m‘Ü o dmT>Vm nmqR>~m {‘iV Amho. g|{Ð`, ’o$Aa Q>oS> `m CËnmXZmMo CJ‘ñWmZ Xe©{dUmè`m {MÝhg§H$ënZm§à‘mUoM OrAm` H$m`Xo ho gwÕm ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXH$ g‘yhmÀ`m nma§n[aH$, gd©‘mÝ` CËnmXZnÕVrVyZM V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV.CËnmXH$ g‘yhmÀ`m àm{V{Z{YH$ g§ñWoMm h¸$ Agbobo Am{U ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXZ à{H«$`m§er {ZJ{S>V Agbobo ho OrAm` {ZH$f `m CËnmXH$ g‘yhmMo gj‘nUo d gmd©{ÌH$ g§ajU H$ê$ eH$VmV. Oo CËnmXH$ g‘yh ~mOmamV Amnbo CËnmXZ AmUy nmhVmV Ë`m§Zm ho OrAm` {ZH$f Amnbo CËnmXZ ñWm{ZH$[aË`m {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ n`m© CnbãY H$aVmV …

- nwadR>m gmIirXaå`mZ CËnmXZmMr nma§n[aH$ Aer d¡{eîQ>ço {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo.

- `m CËnmXZ àXoem‘Ü o Am{W©H$ bm^ {‘idyZ XoUo.`m g§emoYZm‘Ü o ’o$~«wdmar 2009‘Ü o OrAm` Zm|XUr Pmboë`m ’o$UrMm (1) dmna H$ê$Z OrAm`À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ àmXo{eH$ {dH$mg H$gm gmYVm oB©b `m{df`r D$hmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ’o$UrgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$

ñdm{‘Ëd {ZX}eH$ H$m`Xm hm Jmodm gaH$maMo {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo Am{U Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>bg© g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m ‘mbH$sMm Agë`mMo Zm|X H$aå`mV Ambo Amho. Jmodm H$mOy ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ d ~m°Q>bg© g§KQ>Zm hr Owb¡ 2006‘Ü o gmogm`Q>r åhUyZ Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 4, nmR> 1).

’o$UrgmR>rMm AO© gmXa H$aVmZm Jmoì`mVrb ’o$Ur{df`H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$, nma§n[aH$ ‘m{hVr; ’o$Ur CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmao nma§n[aH$ gm{hË` d nÕVr; CËnmXZmMo amgm`{ZH$ n¥W…H$aU `m{df`r g{dñVa ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ’o$Ur{df`r OrAm` {ZH$f ~ZdVmZm `m g§emoYZm‘Ü o Imbrb ~m~tH$S>o bj XoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m Aem …

- "Šb~' g§H$ënZm Am{U Á`m‘wio OrAm` {ZH$fm§da EH$‘V hmoÊ`mgmR>r oUmè`m AS>MUr VgoM `m joÌmV EH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ ñnY©H$ åhUyZ dmdaV

Agbo Var ì`mnH$ {hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo gmao H$go ghH$m © H$aVrb `mH$S>o bj nwadÊ`mV Ambo.

- àXrK© B{Vhmg d na§nam Agbobo EH$ CËnmXZ d Á`mÀ`m CËnmXZ à{H«$`m§‘Ü o d¡{dÜ` Agbobo Var doJionU OnUmao d Ë`mbm àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>çmMr OmoS> {‘imbobo Ago CËnmXZ hmM OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm Jm^m Amho.

nmR> 2 ‘Ü o `m XmoÝhr {dMmam§{df`r g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. EImÚm g§KQ>ZoVrb, Šb~‘Yrb {Z`‘m§à‘mUoM ho OrAm` {ZH$f Ë`m OrAm` Šb~‘Yrb gXñ`m§Zm bmJy hmoVmV. Omo H$moUr ho {ZH$f nmiÊ`mg Ag‘W© R>aVmo Ë`mbm Šb~‘YyZ H$go dJiÊ`mV oVo, Ë`mbm OrAm` {ZH$fm§Mm bm^ KoÊ`mnmgyZ H$go amoIbo OmVo `m{df`r AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. n‘m© h°‘ (Mm¡H$Q> 8, nmR> 2) d J«°Zm n°S>mZmo MrO (Mm¡H$Q> 9, nmR> 2) `m CËnmXZm§Mr CXmhaUo OrAm` {ZH$f H$go gImob d {dñV¥V ~ZdÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Mm dmna àmXo{eH$ g§ajUmgmR>r, àmXo{eH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H$gm gj‘nUo Ho$bm Jobm `mda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.

