miriam rios sánchez july 1/2009 pire 0530109 a remote sensing approach to characterize the...
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Miriam Rios SánchezJuly 1/2009
PIRE0530109
A Remote Sensing Approach to Characterize the Hydrogeology of Mountainous Areas:
Application to the Quito Aquifer System (QAS), Ecuador
Dissertation Research Proposal
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Outline
• Motivation• Goals• Objectives• Setting• Research Plan• Methodology• Expected outcomes
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Motivation•Climate change, intensive use of water resources, management problems and population growth are threatening the global availability of water
•To find new sources of water and to improve the knowledge of the existing ones, reliable and timely water information is of paramount importance
•Michigan Tech has developed strong programs in remote sensing applied to Natural Hazards and Resource Protection. One of the targeted areas is Latin American, where countries face many natural hazards and threats to resources
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Ground water: An alternative
AVAILABILITY
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html
Spatial distribution, Protection, Quality
Topography
Water Level
Flow Systems Local Intermediate
Regional
Recharge / Infiltration zones
Discharge /Exfiltration zones
R
D
Springs
Rivers
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The initial and most prevalent applications of remote sensing in hydrogeology is lineament analysis in hard rock terrains
The objective is to pinpoint locations for follow-up detailed geophysical investigations and well drilling
Meijerink, 2007
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Satellite Remote Sensing Potential for Regional Studies:Broad range of wavelengthsDifferent spatial scalesDifferent temporal resolutions
Meijerink (2006)
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PIRE PROJECT IN BOACO-NICARAGUA
Volcanic TerrainNon ideal conditions
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Bruning,(2008)
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Bruning,(2008)
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Some Limitations of Remote Sensing• Geometric aspects of fractures & discontinuities:
– Dip– Depth– Aperture, Zone Width– Water-Bearing Potential
• Contribution to the local/regional ground water flow (connectivity)
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To Address Limitations (i.e., to “see” deeper)
Surface Geophysics Hydrochemistry
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Research Goals
1) Refine and test a remote sensing-based protocol for:
a) characterizing fracture networks in regional aquifer systems,
b) delineating discontinuities and boundaries of local and regional aquifer systems, and
c) evaluating their control on hydrological behavior.
2) Test and enhance these protocols using geophysical data, geochemistry, structural geology and hydrogeological data.
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OBJECTIVES
•Develop and test remote sensing techniques to map surface expressions of geological lineaments and discontinuities.
•Identify faults and discontinuities by correlating lineament maps to existing geology and geophysical data.
•Evaluate infiltration/exfiltration potential of fractures and discontinuities using thermal imagery.
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OBJECTIVES (cont)
•Evaluate the interconnections between different components of the hydrogeological basin by integrating datasets.
•Foster a collaborative international approach to conducting systematic research in a in order to improve understanding of complete aquifer systems and establish a foundation for continued research and monitoring.
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Outline
• Motivation• Goals• Objectives• Setting• Research Plan• Methodology• Expected outcomes
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Aquifer Location & Setting
_Quito
_̂
_̂_̂
#0
#0
Ilaló Volcano
NONO
QUITO
GUAYLLABAMBA
Cayambe
Antisana
South America
Ecuador
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Quito Aquifer System
1000 m
500 m
0 m
Regime
Com
pres
sion
Exte
nsio
nPl
ioce
ne`
Late
Plei
stoc
ene
Early
Mid
dle/
Late
Hol
ocen
e
NW
S.
Ant
onio
NE
Gua
ylla
bam
ba
S. M
igue
l
del C
omún
SWQ
uito
S. P
edro
/Tu
mba
co
?
