C T Noguchi

Water

C T Noguchi

Water(Hydrogen bond)

OH

H

+

+

OH H+

+

Hydrogen bond

C T Noguchi

Hydrophobic interaction

Hydrophobicmolecule

OHH

O HH

OH

HO

HH

OHH

O HH

O HH

Hydrophobicmolecule

OHH

O HHOH

H

OH

H OHH

OHH

O HH

O HH

OHH

O HH

OH

HO HH

OHH

OHH

OH

H

OHH

O HH

OHH

O HH

OHH O H

H H2O molecules to bulk

C T NoguchiOrganic Acids

Fattyacid

hydrophylic

hydrophobic

C

OHO

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

H

C

OHO

Stearic acid

(C18)

CHO O

CHO O

Acetic acid (C2)

CH3-COOH

H-C-C-OHH

H O

(H2O)

CH3-COO- + H+

A) C) R-COOH

(weak acid)

(H2O)

-

+ H+

COO

C T Noguchi

Aqueous phase

Fattyacid

hydrophylic

hydrophobic

C

OHO

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

H

C

OHO

Stearic acid

(C18)

CHO O

CHO O

Micelle- ++ H

Aqueous phase

C T Noguchi

Phospholipid

fattyacid

hydrophylic

hydrophobic

polar group

PhospholipidPolar head group(hydrophilic)

Hydrocarbon chains(hydrophobic)

OH

H

HC CH C

H H

OH OH

Glycerol

C

OHO

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

C HH

H

C

OHO

Stearic acid

(C18)

CHO O

CHO O

P

C T NoguchiPhospholipid

Polar head group(hydrophilic)

Hydrocarbon chains(hydrophobic)

Plasma membrane(lipid bilayer)

Lipid Bilayer

C T Noguchi

Plasma Membrane

C T Noguchi

Liposomes for Drug Delivery

DRUG Protein DNA

C T Noguchi

Proteinsa) Organic acid

Amino Acid

b) Dipeptide

peptide bondc) Polypeptide (Primary structure)

C CNH

H

OH

R1

C CN

H

OH

R2

C CN

H

OH

R3

C CN

H

OH

R4

C CN

H

OH

R5

OHC CN

H

OH

R14

OHH C CNH

OH+( )

R15

C CN

H

OH

R6

C CN

H

OH

R7

C CN

H

OH

R8

C CN

H

OH

R9

C CN

H

OH

R10

C CN

H

OH

R11

C CN

H

OH

R12

C CN

H

OH

R13

CH

N

H

H

amino

C

OHOacid

R

C

OHO

R'

acid

(NH2CHCOOH) | R

C T Noguchi

Amino Acids

Hydrophobic amino acidsEssential amino acids

Serine

TyrosineThreonineTryptophanValine

Ser

TyrThrTrpVal

Proline Pro

LeuLysMetPhe

LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanine

AlanineArginineAsparagineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine

AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIle

C T Noguchi

Phenylketourea (PKU)(Lack of phenylalanine hydroase)

Hydrophobic amino acidsEssential amino acids

Tyrosine (Tyr)(Phe)PhenylalanineCOO-

H3N+ - C - HC

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

HOH

COO-H3N+ - C - H

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

phenylalaninehydrolase

O2 H2O

C T Noguchi

Phenylketourea (PKU)(Lack of phenylalanine hydroase)

Hydrophobic amino acidsEssential amino acids

Tyrosine (Tyr)(Phe)Phenylalanine

phenylalaninehydrolase

O2 H2O

COO-H3N+ - C - H

CH2

OH

COO-H3N+ - C - H

CH2

Aminoacid

hydrophobichydrophilic

C T Noguchi

Protein Folding(Secondary Structure)

alpha-helix (-helix)

beta-pleated sheet (-pleated sheet)

C T Noguchi

MOVING TO KEEP THE BEEF OUT OF DISEASE'S SHADOW;FDA, INDUSTRY WORK TO BOLSTER MAD COW SAFEGUARDS

Marc Kaufman, Washington Post Staff Writer

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Mad cow disease Related to scrapie in sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. Appearance of vacuoles, clear holes, in neurons

(spongiform). BSE recognized in 1986 in UK. By 1993 1,000

cases per week. Transmission by protein supplements from sheep

used to feed cattle now banned in UK (banned inthe US by FDA in 1997).

