What is Mineral ?• Mineral is a homogenous ,

naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure .• It is found in varied forms in

natural, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc .

Importance of minerals • They are indispensable part of

our lives.• Life processes can’t occur

without minerals.• The food we eat contains

minerals.• Cars , buses are manufactured

from minerals.

Classification of minerals

Metallic

Ferrous Non-ferrous Precious(contain iron) e.g. copper , e.g. gold

, e.g. iron ore , lead & tin.

platinum , manganese. & silver.

Non-metallic Energy minerals

e.g. mica , salt , Coal petroleum

Granite , limestone . Natural gas .

Occurrence of minerals(i)Igneous & metamorphic

rocks(ii) Sedimentary rocks(iii) Weathered rocks(iv) Alluvial deposits(v) Ocean water

Ferrous minerals(i) Iron ore – - Backbone of industrial development.- Magnetite is the finest ore & has 70%

iron.- Hematite ore has 50 -60 % iron content .- Limonite ore has 40 -60 % iron content .- Siderite ore has 40 -50 % iron content .

Production of iron ore showing state wise

share

(ii) Manganese –- Used in manufacturing of steel &

ferro -manganese alloy , bleaching powder , insectides & paints .

- 10 kg manganese required to manufactured 1 tone of steel .

- Largest producer – Orissa .

Production of manganese showing state wise share

Non – ferrous minerals(i) Copper –- Production of cu is critically deficient in India .- Cu is malleable , ductile & a good conductor . - Used in electrical cables & chemical

industries .- Malghat mines in MP produce 52% of copper .- Khetri mines in Rajasthan is also famous for

cu production .

(ii) Bauxite –- It is a clay like substance .- Bauxite deposits formed by

decomposition of rocks rich in aluminium silicates .

- Aluminium combines the strength of metals with extreme lightness & with good conductivity & malleability.

- Largest producer – Orissa (45%)

Production of copper & bauxite

Non-metallic minerals(i)Mica –- Made up of a series of plates or

leaves.-It can be clear, black ,green or brown.- Mica deposits r found in the northern

edge of Chota nagpur plateau.-Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of

Jharkhand is the leading producer.

Rock mineral- Limestone- Found in association with rocks

composed of calcium carbonates or calcium & magnesium carbonates.

- Found in sedimentary rocks.-Raw material for cement industry.- Essential for smelting iron ore in the

blast furnace.

Production of limestone

Conservation of minerals-Minerals can be conserved in by the

following measures:· Use of improved technologies to allow use of low grade minerals at low costs· Using substitutes· Use of scrap metals· Recycling of metals is good way in which the mineral resources can be conserved.-They can be used in a judicious manner

Energy resourcesUnderstanding energy resources

involves considering all types of energy source from various scientific and technological standpoints, with a focus on the uses, limitations and consequences of using energy that is available to humanity.

Conventional sources of energy(i) Coal –

- Used for power generation , to supply energy- to industry as well as for domestic needs .

- India is highly dependent on coal .- Formed due the compression of plant

material over million of years .- Lignite is a low grade brown coal , which is

soft with high moisture content .- Coal that has been buried deep & subjected

to increased temperaturesis bituminous coal .

- Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal .

(ii) Petroleum –- Major energy source in India after coal .- Provides fuel for heat , lighting &

manufacturing industries .- Also found in fault traps between porous

& non-porous rocks .- 63% of India’s petroleum production is

from Mumbai High .- Assam is the oldest oil producing state .

(iii) Electricity –- It is mainly generated by 2 ways-~ Hydro electricity is generated by

fast flowing water .~ Thermal electricity is generated

by using coal, petroleum & natural gas. There r 310 power plants in India.

Non – conventional sources of energy

(i) Nuclear & atomic energy- Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.- Uranium & thorium r used for generating

atomic or nuclear energy .(ii) Solar energy-Solar Energy is the energy received from the

sun that sustains life on earth-For many decades solar energy has been

considered as a huge source of energy and also an economical source of energy because it is freely available.

(iii) Wind power -Wind power is produced by using wind

generators to harness the kinetic energy of wind.

- It is gaining worldwide popularity as a large scale energy source .

(iv) Biogas- It is a mixture of methane and carbon

dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment.

- Biogas is best used directly for cooking/heating, light or even absorption refrigeration rather than the complication and energy waste of trying to make electricity from biogas.

Conservation of energy resources

- Choose energy efficient appliances when making new purchases.

- Do not leave appliances on standby.- Cover your pots while cooking.- Recycle your organic waste.- Reduce the number of miles you

drive by walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass transit wherever possible.

The End