OrAm`‘Yrb AS>Wio XmIdVmZm, `m g§emoYZmV ñnY©H$m§‘Ü o H$gm ghH$mamMm ~§Y V`ma hmoVmo (Mm¡H$Q> 11, nmR>2) `m{df`rhr {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. ñnYm© H$aÊ`m~amo~aM ñWm{ZH$ d g§ñWm CËnmXH$ ho CËnmXZmer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m nma§n[aH$ d¡{eîQ>çmer H$go OmoS>bo Jobobo AmhoV hohr AZw dm`bm {‘iVo. `mVyZM OrAm`bm {‘imbobm Eo{Vhm{gH$ d nma§n[aH$ Am`m‘ {XgyZ oVmo. VgoM ñH$m°M pìhñH$sÀ`m CXmhaUmMm dmna H$ê$Z, `m Aä`mgm‘Ü o {ZH$f H$go V`ma hmoVmV Am{U Zdo V§Ì, Zdr gmYZo `m§Zmhr H$er ‘mÝ`Vm {‘iV OmVo `mdahr àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. (Mm¡H$Q> 12, nmR> 2). ’o$Ur~ÔbM ~mobm`Mo Va nma§n[aH$ ^Å>r‘Ü ohr ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV Va AZoH$ CËnmXH$ {Ì-D$Üd©nmVZ nÕVrH$Sy>Z {Û-D$Üd©nmVZ nÕVrH$S>o dië`mMo Am{U `m ~Xbmbmhr gm‘m{OH$, ì`mnmar ‘mÝ`Vm {‘imë`mMo nmhm`bm {‘iVo.

OrAm` àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jmodm gaH$maMo {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ ImVo Am{U MoÞB©Vrb OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b` `m§Zr ~Omdboë`m y{‘Ho$dahr `m Aä`mgmV H$Q>mj Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. OrAm`{df`H$ AO© V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar gd© ‘m{hVr O‘dUo d `mH$m‘r `mo½` {Xem XoUo `mH$m‘r gaH$mar ImË`mMr ‘hÎdmMr y{‘H$m am{hbobr Amho. Va OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mÀ`m g„m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmMm AO© ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r ‘moR>m hmV^ma bmJbm. EH$‘V ~ZdUo Am{U H$ama~Õ hmoUo `m XmoZ {dMmam§Zm doJir H$aUmè`m gr‘maofo{df`rhr `m Aä`mgmV Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ImË`mÀ`m {Z…nj y{‘Ho${df`r (^{dî`mVrb) ^rVr ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. EH$ AO©Xma åhUyZ VgoM `m joÌmVrb ‘V oX Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ gaH$mar H|$Ð åhUyZ Agm doJdoJù`m y{‘H$m ho ImVo H$go dR>dob? VgoM Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mMr y{‘H$m hr ghH$m`m©Mr Agbr Var JwUdÎmoMr nmaI H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V e§H$m CËnÞ H$aUmar Amho. Amamo½` gwajm, amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$m§Mo à‘mU Aem{df`r AOm©‘Ü o AZoH$ àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV; VgoM `m‘wio CËnmXZmbm Agbobm Eo{Vhm{gH$ d nma§n[aH$ Am`m‘M ~mOybm Ho$bm Joë`mMo dmQ>V amhVo.

`m XmoZ e§H$m§Mo g‘mYmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmR> H«$. 3 ‘Ü o OrAm`-

82

{ZH$fm§{df`r D$hmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. H$mOy~m|S>mÀ`m Am§~boë`m agmnmgyZ {Û-D$Üd©nmVZ nÕVrÛmao ~Zdbobo CËnmXZ Aer ’o$UrMr `m OrAm` {ZH$fm§‘Ü o ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho (Mm¡H$Q> 16, nmR> 3)

nm°Q>-ñQ>rb nÕVrZwgma Vm§ã`mÀ`m ^m§S>çmV (^mÞ, H$mhrb) CH$idyZ ‘mVrÀ`m bdUr‘Ü o (H§$S>oÝgoeZZ§Va {‘iUmam nXmW© O‘m H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo ^m§S>o) CËnmXZ Jmoim Ho$bo OmVo, Xwgè`m D$Üd©nmVZmgmR>r 130 {bQ>a VmoS>n d 110 {bQ>a Am§~bobm H$mOy ag dmnê$Z 19 Vo 20 Xaå`mZ J«mC (‘ÚmH$m©Mr KZVm ‘moOÊ`mMo n[a‘mU) Agbobr ’o$Ur V`ma Ho$br OmVo. ’o$Ur CËnmXZmVrb nma§n[aH$ {ZH$f d ~XbUmao {ZH$f `m{df`r `m Aä`mgmV D$hmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho, `m{df`rMo Zm|X Ho$bobo H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo ‘wÔo Ago …

- H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm nwadR>m … ~hþVoH$ CËnmXH$ ñWm{ZH$ H$mOy~m|S>oM dmnaVmV (N>m`m{MÌ 5, nmR> 3); Var H$mhr CËnmXH$ Jmoì`m~mhoarb H$mOy~m|S>o ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnaVmV (N>m`m{MÌ 6, nmR> 3). `m{df`r Jmoì`mVrbM H$mOy~m|S>o dmnamdrV qH$dm Jmoì`m~mhoarb H$mOy~m|S>mda ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r ~§Xr Kmbmdr `m{df`r OrAm` {ZH$fm‘Ü o H$mhrM ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr.

