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16.72 Basic Procedures

Prof. R. John Hansman

MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Basic Concepts/Terms

IFR = Instrument Flight Rules

VFR = Visual Flight Rules

IMC = Instrument Meteoroligical Conditions

VMC = Visual Meteoroligical Conditions

FAR Part 91 - General Operating Rules

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US Airspace Classes

From: http://www.asy.faa.gov/safety_products/airspacecard.html

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Service Characteristics of AirspaceClasses

From: http://www.asy.faa.gov/safety_products/airspacecard.html

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Airspace Class Characteristics

From: http://www.asy.faa.gov/safety_products/airspaceclass.htm

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Current Control Structure

Surface Control “Ground”

Local Control “Tower”

Terminal Area Control (TRACON) “Approach and “Departure”

Enroute Control (ARTCC) “Center”

Oceanic Control (FIR) “Oceanic”

Flow Control (ATCSCC) “Central Flow”

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Example Flight

Logan KBOS > Washington Dulles KIAD

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Flight Plan FormMIT ICAT

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4. MAD -- .- -.. | -9 C 255 247 34 | 35.5 d110.4 Madison |--------+----+---+------| 0:27 41:18:49 72:41:31 240 | V475 6.1 | 265

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/20 258 300 0:04 |------5. BDR -... -.. .-. | -15C 255 286 22 | 41.6

d108.8 Bridgeport |--------+----+---+------| 0:31 41:09:38 73:07:28 240 | V475 9.1 | 243

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/19 248 300 0:07 |------ 6. --- Int. | -15C 246 284 32 | 50.7

|--------+----+---+------| 0:38 40:51:31 73:43:19 240 | V475 2.3 | 211

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/19 251 300 0:02 |------7. LGA .-.. --. .- | -15C 249 285 8 | 53.0

d113.1 La Guardia |--------+----+---+------| 0:40 40:47:16 73:52:37 240 | V433 1.4 | 203

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/19 219 300 0:01 |------8. DIALS Int. | -15C 219 281 5 | 54.4

JFKr317 LGAr225/5 |--------+----+---+------| 0:41 40:42:56 73:55:36 240 | V433 3.0 | 198

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/19 225 300 0:02 |------9. TICKL Int. | -15C 224 281 11 | 57.4

COLr029 JFKr265 |--------+----+---+------| 0:43 40:34:05 74:03:07 240 | V433 8.2 | 187

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/19 265 300 0:06 |------10. METRO Int. | -15C 262 288 29 | 65.6

ARDr057/15 JFKr265 |--------+----+---+------| 0:49 40:25:21 74:40:10 240 | V433 4.1 | 158

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/13 239 300 0:03 |------11. ARD .- .-. -.. | -15C 238 288 15 | 69.7

d108.2 Yardley |--------+----+---+------| 0:52 40:15:12 74:54:27 240 | V210 5.6 | 143

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/18 265 300 0:04 |------12. --- Int. | -15C 262 289 20 | 75.3

|--------+----+---+------| 0:56 40:09:55 75:19:42 240 | V3 6.4 | 123

---+--------+---------+-----| 217/31 237 300 0:05 |------13. MXE -- -..- . | -14C 236 270 22 | 81.7 d113.2 Modena |--------+----+---+------| 1:01

39:55:05 75:40:14 225 | Direct 29.5 | 101 ---+--------+---------+-----| 229/26 244 300 0:22 |------14. IAD Apt. | +5 C 244 274 101 |111.2

Washington DC (Washingt |--------+----+---+------| 1:23 38:56:40 77:27:20 3 | | 0

---+--------+---------+-----| |------

Direct User Access Terminal(DUAT) Flight Plan

From: KBOS -- Boston MA (General Edward Lawrence Logan IntlTo: IAD -- Washington DC (Washington Dulles InternationalAlt.: FL240 Profile: LR-35Time: Tue Sep 19 14:00 (UTC)Routing options selected: Automatic low altitude airway.Flight plan route:

PVD V475 LGA V433 ARD V210 V3 MXE Flight totals: fuel: 111 gallons, time: 1:23, distance 369.7 nm.

