minerals ch 3.1. minerals 3,500 known varieties new discoveries each year
TRANSCRIPT
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Minerals
Ch 3.1
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Minerals
• 3,500 known varieties
• new discoveries each year
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Importance of minerals
• Used in everyday life– buildings, homes, roads, and machines
• Fertilize crops
• Added to foods
• Used in medicines
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What is a Mineral?
• Naturally occurring
• Inorganic substance
• Specific atomic structure
• Definite chemical composition
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Are these minerals?
• Pearl
• coal
• brass
• steel
• synthetic sapphires
• concrete
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Rock forming minerals
• 10 minerals are SO common, they are 90% of the mass of earth’s crust
• quartz
• orthoclase
• plagioclase
• muscovite
• biotite
• calcite
• dolomite
• halite
• gypsum
• ferromagnesian (olivines, amphiboles)
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Two groups of minerals
• Silicates
• Nonsilicates
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Silicates Nonsilicates
• Contain Si & O• 96% of earth’s crust• Quartz• Feldspars
– most common
– Na, Ca, K
• Ferromagnesian– rich in Fe, Mg
• 4% of earth’s crust• no silicon• 6 major groups:
– carbonates
– halides
– native elements
– oxides
– sulfates
– sulfides
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Crystalline structure
• Minerals have crystalline structure
• Specific geometric arrangement of atoms or ions
• Usually found as masses of crystals so small that you can see with microscope
• Sometimes large crystals form
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Silicate crystalline structure
• Silcon-oxygen tetrahedron
• Basic building block:– 4 oxygen atoms– 1 silicon atom– pyramid shape with silicon atom in center
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Bonding• Single chain (pyroxenes)
– share 2 oxygen atoms
• Double chain (amphiboles)
• Sheets (micas)– each tetrahedron shares 3 oxygen atoms– 4th Oxygen bonds with K or Al– split easily between O-K bond or O-Al bond– http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~donovan/geol101/ani
mations/03.swf
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Network silicates
• Each Tetrahedron bonds to four neighboring tetrahedra
• Quartz
• Bonds are tight
• Minerals are hard…because bonds are tight
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Biotite
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Olivine(Mg, Fe)2SiO4image from: Mineralogie Uni Breme
Specimen from Jackson Co. North Carolina
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Plagioclase Na(AlSi3O8)specimen from Hohe Tauern, Austria
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Zircon ZrSiO4specimen from Norway
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Mineral groups
• The minerals in each group often display similar properties and are commonly found together due to their similar chemical composition.
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Carbonate GroupCalcite
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Halide Group Fluorite
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Native elementssilver
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Native group: Platinum (Pt)collected: Ural Mountains, Russia
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Native group: Diamond (C)crystal found Pomona, South-West Africa
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Oxide groupgarnet
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Oxide group hematite
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Sulfate groupgypsum
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Sulfate group gypsumimage from www.yuprocks.com
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Sulfide groupgalena
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Sulfide grouppyrite (fool’s gold)
image from www.yuprocks.com
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Homework
• Read pages 66 - 69
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Output
• Sketch and label 10 items that you use on a daily basis that have minerals in them.
• Be sure to identify the mineral that is used.