- CËnmXZ-nyd© à{H«$`m nÕVr … H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm nm`mÛmao VwS>dm Am{U XJS>mÀ`m dOZmImbr Mw‘i‘YyZ (H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm bJXm) Zram (H$mOy~m|S> ag) H$mT>Uo (N>m`m{MÌ 7, nmR> 3) `m nma§n[aH$ nÕVr ñQ>moZ-‘moQ>©a H«$ea qH$dm ‘oH°${ZH$b H«$eaÀ`m dmnamZo B{VhmgmV O‘m Pmboë`m AmhoV. Zì`m V§ÌmZwgma Q>°H$-O°H$À`m dOZmMm dmna H$ê$Z qnOè`m‘Ü o Zram H$mT>Ê`mMr nÕV (N>m`m{MÌ 8, nmR> 3) ApñVËdmV Ambobr Amho. `m{df`r H$mhr {ZH$f ZgUo åhUOoM ’o$Ur OrAm` Šb~Zo `m Zì`m nÕVtZm ‘mÝ`Vm {Xë`mgmaIoM R>aVo.

- D$Üd©nmVZ gm{hË` d V§Ì … `m Aä`mgmV ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrgmR>rMo ‘w»` àH$ma bjmV KoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. "nma§n[aH$ nm°Q> ñQ>rb'‘Ü o ‘mVrÀ`m bmdUrMm dmna (AmVm H$mhr ~Xbm§Zwgma, N>m`m{MÌ 9, nmR> 3), gdmªV bmoH${à` R>abobr "EŠñQ>mbmoH$b/ ‘m°S>Z©' nÕVr‘Ü o Vm§ã`mMr H$mhrb d {g‘|Q>À`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sV ~wS>dyZ R>odÊ`mV Ambobr H$m°Bb (N>m`m{MÌ 10, nmR> 3), Am{U B§S>pñQ>Ab qgJb-~°M {S>pñQ>qbJ. `mn¡H$s OrAm`‘Ü o nma§n[aH$ nm°Q>-ñQ>rbMm dmna Ago ñnï>nUo Z‘yX H$aV BVa nÕVtZm OrAm`-Šb~‘YyZ dJiÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

- gm{hË` d J«mC … Xwgè`m D$Üd©nmVZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mo à‘mU d ’o$UrMm J«mC Agbobo AZoH$ ’$aH$, 18 Vo 25 Xaå`mZ J«mC R>odÊ`mMo VgoM `mVhr 21 J«mCbm gdm©{YH$ ‘mÝ`Vm Agë`mMo gd}jUmV (2) Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho (AmH¥$Vr 1, nmR> 3). OrAm`‘Ü o gm{hË`mMo Zo‘Ho$ à‘mU d g§Hw${MV J«mC `m‘wio `m nojm doJio à‘mU dm J«mC R>odUmè`m CËnmXH$m§Zm OrAm`Mm bm^ {‘iÊ`mngyZ dJiÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

`m gdmª{df`r {ddoMZ H$ê$Z `m Aä`mgmV ’o$UrMo àmXo{eH$ ‘hÎd d ’o$UrÛmao ñWm{ZH$ àXoembm H$go A{YH$m{YH$ Am{W©H$ bm^ {‘iVrb `m{df`r H$mhr gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. n{hbm ‘wÔm åhUOo, H$mOy~m|S>m§Mr dmhVyH$ hr ’o$UrÀ`m XOm©da ~moQ> R>odVo; `m‘wio Jmoì`mV ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV oUmar H$mOy~m|S>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmXo{eH$ gr‘maofm R>adUo A{YH$ `mo½` R>aob. VgoM Jmoì`mVrb H$mOy bmJdS>rMm {dñVma Pmbm Agbm Var (Vm{bH$m 2, nmR> 4) Ë`mM à‘mUmV ’o$Ur CËnmXZmÀ`m gr‘maofm§‘Ü ohr VgmM {dñVma ìhmdm Ago H$mhr Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio `m Aä`mgmV, ’o$Ur CËnmXZjoÌm{df`r ñnï> gr‘maofm AmIÊ`mMr gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ’o$Ur{Z{‘©VrgmR>r CÎma Jmodm {Oëhm AmoiIbm OmVmo Ë`mMà‘mUo VmbwH$mdma Ago {ZH$f ~ZdUo eŠ` Agë`mMohr gwMdÊ`mV Ambo Amho (Vm{bH$m 4, nmR> 4).

