Migration and demography I like to move it, move it! Migrations and Demography Foundations: Changes Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population. Neolithic Revolution most dramatic increase in population growth Indo-Europeans migrated from Central Asian steppes horses, chariots, iron, language Bantu migration south and east in Africa agriculture, fishing, herding, bananas in heavy forest areas iron technology language similarities Migrations & Demography Change Steppe dwellers herders, meat, milk, traded or raided for grain, metal, textiles Xiongnuchallenged Han, but many increasingly adapted to Chinese environment Huns began aggressive westward migration from their homeland in Central Asiaattacked the Germans who attacked the Romans Germanic tribes move from the East to edge of Roman Empire adapted, joined army Vandals all the way to Africa Oceaniamigrators arrived in Australia 60,000 years ago The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires Roman Empire Chinese empires Germanic Invasions Migrations and Demography, Foundations: Continuities Hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas Migrations still occurred as a result of environmental issues Push and pull factors cause migrations Migration and Demography : Change Population growth in Europe and China agricultural revolution with heavy plows irrigation (China), organic fertilizers, fast ripening rice horseshoes, draft animals, horse collars expanded dietveg., dairy, meat, peas and beans Arabs because of Islam - migrated from Arabian peninsulaalso settled into existing agricultural communities Chinese moved south and west during Tang dynasty Vikings sailed to North Atlantic, down rivers of Russia (slave trade with Byzantines), into England and France raids began to taper off as Vikings Christianized and settled down Cities, serving as centers of trade, government and public performance of religious rituals rebound as Middle Ages end. Song dynasty cities over a million European towns growing again 11 th -15 th century dominated by nomadic people Turks and Mongols Mongols built the largest empire in the world Turks move into Anatoliamoving towards the settled areas - Byzantine empire, and into Afghanistan, by 13 th century into northwestern Indiasuccessful because military prowess Trans-Saharan slave trade (Zanj Africans to Iraq to farm sugar) Mexica, Chichimec, move into lake region of central Mexico Toltecs and Aztecs In the Pacific where islands were in close proximity there was exchange, but the more distant ones were isolatedbut population growth in places like New Zealand and Hawaii The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest. Plague in 1300s decline in population up to 50% Migration and Demography : Change Demography : Urban Areas Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas Invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity, Little Ice Age Other factors contributed to urban revival The end of invasions The availability of safe and reliable transport The rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300 Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population Migration and Demography Continuities: Population continued to grow with increased & more stable food supply Nomadic invasions continued as nomads strove for control over territory Disease still played a major demographic role English population, in millions ? Migration and Demography : Change Overseas migration voluntary and involuntary Europeans and Africans An end to large migrations by nomadic groups Death from disease in Americas, up to 90% mortality Population doubling in old world due to Columbian exchange, even growing in Africa despite losses from slave trade Demographic changes in Africa resulted from the slave trades more females than males Demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications. Mestizo Mulatto Creole Arrival of Europeans in Pacific but few permanent settlements natives in Guam died of smallpox with Spanish arrival missionaries, merchants, and planters start arriving in Pacific Chinese expand into Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet during Qing Ottoman expansion into Balkans, North Africa MughalsIslamic expansion into southern India, but few converts Migration and Demography 1450 1750: Continuities Urban centers continue to grow Population increase (unevenly)due to better agricultural practices Frequent epidemics keeps population growth in check during last half of time period LARGE SCALE MIGRATIONS Although nomadic groups are not moving on a large scale, forced African migration is the largest migration in world history (10 million at least) with an additional 2 million Europeans A bit of burning in Renaissance Florence! Migration and Demography : Change Irish migrate because of famine, Jews leave Poland in large numbers Europeans to Settler Colonies like Algeria, South Africa, etc African slave migrations end Indentured servants from Asia, Pacific and Africa to subtropics for plantations, North America for railroad construction, guano mining in Peru Quinine allows for Europeans to venture into tropical areas and settle Improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population. Low life expectancy in cities due to poor sanitation (industrialization) Demographic transition begins Migration and Demography : Continuities Continued migration by Europeans to Americas brought greater cultural, ethnic diversity Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world Improved food production (continued Columbian Exchange) contributed to a significant global rise in population. Urbanization continues (driven by industrialization) Slave migrations (mostly end by middle of time period) Famines India, China Disease New Zealand (75% of Maori died) Migration to present: Change Mass tourism causes vacation-migration (Bentley) Greater movement to cities, also movement to suburbs75% live in cities in industrialized states Genocides deplete selected populations Jews migrate to Israel Demography to present: Change + No major famines - world food supplies become dependable for the first time because of the ability to ship food without spoilage. + Green Revolution increases life expectancy in places like India and Mexico Leveling of population in industrialized world due to birth control Negative growth in Western Europe - Billions without sanitation or clean drinking water (urban misery) - Population explosion in AsiaChina, India and in Africaaverage age under 15 China one child policy - AIDS posing a major problem in Africa especially the south, life expectancy under 40 years in some locations - Population Bomb warns of population growth problems, world is declared full in 2012 by the New York Times. Migration and Demography to Present: Continuities Economic and political push and pull factors continue to drive migration both internally and multi-nationally Europeans across EU Latinos & Asians to U.S. Urbanization (up to 98% of some societies are urban, Singapore and other city-states are 100%, even China is 51% urban [2008 statistics]) Demographic transition continues (population still growing) Advances in medicine and science increase life expectancy