Friday, February 9, 2001 ; Page A03

In Texas, more than 1,000 cattle being fattened for slaughter were immediatelyquarantined after federal officials discovered the animals had been inadvertently fed thekind of bone meal believed to have spread mad cow disease throughout Europe..

C T Noguchi

Five Britons' Mad Cow Deaths Traced toButchering Methods

By WARREN HOGEONDON, March 21 An investigation into five deaths fromthe human form of mad cow disease in one English villageconcluded that the cause was a traditional local butcherymethod of slaughter that permitted brain matter from diseasedanimals to contaminate meat. The five people died betweenAugust 1998 and October 2000 in Queniborough inLeicestershire the largest cluster of victims from the samelocality in an epidemic that has claimed 90 lives in Britain.

March 22, 2001

C T Noguchi

Prior to 1996 85-90% were sporadic (1/1,000,000) 5-10% familial

C T Noguchi

Prion Structure(http://mad-cow.org)

C T Noguchi

influences to refold.

encounters .

attaches to another .

Prions

fatal neurodegenerative disorders. scrapie (livestock) mad cow disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Gerstmann-Straussler-

Scheinker disease Fatal familial insomnia Kuru in Papua New Guinea

Eventually all refold .

< NormalInfectious >

Invasive form induces normal prionsto refold into abnormal shapes.

Prion diseases:

C T NoguchiFoods Derived from New Plant Varieties through

Recombinant DNA Technology 2000 Rice-Glufosinate tolerant 1999 Canola-Bromoxynil tolerant

-Phutaseed Cantaloupe-Modified ripening 1998 Canola -Male sterile

-Fertility restorer Cotton- Bromoxynil tolerant

-insect protected Flax-Sulfonylurea tolerant Potato-Virus protected Soybean-Glufosinate tolerant Sugar beet-Glyphosate tolerant Tomato-Insect protected

- Virus protected

1995 Canola- Glufosinate tolerant

-Glyphosate tolerant Corn- Glufosinate tolerant

-Insect protected Cotton- Glyphosate tolerant

-Insect protected 1994 Cotton - Bromoxynil tolerant Potato-Insect protected Soybean-Glyphosate tolerant Squash - Virus resistant Tomato Improved ripening

-Delayed softening

1997 Papaya-Virus resistant Radicchio rosso-Male sterile Soybean-High oleic acid Squash-Virus resistant 1996 Corn- Glyphosate tolerant

-Male sterile Cotton- Sufonylurea tolerant Oilseed rape- Male sterile

-Fertility restorer Potato- Insect protected Tomato-Modified ripening

1998-EPA permitted use of corn resistant to corn borer(cry9C gene from Bacillus thuringienis) in animal feed.

C T Noguchi

OCTOBER 2, 2000 VOL. 156 NO. 14 BIOENGINEERINGTempest in a Taco Shell

BY JEFFREY KLUGERKiller tacos they ain't. But so hot are the politics ofgenetically modified food that the folks at Kraft Foodslast week took the extraordinary step of pulling tons ofinnocent-looking Taco Bell taco shells off the shelves.Reason? Someone may have been fooling with theirgenes. It was the first recall of what the industry callsGM food--and others call Frankenfood...

C T Noguchi

Page A1Monday, March 19, 2001

Biotech Corn Is Test Case For IndustryEngineered Foods Future Hinges on Allergy Study

By Marc Kaufman-Allergic reactions are viewed as the primary threat to humanhealth posed by genetically engineered food.-StarLink corn is genetically modified to express Cry9C, aprotein that provides protection against the European cornborer.-After months of development, FDA officials believe they havea test for potential allergic reaction to StarLink corn.-FDA will test blood of individuals for antibodies to Cry9C.

C T NoguchiSaturday, March 31, 2001

Genetically altered crops taking further root, USDA says.By Philip Brasher

Associated Press

Soybean 63% in 2001 (48 million acres); 54% in 2000. Immune to Roundup (Monsanto) weed killer.

Corn 24% in 2001; 25% in 2000. StarLink has been withdrawn from market. StarLink plants die when treated with herbicide.

Cotton 64% in 2001 (~10 million acres); 61% in 2000. Immune to insect pests and/or herbicides.