Xwgam ‘wÔm åhUOo, {d{dY D$Üd©nmVZ à{H«$`m§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Agë`mZo OrAm`-Šb~‘Ü o H$moUË`m CËnmXH$m§Zm g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho Am{U H$moUË`m CËnmXH$m§Zm dJiÊ`mV Ambo Amho `m{df`rhr àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. gd}jUmVrb ‘m{hVrZwgma, Jmoì`mVrb gw‘mao 75 % ’o$Ur CËnmXH$ ho "EŠñQ>mbmoH$b /‘m°S>Z©' nÕVrMm dmna H$aV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ Amë`mZo `m CËnmXH$ JQ>mbm OrAm`-{ZH$fmV ñWmZ {‘iUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo. VgoM gm{hË`mÀ`m à‘mUm~m~V d ’o$UrÀ`m J«mC~m~Vhr AZoH$ ‘V oX Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. ho gmao bjmV KoD$Z, `m Aä`mgmV gm{hË`mMo à‘mU (H$mOy ~m|S>o) (3), à{H«$`m ({Û-D$Üd©nmVZ) d {H$‘mZ J«mC qH$dm J«mCMr ‘moR>r a|O `m~m~V gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. `m gyMZm§Ûmao CËnmXZmVrb d¡{dÜ`, Zdo V§Ìm§Mm, gm{hË`m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`m{df`rMr A{YH$ ‘w m Va H$mhr nÕVr dmnaÊ`mg ‘ZmB© (CXm. qgJb ~°M B§S>pñQ>Ab nÕVr) H$aÊ`mg gwb^ hmoB©b Ago gwMdÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

nmR> 4 ‘Ü o, OrAm`‘Yrb VaVwXr d ’o$UrÀ`m nwadR>m ‘mJm©{df`r {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. A{YH$m§emZo “Iwë`m’ ê$nmVrb ’o$UrMo godZ Ho$bo OmVo … 75 % CËnmXH$ ho WoQ> {H$aH$moi {dH«o$Ë`mbm ([aQ>oba) Amnbm ‘mb nwadVmV Va 80 % [aQ>oba ho ñdV… Amnë`m ñdV…À`m ‘mbH$sÀ`m aoñQ>m°a§Q>‘Ü oM ’o$Ur {dH$VmV. `m‘wio `m Aä`mgmV XmoZ Cn wº$ nwadR>m ‘mJ© emoYÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

- N>moQ>m d WoQ> … CËnmXH$ d A§{V‘ J«mhH$ dJ© `m§À`mg§~§YrMm hm ‘mJ©. WoQ> J«mhH$mbmM ’o$Ur nwadUo qH$dm CËnmXH$mÀ`m ñdV…À`mM ~ma dm XwH$mZmVyZ ’o$Ur {dH$Uo hm àH$ma AmT>iVmo (AmH¥$Vr 3, nmR> 4).

- bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> … `m ‘mJm©V ’o$UrMo ~«±S> CnbãY AmhoV. XwH$mZm§‘Ü o Vo CnbãY AgVmV. `m nwadR>m ‘mJm©Vrb J«mhH$ ho ’o$UrMm àm‘w»`mZo H$m°H$Q>obgmR>rM dmna H$aVmV (AmH¥$Vr 4, nmR> 4).

`m XmoÝhr nwadR>m ‘mJmª‘Ü o ’o$UrMm XOm© d Xa `mV ‘moR>r V’$mdV d

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d¡{dÜ` AmT>iVo. `mV n ©Q>H$ dJ© hm gm‘mÝ`V… bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> ‘mJm©erM g§~§{YV AgVmo. n ©Q>H$m§‘Ü o ’o$Ur{df`r Agbobo J¡ag‘O (Mm¡H$Q> 19, nmR> 4) d H$m°H$Q>obgmR>r ’o$Urbm {Xbo OmUmao àmYmÝ` (Mm¡H$Q> 20, nmR> 4) `m‘wio ’o$Urbm OmJ{VH$ AmoiI {‘idyZ XoÊ`mg n ©Q>H$ Ag‘W© R>aV Agë`mMm {ZîH$f© `m Aä`mgmV H$mT>Ê`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM ’o$UrMr {Z`m©V hr ‘w»`Ëdo OJ^a {dIwaboë`m A{Zdmgr Jmo‘§VH$s`M dmnaV Agë`mMohr AmT>iyZ oVo.

