mineral : rock :: tree : forest. pure, solid compound non-biological processes (life does not...
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mineral : rock :: tree : forest
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pure, solid compound
non-biological processes (life does not assist in the process of formation)
very ordered molecular/atomic structure – usually results in a defined crystalline structure/pattern
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• Physical – does NOT change the chemical make-up of the substance– states of matter - liquid to gas– mixtures/solutions
Chemical – does change the chemical make-up of a substance
– chemical reaction takes place
** Most tests are physical property tests in an introductory course.
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• Color is the most Color is the most obviousobvious property property of a mineral; however it is also the of a mineral; however it is also the least least reliablereliable..
• Determine the color of a mineral by Determine the color of a mineral by observing the sample with the help observing the sample with the help of a hand lens and noting its overall of a hand lens and noting its overall color.color.
• Be specific! – descriptive imageryBe specific! – descriptive imagery
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• identified by firmly rubbing a identified by firmly rubbing a mineral sample against an mineral sample against an unglazed unglazed porcelain tile and observing the porcelain tile and observing the color of its color of its streakstreak
• black or white black or white – use the tile that is – use the tile that is most contrasting most contrasting
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• Determine the Determine the lusterluster of a mineral of a mineral by observing how light by observing how light reflectsreflects off off its surface.its surface.
• Looks like metal = Looks like metal = MetallicMetallic
• Does not look like metal = Does not look like metal = NonmetallicNonmetallic
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Metallic or Nonmetallic?Metallic or Nonmetallic?
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• Describes the way a mineral Describes the way a mineral breaks. breaks.
• If it If it cleavescleaves, then it breaks along , then it breaks along smoothsmooth, flat surfaces., flat surfaces.
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• Describe the way a mineral breaks. Describe the way a mineral breaks.
• If a mineral If a mineral fracturesfractures, it breaks , it breaks along along roughrough edges. edges.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOVgOxRAkO0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4ji8WArIHE
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• a mineral’s weight (not mass!)
• given in a ratio to an equivalent sample of water (apparent spec. grav. = density)
• for LAB – estimation of heft
• HIGH – MED - LOW
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• Determine the hardness of a Determine the hardness of a mineral by using mineral by using Mohs’Mohs’ hardness hardness scale.scale.
• Fingernail = Fingernail = 2.52.5
• Penny (1982 or earlier) = Penny (1982 or earlier) = 3.03.0
• Steel nail/ paper clip = Steel nail/ paper clip = 5.55.5
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E20n89tIgFY
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• Some minerals have unique properties Some minerals have unique properties that enable us to determine their that enable us to determine their identities.identities.
• Taste (salty)Taste (salty)• ***Magnetism (attracts a magnet)***Magnetism (attracts a magnet)• ***Effervescence (bubbles & fizzes)***Effervescence (bubbles & fizzes)• Birefringence (double image)Birefringence (double image)• Fluorescence (glows)Fluorescence (glows)
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• Shows attractive force between certain metals (usually iron, also nickel, cobalt, and steel)
• The Earth is a giant magnet (has an electromagnetic field)
• Physical or chemical property?
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Bubbles and fizzes when acid is Bubbles and fizzes when acid is added to the mineral sample added to the mineral sample (carbonate minerals - calcium (carbonate minerals - calcium present)present) https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OBTasvLEsJ8
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Birefringence or TwinningBirefringence or Twinning
Causes a double image when Causes a double image when placed over text.placed over text.
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FluorescenceFluorescence
Glows a greenish color when put Glows a greenish color when put under a black light.under a black light.
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Mineral Properties wulfenite
color orange
streak white
luster nonmetallic
cleavage yes
density 6.9
hardness 3
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• Using your book, provide examples Using your book, provide examples and extra information for each and extra information for each mineral property. mineral property.
• Color the front of your foldable.Color the front of your foldable.• Use it for Wednesday’s lab.Use it for Wednesday’s lab.
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• Silently read the procedure to the Silently read the procedure to the mineral identification lab (5 min).mineral identification lab (5 min).
• Quietly discuss the procedure for Quietly discuss the procedure for each mineral property with your each mineral property with your table partner – make sure both table partner – make sure both partners understand each partners understand each procedure (5 min).procedure (5 min).
• Share out the mineral property Share out the mineral property procedures with the entire class.procedures with the entire class.
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• ColorColor• LusterLuster• Cleavage/FractureCleavage/Fracture• StreakStreak• HardnessHardness• MagneticMagnetic• Mineral NameMineral Name
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• Identify your 5 mineral samples Identify your 5 mineral samples following the procedure outlined in following the procedure outlined in your lab packet.your lab packet.
• When finished, place your lab When finished, place your lab materials back into your tote and materials back into your tote and answer the Lab Wrap-Up Questions answer the Lab Wrap-Up Questions on the last page of your packet.on the last page of your packet.
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1-9 = hornblende1-9 = hornblende10-15 = quartz10-15 = quartz
1-6 = calcite1-6 = calcite7-11 = fluorite7-11 = fluorite12-15 = magnetite12-15 = magnetite
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1-7 = pyrite1-7 = pyrite8-13 = augite8-13 = augite14-15 = mica14-15 = mica
1-10 = olivine1-10 = olivine11-15 = halite11-15 = halite
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1-5 = gypsum1-5 = gypsum
6 = corundum6 = corundum
7-15 = hematite7-15 = hematite