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ZIGBEE-GSM BASEDAUTOMATIC

METER READING SYSTEM

by

MINHAJ AHMED

USN NO:1BI08EC404

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ABSTRACT

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) technology.

(LPC, Large Power Customers)are used for

industrial purpose and for domestic customers(OPC, Ordinary Power Customers).

System for Mobile communication-based (GSM)

AMR technology is used.

ZigBee module will be attached to the meter byusing interface board.

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INTRODUCTION

In 2008, Malaysian Energy Commission has

introduced a standard for electricity supply in

order to enhance the services in utility

industries. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) as a utility

company which deal with electricity has to

follows this standard.

TNB reported that for year 2008, numbers of

customers with estimated readings are 839,478

customers and all of them are given notice about

this method.

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AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR)

This technology can be implemented to solve this

metering problem.

The idea ofAMR technology is todo the meter

reading automatically and accurate.

With high precission.

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1.WIRE-BASED AND WIRELESS

This system are Power Line Carrier (PLC) and

Telephone Line Network.

Where both of these systems use the existingelectricpower line and telephone line network to

transfer data from each meter to a server in the

utility company.

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PROBLEMS WITH WIRE-BASED AMR

Transmission distance are less.

Transmission cost are more.

Maintenance and security ofdata transmission.

Stability and reliability is low.

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ZIGBEE-GSM MODULE

It consists ofdigital meters.

Microcontroller, data collector.

ZigBee module and GSM module.

Customers power meter are divided to a small

cluster.

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GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications.

In 1980s, cellular telephone system was already

used in Europe.

It is most popular standard for mobile telephonesystems.

GSM Association estimates that 80% of the

global mobile.

GSM is usedby over 1.5 billion people. Across the worldmore than 212 countries and

territories.

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HISTORY

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and

Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).

In 1987, a memorandumofunderstanding was

signedby 13 countries. In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to

the European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI).

1993, over a million subscribers were using GSMphone networks being operatedby 70 carriers

across 48 countries.

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TECHNICAL DETAILS

GSM cell site antennas in the Deutsches

Museum, Munich, Germany.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSMnetwork.

Macro, micro, pico, femto andumbrella cells.

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THE MODULATION USED IN GSM

Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK).

GSM use Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

A kindofcontinuous-phase frequency shift

keying.

Signal tobe modulatedonto the carrier is first

smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter.

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GSM FREQUENCY BANDS

It operate in a number ofdifferent carrier

frequency ranges.

2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or

1800 MHz bands. 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz

frequency band.

This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate

sp

eech

channels

per ra

dio

frequ

ency.

All 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame

duration is 4.615 ms.

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VOICE CODECS

It used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1

kHz audio intobetween 5.6 and13 kbit/s.

HalfRate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s).

These used a systembasedupon linear predictive

coding (LPC).

Variable-rate codeccalledAMR-Narrowband.

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OBJECTIVES OF A GSM

Provide wide range of services.

Toprovide facilities for automatic roaming.

Provide locating andupdating.

Provide efficient use of frequency spectrum.

Provide low cost services.

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NETWORK STRUCTURE

Mobile Station (MS).

Base Station Sub-system (BSS).

Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS).

Operation and Support System (OSS).

Mobile switching center(MSC). etc

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ZIGBEE

It is a standard-based network protocol

supported. ZigBee Alliance that uses the

transportservices .

ZigBee Smart Energy is the world's leadingstandard for interoperable products that monitor.

High level communication protocols using small

low-power digital radios based.

On the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard.

Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-

WPANs).

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HISTORY OF ZIGBEE

ZigBee-style networks began tobe conceived

around1998.

The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard was completed

in May 2003. By December 2005 membership hadpassed 200

companies.

The groups ZigBee Alliance are calledpromoters

are Chipcon, BM Group, Ember, Freescale,

Honeywell, Mitsubishi, Motorola,Philips, and

Samsung.

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TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

ZigBee is a low-cost.

It is low-power.

Wireless mesh networking standard.

It provides high reliability andmore extensive

range.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIGBEE

Data rates 250,40,20kbps.

Star topeer operation.

Available in 16bit short and 64bit extended.

Carrier sense multiple access with collisionavoidance(CSMA-CA).

Low power consumption.

Energy detection.

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TYPES OF DEVICES

Full Function Device (FFD).

Reduced Function Device (RFD).

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ZIGBEE LAYERED ON TOP OF IEEE

802.15.4 STANDARD

Physical (PHY) layer .

MediumAccess Control (MAC)layer.

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PHYSICAL (PHY)LAYER

Defines dual PHYlayer, which are 2.4 GHz and

868/915 MHz.

In 2.4 GHz PHYlayer, Quadrature Phase-ShiftKeying (O-QPSK)

868/915MHz PHYlayer Binary Phase-Shift

Keying(BPSK)modulation technique.

ZigBee use Direct Sequence SpreadSpectrum

(DSSS) andCSMA-CA(Carrier Sense Multiple

Access-CollisionAvoidance).

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PHY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TASKS

Data transmission and reception.

Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) for CSMA-CA.

Activation anddeactivation of the radio

transceiver. Energy detect within the current channel.

Channel frequency selection.

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THE MAC IS USED TO INTERFACING

BETWEEN ZIGBEE

Providing a reliable link between twopeer MAC

entities.

Handling the CSMA-CAmechanism for channel

access. PersonalArea Network (PAN) association and

disassociation.

Beacon generation and synchronization

Device security.

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BLUETOOTH

It is use 2.4 GHz frequency.

It use Frequency Hopping SpreadSystem (FHSS)

with master slave protocol.

ZigBee andBluetooth are two solutions for two

different applications.

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APPLICATIONS OF ZIGBEE

Intelligent homes.

Industrial control.

Healthcare centers.

Computer peripherals.

Consumer electronics.

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DETAILED DESIGN OF THE

SYSTEM

The system will use ZigBee and GSM system.

Need tobe low powered and low cost.

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METER TO ZIGBEE INTERFACE

Metronix single phase 2 wire kWh meter loaned

by MiM.

PIC18F4520 is be used since it can support

UARTcommunication.

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ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION IN

DETAIL

ZigBee modules has a unique 64-bit permanent address.

ZigBee route discovery is basedon Ad-hocOn-demand

DistanceVector(AODV)routingprotocol

ZigBee modules serial engine is slower than the

microcontroller.

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PARAMETERS FOR MODULES

ID-PAN ID is set 0 for the collector tochoose

random PAN ID.

SC-Scan Channels is set 0x1FFE for scan.

ZS-ZigBee Stack Profile is set 2 tochoose ZigBeePROStack.

NJ-Node Join Time is set to 0xFF for always

allow joining.

BH-Broadcast Radius is set 0 for maximumradius.

PL-Power Level is set 4 for +3dBmoutput power.

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