N>moQ>çm d WoQ> ‘mJm©‘Ü o CËnmXH$ d A§{V‘ J«mhH$ `m§À`m Agboë`m OdiÀ`m g§~§Ym§‘wio {Vgè`m ‘Ü`ñWmbm ñWmZM ZgVo d `m‘wio OrAm`Mm H$mhr {deof bm^ hmoB©b Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. Var Oo CËnmXH$ ho {H$aH$moi {dH«$s d ~m°Q>qbJ ì`dgm`mVhr AmhoV Ë`m§Zm ‘mÌ OrAm`Ûmao Amnbm J«mhH$dJ© {dñVm[aV H$aÊ`mMr, Amnë`m CËnmXZmMo ~«±S> {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMr ‘moR>r g§Yr {‘iy eHo$b. Va bm§~ d ~m°Q>ëS> ‘mJ©M OrAm`bm àmYmÝ` XoB©b. ’o$UrMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r d OrAm` g§H$ënZobm A{YH$ bmoH${à` ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoZo `m joÌmV A{YH$ OmJ¥Vr H$aUo Am{U J«mhH$dJm©V ({deofV… n ©Q>H$m§‘Ü o) àgma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

gÜ`m OrAm` {ZH$fm§‘YyZ dJiÊ`mV Amboë`m {Z{‘©VrníMmV à{H«$`m§{df`rhr `m Aä`mgmV àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. {Z{‘©VrníMmV à{H«$`m§{df`r {ZH$f ~Zdë`mda nwadR>m gmIirVrb {d{dY Q>ßß`m§da CËnmXZmMm XOm© `mo½` amIUo d ’o$Ur {Z{‘©VrV ñWm{ZH$ AW©H$maUmMo ‘hÎd dmT>Uo (CXm. n°Ho$qOJ d ~m°Q>qbJÛmao) eŠ` hmoB©b. `m{df`r Q>o{¹$bmMo CXmhaU (Mm¡H$Q> 22, nmR> 4) nmhUo Cn wº$ R>aVo. ’o$Ur ‘wadÊ`m{df`r (EqOJ) d ~m°Q>qbJ{df`r H$mhr {H$‘mZ {ZH$f ~Zdë`mg nma§n[aH$ nÕVrMo g§ajU Va hmoB©bM {edm` ñWm{ZH$ AW©H$maU gmYUohr eŠ` hmoB©b.

H$mOy ’o$UrgmaImMr Jmoì`mVrb Zmai ’o$Urbm XrK© B{Vhmg AgyZhr `m CËnmXZmbm ’o$Ur-OrAm`‘Ü o ñWmZ {Xbo Zgë`m~m~Vhr ZmamOr ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. H$m`Xoera ÑîQ>çm Zmai’o$UrgmR>r ho CËnmXH$ d J«mhH$ `m§Zm “’o$Ur’ hr n[a^mfm dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ amoIUo AdKS> Amho. `m‘wio “’o$Ur’ hr n[a^mfm Ho$di H$mOygmR>r qH$dm Ho$di ’o$Ur g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ‘mbH$sMr amhrb `m{df`r e§H$m {Z‘m©U hmoVo. `mVyZ ‘mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Zmai ’o$UrMmhr OrAm` {ZH$fm§‘Ü o g‘mdoe H$aUo d CËnmXZmÀ`m bo~bda XmoÝhr ’o$UrVrb ’$aH$ ñnï> H$aUo g w{º$H$ R>aVo. Agm gmè`m

gyMZm, e§H$m CnpñWV H$aV, ñH$m°M d ‘oPH$b (Mm¡H$Q> 23, nmR> 5) à‘mUo ^{dî`mV ’o$Ur OrAm`‘Ü ohr CËnmXZ dm ~«±S>‘Ü o d¡{dÜ` AmUUo eŠ` Agë`mMo gwMdÊ`mV Ambo Amho. OrAm` N>ÌrImbr {d{dY CámXZo H$er {dH${gV hmoVrb d Amnbo ñWmZ H$go àmá H$aVrb `m{df`rhr àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. AmOhr ’o$UrV Aem àH$maMo d¡{dÜ` AmT>iVo. ’o$UrMo ^{dî`mVrb ~«±S> ho ‘yi H$moUVo gm{hË` dmnabo Amho (H$mOy H$s Zmai), D$Üd©nmVZ nÕVr (bmdUr H$s EŠñQ>mbmoH$b/ ‘m°S>Z©), qgJb ‘mëQ> (CXm. EH$mM CËnmXH$mMo CËnmXZ) qH$dm {‘lU (AZoH$ CËnmXH$m§Mo CËnmXZ) Am{U ‘ÚmH©$l‘Vm (CXm. J«mCMm ñVa) `mdê$Z {dH${gV H$aVm oVrb.

