MIXED METHODDr Khairul Shafee Kalid

Universiti Teknologi PETRONASComputer and Information Science Department

Source: Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods ResearchJohn W. Creswell, Vicki L. Plano Clark , https://books.google.com.my/books?

id=YcdlPWPJRBcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s

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Introduction•What is mixed method research?

- Involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study.

- This design involves research that uses mixed data (numbers and text) and additional means (statistics and text analysis).

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Introduction- Qualitative

- Developing a holistic picture and analysis of the phenomenon being studied with an emphasis on ‘thick’ rather than ‘selective’ description.

•Quantitative• Observation and interviewing, prominent instruments used in qualitative research, are also commonly found in quantitative studies.

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Quantitative Strand and Qualitative Strand in Mixed Method Design

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Key Decisions in Choosing a Mixed Method Design•The level of interaction is the extent to which the two strands are kept independent or interact with each other.•When the study is independent, the researcher only mixes the two strands when drawing conclusions during the overall interpretation at the end of the study.

•Priority refers to the relative importance or weighting of the quantitative and qualitative methods for answering the study’s questions

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Key Decisions in Choosing a Mixed Method Design•Timing (also referred to as pacing and implementation)

refers to the temporal relationship between the quantitative and qualitative strands within a study.•Concurrent, sequential, multiphase.

•Mixing is the explicit interrelating of the study’s quantitative and qualitative strands.•Two concepts are useful for understanding when and how mixing occurs: the point of interface and mixing strategies.

•During interpretation, data analysis, data collection, design level•Mixing strategies are

• (1) merging the two data sets, • (2) connecting from the analysis of one set of data to the collection of a

second set of data, • (3) embedding of one form of data within a larger design or procedure,

and • (4) using a framework to bind together the data sets.

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Why Mixed Methods•Clarify and explain relationships found to exist between variables.

•Explore relationships between variables IN DEPTH.•Mixed method studies can help to confirm or cross-validate relationships discovered between variables, as when quantitative and qualitative methods are compared to see if they converge on a single interpretation of a phenomenon.

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Drawbacks of Mixed Methods•Extremely time-consuming and expensive to carry out.•Many researchers are only experienced in only one type of research

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Basic Designs of Mixed Method

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Convergent Parallel Design•The most well-known approach to mixing methods is the convergent design.

•The convergent design occurs when the researcher •collects and analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data during the same phase of the research process

•AND then merges the two sets of results into an overall interpretation.

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Why Convergent Parallel Design?•to obtain different but complementary data on the same topic” (Morse, 1991, p. 122)

•This design is used when the researcher wants to triangulate the methods. •Compare and contrast the results of both for corroborating and validating purposes.

•illustrating quantitative results with qualitative findings, synthesizing complementary quantitative and qualitative results to develop a more complete understanding of a phenomenon.

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Convergent Parallel Design

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Explanatory Sequential Design•The explanatory design is a mixed methods design in which the researcher begins by conducting a quantitative phase and follows up on specific results with a second phase

•The second, qualitative phase is implemented for the purposes of explaining the initial results in more depth.

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Why Explanatory Sequential Design•The overall purpose of this design is to use a qualitative strand to explain initial quantitative results (Creswell, Plano Clark, et al., 2003).

•Researcher wants to form groups based on quantitative results and follow up with the groups through subsequent qualitative research

•Use quantitative results about participant characteristics to guide purposeful sampling for a qualitative phase (Creswell, Plano Clark, et al., 2003; Morgan,1998; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998).

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Explanatory Sequential Design

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Exploratory Sequential Design•The exploratory design is also a two-phase sequential design

•Recognized because the researcher starts by qualitatively exploring a topic before building to a second, quantitative phase.

•The intent of the two-phase exploratory design is that the results of the first, qualitative method can help develop or inform the second, quantitative method (Greene et al., 1989).

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Why Exploratory Sequential Design•The primary purpose of the exploratory design is to generalize qualitative findings based on a few individuals from the first phase to a larger sample gathered during the second phase.

•This design is based on the premise that an exploration is needed for one of several reasons: • (1) measures or instruments are not available, • (2) the variables are unknown, or • (3) there is no guiding framework or theory

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Exploratory Sequential Design

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The Embedded Design•The embedded design is a mixed methods approach where the researcher combines the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data within a traditional quantitative research design or qualitative research design (Caracelli & Greene, 1997; Greene, 2007).

•The collection and analysis of the second data set may occur before, during, and/or after the implementation of the data collection and analysis procedures traditionally associated with the larger design.

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Why Embedded Design•The premises of this design are that a single data set is not sufficient, that different questions need to be answered, and that each type of question requires different types of data.

•In the case of the embedded experimental mixed methods design, researchers use it when they need to include qualitative data to answer a secondary research question within the predominantly quantitative study.

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Embedded Design

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Summary•What is mixed method research design? Why we use it? Advantages, drawbacks?

•What are the key decisions in choosing a mixed method research design?

•The four basic design of mixed method

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References•Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research edited by John W. Creswell, Vicki L. Plano Clark

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