mid-term review metric practice scientific method characteristics of life / necessities of life...

Mid-term Review •Metric Practice•Scientific Method•Characteristics of Life / Necessities of Life•Classification / Dichotomous key / Branching Diagram•Cell Anatomy•Cell Processes (Diffusion/ Osmosis, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration)•Cell Cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis •DNA•Genetics•Famous Scientists

The Metric System (work Sheet)A Standard Measurement System

The International System of Units (SI)

•Length or Distance - Meter (m)•Volume - Liter (L)•Mass or weight - Grams (g)•Temperature - Celsius•Time - 24 hour clock

THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD - Mixed WS)

Kilo1000units

Hecto100units

Deka10

unitsBasic Unit Deci

0.1units

Centi0.01units

Milli0.001units

To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right or

multiply.

To convert to a larger unit, movedecimal point to the left or divide

SIX STEPS:

1. Observation (5 senses), Ask a question.

2. Research Topic

3. Formulate a hypothesis (If…. Then.. Statement)

4. Experimental Designed to test hypothesis -Identify Independent Variable -Identify Dependent variable

5. Experimental Procedure

6. Conclusion - accept or reject your hypothesis

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Scientific MethodBrain Pop / Scientific Method Quiz

Characteristics of Life (Questions)













1.2. 3.

4

5. 6.

Characteristics of life NOTES

1. All living things are made out of one or more cells

2. All living things have DNA

3. All living things obtain energy, make energy,

use energy and get rid of waste (metabolism)

4. All living things sense and respond to change

5. All living things reproduce (asexually or sexually)

6. All living things grow and develop.













Necessities of life: NOTES

1. Air - CO2 and O2 2. Shelter - a place to live

3. Food 4. Water









Cell Theory1. All living things are made of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the building block of life.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.



Rudolf Virchow



Theodore Schwann

Dichotomous Key - Used to identify organisms using a series of questions describing characteristics

Wacky People Key1a Two feet 21b Some other number of feet 32a Does not look at all human 42b Looks a lot like a human 53a One leg 63b Three or four legs 74a Fly-like Mosk Cara4b Not fly-like 85a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita5b Not a girl 96a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles7a Three legs 107b Four legs 118a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate8b Clawed feet 129a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk10b Some other appearance 1311a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt11b No arms or pinchers 1412a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus

What is the name of this creature?

3 Domains / 6 Kingdoms (Graphic Organizer Brain Pops: Classification

and Six kingdoms)






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1. Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular

1. Domain Archaea

Facts:

•First and oldest kingdom on Earth

•Found in extreme environments

•Heterotrophic /Autotrophic

•Some have cell walls (capsules)

•Reproduce Asexually (binary fission)

2. Domain Bacteria



2. Kingdom Eubacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular

Facts:

•Found everywhere

•May make you sick

•Used in the making of Cheese and Yogurt

• Helps make Vitamin K

•Helps in the digestion of food

•Some have cell walls / capsules

•Reproduce Asexually

(binary fission) conjunction

•Decomposer

3. Domain Eukarya - Eukaryotic

3. Kingdom Protista 4. Kingdom Fungi

5. Kingdom Plants 6. Animals



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Facts:

Autotrophic /

Heterotrophic

Unicellular

Heterotrophic / Decomposer

Multicellular except yeast

Cell wall - (Chitin)

Facts:

All Autotrophic

Cell wall (cellulose)

Multicellular

Facts:

Most complex, Last to appear on Earth

Heterotrophic

Multicellular

Carolus Linnaeus

• Father of Taxonomy• Binomial Naming System (Genus and Species)



Robert Hooke

• Invented the microscope,

• First to use the word “cell”

• Thought that only plants had cells.