`m gd© gyMZm WmoS>Š`mVnUo Aem …

’o$Ur g§KQ>Zm … CËnmXH$, J«mhH$ `m§À`mer {Z`{‘V g§nH©$ R>odyZ {dÚ‘mZ OrAm`-{ZH$fm§Mr MmMUr KoUo, `mo½` ~Xb gwMdUo, Ë`m{df`r gd© ñVam§‘Ü o EH$‘V KS>dUo d `mÛmao ’o$UrVrb d¡{dÜ` amIUo, ’o$UrÀ`m VgoM OrAm` g§H$ënZoÀ`m àgmamgmR>r CnH«$‘ am~dUo Aer ‘w»` H$m‘o `m g§KQ>Zobm H$amdr bmJVrb.Jmodm gaH$ma … CËnmXH$ g‘yhm§Zm OrAm`Ûmao g§ajU {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aUo, ‘XV H$aUo, {d{dY g‘yhm§‘Ü o EH$‘V KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ì`mgnrR> {Z‘m©U H$aUo hr H$m‘o H$amdr bmJVrb. VgoM EH$ gh-AO©Xma åhUyZ Zìho Va gaH$maMr d {d{dY gaH$mar {d^mJm§Mr {Z…njVm OnVmZm gd©g‘mdoeH$ {ZU© à{H«$`m am~dUo `mo½` R>aob.

OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b` … OrAm` g§H$ënZoMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo, ‘m{hVr CnbãY H$aUo, OrAm` {ZH$f R>adVmZm ñWm{ZH$ AZw dr à{V{ZYtZm Amnë`m g„mJma g‘yhmV ñWmZ XoUo hr H$m‘o `m H$m`m©b`mZo H$amdrV. VgoM OrAm` AOm©Mr à{gÕ Ë`m Ë`m ñWm{ZH$ àXoem§V d ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoV à{gÕr ‘mÜ`‘m§Ûmao H$aUo A{YH$ Cn wº$ R>aob.

^maV gaH$ma … OrAm` g§H$ënZoMo {Z`{‘V nwZn©arjU H$amdo. CËnmXZmMr ñWm{ZH$ d¡{eîQ>ço H$er nmibr OmVmV Am{U OrAm` {ZH$fm§‘wio ñWm{ZH$ àXoemMo AW©H$maU H$go Onbo OmVo `mH$S>o ~maH$mB©Zo bj nwadUo JaOoMo Amho. VgoM `m narjUm‘Ü o g„mJma JQ> d OrAm` AOm©Mr à{gÕr `m~m~V OrAm` {Z`‘m§‘Ü o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr JaOhr ñnï>nUo Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV `mdr.

(1) H$mOy~m|S>m§Mm ag qH$dm ZmaimMr VmS>r `mnmgyZ ~Zdboë`m Ðdê$nmVrb CËnmXZmbm “’o$Ur’ Ago g§~moYbo OmVo (Mm¡H$Q> 1, nmR> 1); Var OrAm`‘Ü o Ho$di H$mOy’o$UrMmM {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `mgmR>r nmR> 4 ‘wio Zmai’o$Urbm OrAm`‘Ü o ñWmZ {Xbo Zgë`m~m~Vhr {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

(2)‘wImonmÜ`m`, nr., Eg. ‘ wam d Eg. ‘m¡ © (2008) , “~ogbmBZ gìh} Am°’$ ’o$Zr B§S>ñQ>r’, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdm{‘Ëd {ZX}eH$ d ’o$Ur `mdarb B©EgAmagr g§emoYZ àH$ënmgmR>r emoY (ZmJnya)Mr {Z{‘©Vr. oWo CnbãY … www.warwick.ac.uk/go/feni

(3) Zmai ’o$UrMo CXmhaU WmoS>Š`mV Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

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àH$ën àH$meZo

`m àH$ënmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ V`ma Pmboë`m àH$meZm§‘Üò Ho$g ñQ>S>r Am°Z ’o$Zr VgoM H$mhr OrAm`g§X^m©Vrb gm‘mÝ` gm{hË`mMm g‘mdoe Amho.

’o$Urg§X^m©Vrb àH$meZoàUd ‘wImonmÜ`m`, Eg. ‘`wa d Eg. ‘m¡`© (2008) , "~ogbmBZ gìh} Am°’$ {X ’o$Zr B§S>ñQ´>r'. emoY, ZmJnyaÛmao OrAm` d ’o$Urdarb B©EgAmagr àH$ënmgmR>r {Z{‘©Vr.

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (2008), "hmC Qw> ‘oH$ ’o$Zr `w{ZH$br JmodZ', hoamëS> (Jmodm), 25 ‘o.

àUd ‘wImonmÜ`m`, {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (S´>mâQ>), "gmoeb A±S> BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ JoÝg ’«$m°‘ ’o$Zr'

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (S´>mâQ>), "‘oqH$J ßbog … Zao{Q>ìO Am°Z bmoHo$qQ>J OrAmÒ'.

