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Minerals and Energy ResourcesSocial Science Geography Chapter 5

mineralsMineral : A homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.They are found in varied forms in nature. Rocks are combinations of minerals.A particular mineral that formed from a certain combination of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. Because of this different minerals have different colour, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density.

Occurrence of metals Minerals are usually found in ores. Minerals generally occurs in these forms: In igneous rocks they occur as cracks, crevices, faults or joints. Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger ones are called lodes.In sedimentary rocks minerals occur as beds or layers . Another mode of formation is when only mass of weathered material containing ores remain. Some minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and hill bases. Ocean water and ocean beds also contain minerals.

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

Ferrous mineralsFerrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.

Two types of ferrous minerals are: Iron ore Manganese

Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60 per cent).Iron ore

Major iron ore belts in india Orissa-Jharkhand belt. Haematite iron ore is mined in Goa and Noamundi. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. Bellary-Chitradurga - Chikmanglur - Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

STATEWISE PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE

manganeseManganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy.Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints .Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accounted for one-third of the countrys total production in 2000-01.

STATEWISE PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE

NON-FERROUS MINERALS

Non-metallic mineralsMica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya- Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer. In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits so easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

ROCK MINERALSLimestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations. Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

STATE-WISE LIMESTONEPRODUCTION

Conservation of minerals The total volume of workable mineral deposits is only 1% of the earths crust.The geological processes of mineral replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.Mineral resources are therefore non-renewable.Continued extraction of ores lead to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality. A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future.

Energy resources

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

CoalIn India , coal is most abundantly available fossil fuels. There are three types of coal : Lignite : Low grade brown coal which is soft with high moisture content. Found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. Used to generate electricity. Bituminous : Most popularly used coal . Used in smelting irons in blast furnaces. Anthracite : High quality hard coal . Metallurgical coal found at : Damodar valley [West Bengal- Jharkhand] Important coal fields : Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro . Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coals : North Eastern States

PETROLEUMFound in the rocks of tertiary age . 63% petroleum comes from Mumbai high. 18% from Gujarat's Ankleshwar oil field . 16% from Assam Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moram-Hugrijan oil fields. Digboi [Assam] : Oldest oil field in India . Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer, and numerous chemical industries

Natural gasEnvironment friendly owing low Carbon dioxide emissions. Used as CNG (compressed natural gas) in vehicles . Found in : Krishna-Godavari basin Gulf of Cambay Andaman and Nicobar islands Mumbai High Transported through pipelines. HAZIRA-VIJAIPUR-JAGDISHPUR is the longest (1700km) pipeline that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in UP.

ELECTRICITYElectricity per capita consumption is considered as an index of development. Hydroelectricity : by the force of waterBhakra Nangal and Damodar valley projects generate hydroelectricity. Thermal Electricity : by coal, petroleum or natural gas. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India .

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NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGYNuclear or Atomic Energy Obtained by altering the structure of atoms. Electric power is produced from the energy released through this process. Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand , Rajasthan and Kerala are used for generating Nuclear Power.Solar Energy Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electrical energy. Largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat.Wind Power Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Lakshadweep and Maharashtraalso have important wind farms. Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy.

Biogas Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yield gas, which has high thermal efficiency.Tidal Energy Floodgate dams are build across inlets to use ocean tides to generate electricity. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up at Gulf of Kuchchh by the National Hydropower Corporation. Geo Thermal Energy The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior is called Geo ThermalEnergy. The steam rising from earths surface due to the heating inside earth is used to generate electricity. One such project is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCESEnergy is the basic requirement for economic development. Energy is needed in every sector of the national economy. Presently, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. Due to this, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are two ways of sustainable energy. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.

Presentation by: Athira Hrutu Bala Keerthi Neha Hrishitaa Ameesha