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

• First to see blood cells and bacteria using a microscope



Gregor Mendel

• Father of Genetics

• All cells had two sets of instructions, one coming from each parent

• Used words dominant and recessive



Rosalind Franklin

• Took first x-ray of DNA

• Discovered that DNA was in a spiral shape



James Watson and Francis Crick

• Built first model of DNA

• Won Nobel Prize



Cellular Organization

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Cells Tissues organs

Organ Systems Organisms



PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELLSAME

Compare and Contrast the Plant and Animal cell

Cell Anatomy

• Plant cell has a chloroplast

• Plant cell has a cell wall

• Plant cell has a large central vacuole

• Plant has rectangular shape



Differences between Plant and Animal cell

Organelles’ Function

• Nucleus

• Control Center of the cell

• Holds the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

• Holds the nucleolus

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Transportation of protein and other substances inside the cell

• Two types; Rough (with ribosomes) and Smooth (without ribosomes





Organelles’ Function Cont.• Ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis

• Lysosome

• Vacuoles filled with digestive juices which dissolve bacteria and waste

• Golgi Complex AKA Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Body

• Transportation of substances outside of the cell (vesicle)

• Mitochondria

• Energy (ATP)producer of the cell









Organelles’ Function Cont.

• Chloroplast

• Found in autotrophs, site of photosynthesis• Cell wall

• Found in plants (cellulose), and fungi (chitin), provides structure

• Vacuole• Large in plants and small in animal cells• Cell Membrane• Boundary of cell, allows certain substances in and

keeps certain substances out







Cellular Processes

Diffusion - Molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Passive Transport - NO ATP Required

Osmosis - Water (H2O) molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion - Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using protein channels through the

cell membrane



Cellular Processes Cont…Active Transport - ATP Required

Endocytosis – The active transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle, such as a large protein, and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.

Exocytosis – The active transport process by which a vesicle filled with wastes makes its way to the side of the cell and spills out the waste.



Photosynthesis - Chloroplast

A process that allows plants to capture light energy A process that allows plants to capture light energy from the sun and change it into foodfrom the sun and change it into food

Water + Carbon dioxide + Light Energy Glucose + Oxygen + Water

6H20 + 6CO2 + Light Energy C6H12O6 + O2 + H20

Cellular Respiration - Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal Mitochondria

During respiration, cells use oxygen, and sugar to make energy (ATP) and During respiration, cells use oxygen, and sugar to make energy (ATP) and carbon dioxide gas.carbon dioxide gas.

Glucose

Water

Carbon Dioxide

Energy

Oxygen

Glucose + Oxygen + Water Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O CO2 + H2O + ATP

http://www.mitochondria.us/index.html

Connection between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration(Flow Chart)

Cell Cycle - Body Cells 1 Diploid Body Cell 2 Diploid Body Cells

1. Interphase 2. Mitosis (4 parts) 3. Cytokinesis



Mitosis 4 Steps



1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

4. Telophase

Interphase

Meiosis - Sex Cells1 Diploid Body Cell 4 haploid Sex Cells



1 diploid body cell

4 haploid sex cells

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genetic Material

Located in Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells



Genes

Base Pairs:

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited. Genetics Practice Problems

Heredity -Heredity - passing of genetic traits from parent to offspringpassing of genetic traits from parent to offspring

Characteristics -Characteristics - inherited from parents to offspringinherited from parents to offspring

Genes -Genes - one set of instructions for an inherited trait from each parentone set of instructions for an inherited trait from each parent

Dominant - the trait that seems to cover up another trait. (T)- Capital letter

Recessive - the trait that was covered up by the dominant trait or seemed to disappear. (t)- Lower case letter

Purebred or Homozygous - organism that always produces the same traits in its offspring. (RR) or (rr)

Hybrid or heterozygous- not pure. (Rr)

Alleles - Letters which represent a trait. Come in pairs one from each parent.

Vocabulary Review

Co-dominance or incomplete dominance -

Each allele has equal influenceBlending occurs

Types of Diagrams



Pedigree Chart



Punnett SquareQuickTime™ and a

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Branching Diagram