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (S´>mâQ>), "{X EŠñbwOZ Am°’$ ŠbãO … OrAmÒ A±S> {X gmoeb H$ÝñQ´>ŠeZ Am°’$ H$ÝgoÝgg'

OrAm`g§X^m©Vrb àH$meZo{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (AmJm‘r, 2009), A{VWr g§nmXH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§da Img A§H$, dëS>© B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u OZ©b.

{�{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a)

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a d g§O` Hw$‘ma (AmJm‘r, 2009), "AZmXa bwH$ AQ> ~mg‘Vr … OoZo[agrQ>r A±S> {X àm°ãboåg Am°’$ d Q´>mÝg~m°S>©a {OAm°J«m{’$H$b B§{S>Ho$eZ', dëS>© B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u OZ©b (^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}eH$m§da Img A§H$, A{VWr g§nmXH$, {ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a)

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (AmJm‘r, 2009), "{X B§Q>oboŠMwAb àmnQ>uO Am°’$ {OAm°J«m’$s', `wamo{n`Z B§Q>oboŠMwAb àmnQ>u [aìøy.

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (AmJm‘r, 2009), "Zmo "bo‘Ýg' Zmo ‘moa … E ñHo$M Am°Z {X "BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg’ Am°’$ {OAm°J«m{’$Šb B§{S>Ho$eÝg', BZ H$mbm}g E‘. H$mo[a`m, BS>r, [agM© h±S>~wH$ Am°Z B§Q>oboŠMwAb àm°nQ>u bm° A±S> {X dëS>k Q´>oS> Am°J©Zm`PogÝg, ES>dS>© EëJma.

{ÛOoZ am§JUoH$a (2009), "E bÈz>> ’$m°a {nZÝg ... Am°a Jm°S²>g AmoZ OrAm`' BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ Q>mBåg, 23 E{àb

g§emoYZ àH$ënmVrb hr gd© àH$meZo d AmJm‘r àH$meZo àH$ënmÀ`m www. warwick.ac.uk/go/feni `m do~gmBQ>da CnbãY AmhoV.

Am^maAZoH$ bmoH$ d g§ñWm `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo ho g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. gd©àW‘ Jmoì`mVrb à{V{ZYr

d g§ñWm Á`m§Zr CXmÎmnUo Amnbm doi, Amnbo kmZ `m§À`mÛmao ‘XV Ho$br `m§Mo Amåhr Am^mar AmhmoV. gd}jU, ~¡R>H$m, ^mJrXmam§À`m ~¡R>H$m, ‘wbmIVr `m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ CnH«$‘m‘Üò gh^mJr Pmbobo CËnmXH$, ~m°Q>ba, {dH«o$Vo `m§Mm `mV g‘mdoe Amho. Ë`m§Zr ’o$Utg§~Yr AZoH$ gwag H$Wm, AZw^d gm§JVmZm `m CËnmXZ na§nao{df`rÀ`m A{^‘mZmMohr Xe©Z KS>dbo. Ë`m§À`m‘wioM ho g§emoYZ nyU© H$aÊ`mV VgoM ’o$Ur CËnmXZmVrb VgoM Ë`mÀ`m dmnam‘mJo Agboë`m gm‘m{OH$ n[apñWVrMo kmZ {‘idÊ`m{df`rMr ‘mPr CËgwH$Vm dmT>dÊ`mg ‘XV Pmbr. VgoM ’o$UrMo {Z`‘ d OrAm`-AOm©~m~V Agbobo ‘mPo {dMma g‘OyZ KoUmao AZoH$ Jmodm gaH$mamVrb nXm{YH$mar `m§Mohr ‘r Am^mar Amho. Ë`m§Mo kmZ, Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Agbobr ‘m{hVr hr `m g§emoYZmgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©H$ R>abr. H|$Ð gaH$ma VgoM OrAm` Zm|XUr H$m`m©b` òWrb A{YH$mardJm©Zohr ‘mobmMo ghH$m`© H$aV ‘mPo g§emoYZ nyU© H$aÊ`mV hmV^ma bmdbm. Aem ì`º$tMr `mXr n[a{eï> 5‘Üò XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

VgoM g„mJmaJQ>, ZmJnwamVrc EH$ ghH$mar g§ñWm, Jmoì`mVrb g§emoYZ nWH$, dm°{d©H$ òWrb EH$ {dMmad§V d g§emoYH$ ghmæ`H$, `m gdmªMm Ë`m§Zr {Xboë`m AZ‘mob ghH$m`m©~Ôb ‘r Zoh‘rM F$Ur amhrZ. Ë`m§À`m gh^mJmVyZM `m g§emoYZH$m`m©g àoaUm {‘imbr Amho Am{U hm Ahdmb åhUOo Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmMo à{Vq~~ Amho.

