Middle Ages- A Period of Isolation

• Feudalism: In return for land and protection from invasion, nobles pledged their loyalty and assistance to the rulers

• Crusades: Holy wars between Christians and Muslims– Result: increased Europe’s awareness of

outside world and accelerated exploration

Growth of Cities & The Rise of Monarchs

Impact was to:

* create a new middle class [bourgeoisie]

* boost economy

* bring an end to Feudalism

Bourgeoisie demanded more Freedom

* Magna Carta

The Black Death

• 1/3 of Europe’s Population

• Loss of Religious faith, doubting of church

• Look to science to explain the world

THE RENAISSANCE

Art, Literature, Philosophy,Science, Political Thought

• Known as the “Period of Rebirth”

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press {books could be printed quickly, thus spreading ideas far and wide}

• Printing Press helped Martin Luther == Protestant Reformation – people began thinking of themselves as more of a Nation

Rise in Seafaring Technology

• Competition among European NationsPortugal vs. Spain / England vs. France

• Asia/Africa trade controlled by Muslim trading empires and Italian city states

• Nations-states looking for an all sea-route to avoid high costs

• New Technology making sea travel possible

Prince Henry the Navigator

• What were his major contributions to exploration that made Portuguese sailors cutting edge?

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ VoyagesSpanish Conquests Generally

Reasons

ReligiousPolitical

Economic Personal

The Three

G’s

Positive and Negative Effectsof Columbus’ Voyages

• Columbian Exchange• Eastern and Western

Hemisphere • Increased

colonization• Changes in gov’t,

science, religion

• Enslavement of people

• Disregard for culture• Destruction of Native

American civilizations• Diseases like small

pox, typhus, measles

• De Las Casas

Magellan’s Route

Global Voyages of Exploration

The Hunt for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortesFernando CortesFernando CortesFernando Cortes

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

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The Three G’s: Gold (Silver)

Spanish Conquest & Spanish Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Spanish Conquest & Spanish Conquest & ColonizationColonization

ConquistadoresPresidios

Mission

s

EncomiendaSystem

The Middle Passage

8-12 million involved during its time

The Scramble for Empire

What are England and France doing at the time?

• Northwest Passage – Western route above the North American continent in the Artic Sea area to get to Asia

• The French and Dutch only set up temporary colonies as trading posts

• Only setting up temporary colonies at this time because own country is in political turmoil, not permanent ones.

A Growing Divide

• During Reformation, Spain remains Catholic while England switches to Protestant back to Catholic, back to Protestant

• Vying for Religious and Political Dominance

King Henry VIII – 1509-1547

Henry’s wives

Henry’s Surviving Children

The Elizabethian Era

• Encourages & Sponsors numerous Explorations• Openly Protestant – growing conflict/competition

with Spain• Holds out war with France/Spain for 25 years by

holding out for marriage – Virgin Queen• 1570 – Cold war with Spain after Pope issues

decree absolving English Catholics from obedience to Elizabeth

War with Spain

• Sir Francis Drake – Queen’s Sea Dogs– Circumnavigated globe– Explored as far as CA– Pillaged Spanish treasure ship, Cacafuego –

Emeralds of Queen’s crown

• Burned Spanish towns, looted Catholic churches• Queen Elizabeth knighted him in 1581 – open

act of defiance against Spain• 1588, Spain (financed by Pope) assembled 130

ships, 30,000 men

England Takes Over

• Spanish Armada --- poor leadership, too big, less maneuverable

• English ships – smaller, faster• Massive storms wrecked Armada

• Victory by England broke Spain’s sea power• Long Term Issues: Inflation, Piracy, Mercantilism

Population• English dominance over the seas = more freedom, more

colonization

England’s Reasons

Military

Economic Population

Roanoke – The Lost Colony

• 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh – New Foundland to

Florida - Virginia• 1585-87 – Raleigh’s 2 attempts

– 2nd attempt: John White established colony, returns to England to get more supplies

– Return delayed – War with Spain

• 1590, White returns to Roanoke – Vanished w/o trace - Croatoan

England tries Again

• 25 years passed before England attempted colonization again

• The Charter of 1606, issued by King James I – Jamestown settlement– Joint stock company- How does it work?– 100 men recruited by London company– Many difficulties – Survival is uncertain