1.FLUORINE, SELENIUM, M ANGANESE, MOLYBDENU M, COBALT Dr. Vijay Marakala, MBBS, MD. Assistant professor BIOCHEMISTRY SIMS & RC

2. FLUORINE Source RDA Functions Deficiency Toxicity 3. FLUORINE - SOURCE Drinking water Depends upon fluorine content in the soil 4. FLUORINE - RDA 1ppm 5. FLUORINE - FUNCTIONS Increases hardness of bone and teeth Required for normal dentition Prevents dental caries 6. FLUORINE - DEFICIENCY Cause Drinking water that is low in fluorine content Feature Dental caries Drinking water containing less than 0.5ppm of fluoride 7. FLUORINE - TOXICITY Cause Drinking water with fluorine more than 5ppm Features Dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis 8. FLUORINE - TOXICITY Dental fluorosis Mottling of enamel Discoloration of teeth Skeletal fluorosis Bowed legs Bending of spine Osteoporesis 9. SELENIUM 10. SELENIUM - SOURCES Sea foods Meat Liver Kidney Plants 11. SELENIUM - RDA 100 g/day 12. SELENIUM FUNCTIONS Glutathione peroxidase As an antioxidant Deiodinase Converts T4 to T3 Selenocysteine 21st amino acid 13. SELENIUM DEFICIENCY Causes Low soil content of selenium Parenteral nutrition Features Cirrhosis of liver Cardiomyopathy Muscular dystrophy 14. SELENIUM - TOXICITY Rare Seen in people who handle metal polishes and antirust compounds Cause Hair loss DermatitisFeatures 15. MANGANESE 16. MANGANESE SOURCE & RDA Whole grain cereals Vegetables Nuts 17. MANGANESE - FUNCTIONS Pyruvate carboxylase Gluconeogenesis Acetyl CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis Superoxide dismutase Suppression of oxidative stress 18. MOLYBDENUM 19. MOLYBDENUM SOURCES & RDA Milk Beans cereals RDA 200 g/day 20. MOLYBDENUM - FUNCTIONS Xanthine oxidase Catabolism of purines Sulfite oxidase It oxidizes sulfite to sulfate 21. COBALT 22. COBALT - FUNCTIONS Methycobalmine Homocysteine methy transferse Deoxyadenosyl cobalamine L- methyl malonylCoA mutase