`m CnH«$‘m‘Üò Cngbobo H$ï> ho A{dñ‘aUr` Am{U AmìhmZmË‘H$ AmhoV. "emoY'À`m nmqR>ã`m{edm` ho H$m‘ AeŠ`M hmoVo. àUd ‘wImonmÜ`m` Am{U H$YrM ZH$ma Z XoUmao g§emoYH$ ghmæ`H$ Eg. ‘m¡`© d Eg. ‘`ya `m§Mo {deof Am^ma `m{R>H$mUr ‘mZboM nm{hOoV. Ë`m§À`mM gëë`m‘wio, ‘r AZoH$ ~¡R>H$m, ‘wbmIVr KoD$ eH$bmo. {d{dY ~¡R>H$m, ‘wbmIVr `mXaå`mZ {d{dY ^mfm, eãXà`moJ `m§Mr AmoiI Pmbr Am{U `m ~¡R>H$m, ‘wbmIVrVrb gd© ‘m{hVr A{Ve` g‘n©H$ d `mo½` àH$mao eãX~Õ H$aUmao A{œZ Vm|~Q> `m§Mr ‘moR>r ‘XV ‘mÂ`m g§emoYZmg Pmbr.

CnH«$‘mVrb {d{dY KQ>H$ EH$Ì H$aUo Am{U ho g§emoYZ nyU©Ëdmg ZoUo ho EH$ ‘moR>o {Xì`M AZw^dmbm Ambo. `mgmR>r ‘r dm{d©H$‘Yrb ghH$mè`m§Zr CÎm‘ ghH$m`© d ‘XV Ho$ë`m~Ôb Am^mar Amho. g§nyU© CnH«$‘mXaå`mZ Q>rZm S>odrg `m§Mm ‘mobmMm nmqR>~m am{hbm. {dÚm `m§Zrhr g’$mB©XmanUo {d{dY H$m‘o nwar Ho$br.

Ag§»` {‘Ì d {dMmad§V ho ‘mÂ`m kmZmMo, d H$ënZm§Mo òmoV am{hbobo AmhoV. `m g§emoYZmbm ‘mobmMo gmø R>aboë`m gmè`m MMm©, g§^mfUo òWo Z‘yX H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr, nU Imbrb ì`º$tMm òWo C„oI Z‘yX H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho … àVrjm ~jr, ~«oÞm ^m§Sm>a, OogZ ’$Zmª{S>g, Zaoe ’$Zmª{S>g, noOr ’«$m°à, A{bem {Jb, amhþc Jmoñdm‘r, bm°aoÝg {b`m§J, bVm Zmà, O`Z Zmà, hoVm n§{S>V, am°eob qnQ>mo d A{bVmo {g¹o$am. `m g§emoYZm‘Üò {OWo bmJob {VWo ‘XV H$aUmam, Zoh‘rM ‘bm àmoËgmhZ XoUmam, hahþÞar Agm ‘mPm ^mD$ ear’$ `mZohr `m g§emoYZH$m`m©V ‘mobmMr gmW {Xbr Amho.

AWm©VM ho gmao Am^mam§Mo F$U gmR>bo Amho Vo B©EgAmagr AZwXmZm‘wio. Ë`m§Zr {Xbobo AZwXmZ, H$moUË`mhr AS>Wù`m{dZm H$m‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xbobo Ë`m§Mo ghH$m`© `m§Mm ‘r eVe… F$Ur amhrZ. hm CnH«$‘mMr H$ënZm àUdÀ`m gmWrZo gwMbr hmoVr. Vmo Zoh‘rM ‘mPm nmR>ramIm am{hbobm Amho. hm Ahdmb ~ZdÊ`mgmR>rhr Ë`mZo AZoH$ ZmdrÝ`nyU© H$ënZm am~dë`m AmhoV. eodQ>r ho gmao g§emoYZ eãXm‘Üò ‘m§S>Ê`mgmR>r Á`m§Zr ‘XV Ho$br Ë`m§Mohr Am^ma ‘mZboM nm{hOoV. {bP Amo~tMo g§nmXZH$m¡eë`, nm°b {S>~oZZo Ho$bobr AmH$f©H$ aMZm Va Aë’$m {H«$E{Q>ìhZo `m AhdmbmMo Ho$bobm ‘amR>r AZwdmX d Ë`mMr Ho$bobr Aà{V‘ ‘m§S>Ur `m‘wio ho gmao g§emoYZ eãX~Õ hmoV Amnë`m hmVmV nmoMbo Amho.

Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation (CSGR)University of WarwickCoventry CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom+44 (0) 24 765 72533+44 (0) 24 765 [email protected]

You are free to copy, distribute and display the work and to makederivative works under the following conditions:Attribution: you must give the original author credit.ISBN Number: 978-0-902683-94-5Printed on paper derived from sustainably managed forests.Design by Mustard: www.mustardhot.comPhotographs: Dwijen Rangnekar, except page 6Marathi Version: Alpha Creative, Goa.