Ident Type/Morse Code | | FuelName or Fix/radial/dist | | TimeLatitude Longitude Alt. | Route Mag KTS Fuel | Dist

---+--------+---------+-----| Winds Crs TAS Time |------1. KBOS Apt. | Temp Hdg GS Dist | 0.0

Boston MA (General Edwa |--------+----+---+------| 0:00 42:21:51 71:00:18 0 | Direct 15.0 | 370

---+--------+---------+-----| 210/21 222 250 0:11 |------2. PVD .--. ...- -.. | +7 C 223 229 43 | 15.0

d115.6 Providence |--------+----+---+------| 0:11 41:43:27 71:25:46 112 | V475 9.4 | 327

---+--------+---------+-----| 201/25 263 250 0:07 |------3. ORW --- .-. .-- | -3 C 258 233 28 | 24.4

d110.0 Norwich |--------+----+---+------| 0:18 41:33:22 71:59:57 183 | V475 11.1 | 299

---+--------+---------+-----| 200/25 259 266 0:09 |------

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on

DUAT Flight Plan

(Preferred routes:1 (H) GLYDE BAF J077 SAX J006 LRP V143 MULRR AMLEffective Time(s): 1100-0300

1 2

Type of flight plan:Aircraft tail number:

IFR N123LR

34 5 6 7

Acft type/special equip: LJ35/KTrue airspeed: 130 Departure point: BOS Departure time: (UTC) Tue Sep 19 14:00 Altitude: 240

8 9

Route of flight:Destination:

PVD V475 LGA V433 ARD V210 V3 MXE IAD

10 Estimated time enroute: 0123 11 Remarks: 12 Fuel on board: 0300 13 Alternate destination(s):14 Pilot's name: ROBERT J HANSMAN

Address: MIT CAMBRIDGE MA 02139 Phone no.:

Aircraft home base: BED 15 Number aboard: 3 16 Color of aircraft: W/R/GY17 Dest contact name:

Phone no.: Flight plan accepted by DynCorp IS DUAT service and will be filedwith ZBW Tue Sep 19 12:00 (UTC).

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ATC Workload as a System Constraint

Clearance: PDC or Cl Del, “Lear 123LR is cleared to IAD via Logan 5 Departure toPVD then as filed, climb and maintain 5000 expect FL 240 10 min after departure,

squawk 3417. Contact Ground Control on 121.9 and advise ready to push”

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US Air Route Traffic Control Center (ATRCC) Airspace - 20 Centers

ZSE ZMP

ZLC ZAU ZBW

ZOB ZDV ZNY

ZOA ZKC ZID ZDC

ZLA ZME ZAB ZFW

ZTL

ZJX

ZHU ZMA

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Example Procedures

Altitude for Direction IFR, Even Thoustands Wesbbound, Odd Eastbound (0-179 Magnetic) VFR +500 DRVSM above FL29

Radar Contact

Transponders Codes Mode C altitude verification

Hand Offs BOS, NY Transition LOAs

Lost Communication

Holding Patterns

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Example Procedures

Weather and Flow Interruptions Traffic Flow Management Collaborative Decision Making Traffic Flow Management

Standard Flows

Military and Restricted Airspace MOA, Restricted, Prohibited

Remote Sites Radar Communication

Seperation Standards Enroute 5 Miles, 1000 ft Terminal 3 miles, 1000 ft Wake Vortex

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78 Aircraft In-bound

San Francisco

Special use airspace provides additional constraints

Special UseAirspace

RouteFlown

Flight Plan

June 11, 2001 4:13 p.m.

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SEPARATION ASSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS

PERSONALSAFETY BUFFER

MINIMUMSEPARATIONSTANDARD

PROCEDURALSAFETYBUFFER

SURVEILLANCEUNCERTAINTY

HAZARDZONE

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1 For complete requirements, refer to FAA Order 7110.65 and other FAAdocuments.2 FAA Order 7110.65, unless otherwise indicated.3 An FAA sponsored study determined that the increased accuracy of new

Secondary Surveillance Radars permits increasing the range for 3 NMseparation to at least 60 NM and FAA Order 7110.65R, Chapter 5, ¶5-5-4.MINIMA, has been changed accordingly.

Flight Separation Minima Selected Reference2 ControllingPhase Requirements1 Factor OCEANIC LATERAL:

60-120 NM Depends on speed

and route (North Atlantic and Caribbean)

¶8-7-4 ¶8-8-4

Navigation accuracy, no radar

or VERTICAL: 2000 ft

Above FL290 (non-RVSM)

¶8-7-2 ¶8-8-2

Altimetry accuracy

1000 ft Above FL290 (RVSM) or at or below FL290

or LONGITUDINAL: 10-60 minutes at track entry

Depends on speed and distance flown

¶8-3-3.e. Navigation accuracy, noradar

EN ROUTE within the U.S.

LATERAL: 5 NM

Below FL 600, if multiple radar sensors (mosaic mode) radar or either aircraft more than 40 NM from antenna, and 60 NM for Mode S surveillance3

¶5-5-4 Radar resolution and update rate

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Separation Requirements forArrival (Same Runway)

Wake Turbulence Requirement Radar Separation requirements

Trailing Aircraft

Leading Aircraft

Heavy Large Small Heavy 4 5 5 B757 4 4 5 Large 3(2.5) 3(2.5) 4 Small 3(2.5) 3(2.5) 3(2.5)

Visual Separation requirements Pilots Discretion

Preceding arrival must be clear of runway at touchdown Runway Occupancy time

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