WEATHERED TUFFS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
LAHARS
LAHARS / TUFFS
LAVASSILSTONE/CLAYSTONE
FLUVIAL SANDS & CONGLOM
FLUVIAL/LACUSTRINE DEP
ALUVIAL DEPOSITS
SAN MIGUEL FM
GABROSVillagómez, 2002
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Mapped Faults in QAS
Source:Radarsat Image 02/21/2003 Fault Maps: Villagómez, 2003
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Tectonic control in the QAS
Villagomez, 2003
Deformation in the Guayllabamba depression
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Structure of collaboration to study the QAS
MTU
Universidad Central del Ecuador
(UCE)
Escuela PolitécnicaNacional
(EPN)
IRD France
University ofMontpellier (Fr)
EMAAP-Q
INAHMI
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Outline
• Motivation• Goals• Objectives• Setting• Research Plan• Methodology• Intellectual merits and anticipated
impacts
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RESEARCH PLAN
A'
/ Faults / discontinuities
A A'
Fractures Identified Using
SatelliteRemote Sensing
Fractures Geometry(VLF-EM & Geoelectric Methods)
Fracture characterization
GeophysicsHydrochemistry,Isotope analysis,
Existing data
`
Integration into Regional
Hydrogeological Model
Infiltration
Exfiltration
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RS – Lineament Mapping
* Methodology by Bruning, 2008
Select Imagery Types
Digital Image Processing
Initial Evaluation of
Image ProductsLineament Interpretati
onGIS
Analysis
Ground-truth Lineament
Map
Image
Evaluation
Lineaments derived from 30-m DEM
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Thermal Bands Analysis
Aster Night ImageTIR – B10 (stretched) 2007/09/07
_̂
_̂_̂
#0
#0
Ilaló Volcano
NONO
QUITO
GUAYLLABAMBA
Cayambe
Antisana
High : 9.06125
Low : -0.00659
Radiance
0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.40.3Kilometers
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RS-Thermal analysis
NDVI = (NIR- Red)/(NIR + Red)
INDEXES
NDWI = (RNIR – RSWIR) / (RNIR + RSWIR)
High : 0.840491
Low : -0.909091
High : 0.927835
Low : -0.944444
0 2 4 6 81
Kilometers
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Geoelectrical Methods
Limestone (aquifer)Claystone
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* Between the vertical and the horizontal component
0
30
60
90
-90
- 60
-30
20 40 60 80 100 120 160
Rat
io*
(%)
Distance along a profile (m)
In-phaseQuadrature
Very Low Frequency-Electromagnetics (VLF-EM)
Adapting from the WADI instruction manual, ABEM Instruments, Inc.
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Hydrochemistry
20 40 60 80HCO3 Cl
2
0
4
0
60
8
0
8
0
6
0
40
2
0
80 60 40 20
2
0
4
0
60
8
0
80 60 40 20
8
0
6
0
40
2
0
Fresh Sea
Freshening
Mixing
Intrusion
Ca Na,K
Mg SO4
Fresh
Fresh Sea
(Ca,Mg) SO4
(Ca,Mg) Cl2
Piper Diagram and Hydrochemical Processes (Appelo, 1993)
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Environmental Isotopes
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Outline
• Motivation• Goals• Objectives• Setting• Research Plan• Methodology• Intellectual merits and anticipated
impacts
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MethodologyThree phases approach
Phase IRegional Hydrogeological
Assessment
Phase IIRemote Sensed and Geophysics
Based Hydrogeological Evaluation and Validation
Phase IIIRemote Sensed and Geophysics
Based Hydrogeological Evaluation
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Phase I
Topography and RS analysis
Geology Analysis
Evaluation of existing
hydrogeology data
RegionalConceptual
ModelA
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Phase IILineament /
Discontinuities Mapping
Hydrogeological Characterization of fracture, discontinuities and
boundaries
LocalConceptual Model
RSAssessment
GeophysicsAssessment
Hydrochemistry/Isotope
Assessment
HydraulicAssessment
Existing models
ValidationNo Yes Final ConceptualModel
A
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Phase III
Lineament Mapping
Hydrogeological Evaluation of fracture, discontinuities and
boundaries
Local conceptual model
RSAssessment
GeophysicsAssessment
MethodologyFor Remote Sensing
Based Hydrogeological Evaluation
Potential areas for detailed studies
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Scheme of collaboration for this project
MTURemote Sensing (MR)
Regional Analysis (MR)Surface Geophysics
MR/ATT
UCE & EPNVes reinterpretationHydraulic AnalysisHydrochemistry
IRD /INAHMIUse similar methodologies in other regions of Ecuador
Montpellier Univ. Isotope Lab Analysis
Sharing data
EMAAP-QProvide data
Logistics
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Outline
• Motivation• Goals• Objectives• Setting• Research Plan• Methodology• Expected outcomes
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Desired Outcomes for RS Techniques
• Appropriateness for hydrogeological characterization in fractured aquifers
• Effectiveness & limitations for detecting faults, fractures, and discontinuities
• Influence of fracturing on hydrologic behavior
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Desired Outcomes for RS Techniques
• Demonstrate the importance of including remote sensing techniques in regional hydrogeological analysis for water resources evaluation and management
• Effectiveness of international collaboration for complex hydrogeological studies
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Questions?