microprocessors (arabic)

٢٥١٢٥١אא

א ٢٥١

א

،،אא،אW

אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא

אא א א א אאאאאא؛א

אאK אאאאאאא

א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ? ? ? ? אאאאאא א

אK אאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאK

א אא א WאK

אאאא

א ٢٥١ א

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאא،אא،אא

אאאא،K א?א???،אאאא

٥١٣W?אMicroprocessor?אאK א،אאאא

אאKאאאאK ،אאאאאאאא

אאאאIntel 8085אIntel،אאאFZilog, MotorolaEאאאK

אאW JאאWאK

אאאW JאאאK Jאאאא?א?א JאאאאK JאאאאאאK JאאWאאK

אאאאאW JאאאאאLאWאאאK

א ٢٥١ א

JאאאאאאאאLא

אאWאK אאאW

JאאאאאאאאאאאאK

JאאאאFIntel 8085EאK

JאאFFlowchartEאאK JאאFAssembly languageEא

אFOperation codeEאאאK JאאK

אאאWאאאK אאאW

JאאאאאK JאWאאאK Jאאאאא،א،א،א،K

אאWאאK אאאW

JאאאאאאאK JאאאאאאאאK JאאCאK

אא

א

١

א ٢٥١ אא א א

- ١ -

אאWא

אאWאאאא אK

אאWאאאאW

GאK GאאאK GאאאאאאK

אאאWאאא١٠٠K٪

אאW٨אאא

אאW

• אא • א

אאW

• אK • אאאאאK


- ٢ -

١ Jאא ١ J١אא

אאאאאאאאא IC : Integrated Circuits)EאאאFLSI : Large Scale IntegrationEא

אאאFVLSI : Very Large Scale IntegrationE،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאא. אאאאאאאאאאK

١ J٢אא אא،אFE

אK אאW

- ،אאFאאEאK

- אאאאאאK

א אא

אאא

אאא

א

א

אא

F١J١WEאאא


- ٣ -

אאאא،אאאא

אאאK

٢ JאאW אאא،

W JאFROM : Read Only MemoryEW

אKאאאאא،אאאK

JאFRAM : Random Access MemoryWE ،אאאאא

K JFInput unitWE

אאאאאK JאFOutput unitWE

אאאאאK W

אIntel 8255א،אאאא

JאאFCPU : Central Processing UnitEא FCU : Control UnitEאא

אF١ J٢EK


- ٤ -

אאאאאK

אאW

א

א

R

OM

א

R

AM

א

אא

א א

)١ J٣(Wאא

א

אא א

)١ J٢(Wאאא.


- ٥ -

٢ J١אFBusEW ،א0v5vF

0 1KE

٢ J٢אFData BusWE אאFאEאאאאK

אאא،אאאF 64/32/16/8אFBitEE،אאDFDataEאא

א W

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0אאא8K

٢ J٣אאFAddress BusWE אאאאאFאא

אאאE،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאKא

א16אאאAFAddressEאאא

W A15 A14 A13……….A2 A1 A0אא16K

WאאW אאFאE،אK

אאאאאאFאאאאEאאאFאאאאEא

אאאא،F١א J٤Eאא.


- ٦ -

٢ J٤אFControl BusE

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאWאאאא،אאאאאאFRDEאFWRE،אא

אK אאאאאאW

אFאEאאאאא MEMRאאאאאFRAMROMEMEMWאאאFRAME

IORאאא IOWאא

F١ J٤WEאאאא

01101011

1111 0101 0000 1100

11010110

אD7 – D0

אאא

1111 0101 0000 1100

א

אW

אא١

אאאא ٢

٣


- ٧ -

א،אאאאאאאא?אא?،אאאא

אאאאאאאK אאK

W אאאאאא؟

- Wאאאאאאאאאא

MEMR 0v - WאאאאאW

IOW=5v ; IOR=5v ; MEMW=5v ; MEMR=0v

٢ J٥אאאIntel 8085 אאאאא

אIntel 8085FאאאEW


- ٨ -

אאאאIntel 8085אא

אAD7-AD0،?א?אKאאא?אא?אאאאK

אאF١א J٦KE

F١ J٥WEאאאIntel 8085


- ٩ -

2 J٥ J١אIO/M (Input Output / Memory)

אאא IO/M،אאאאאW

Gאאאאא0v GאאאאLאאא 5v אאאאאאאK

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9

A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

MEMR

MEMW

IOR

IOW

א

אא א

אא Intel 8085

5v

F١J٦WEאIntel 8085

IO/M

א ?א?


- ١٠ -

٢ J٦אאא W אאאאאאאW

Jאאאאא JGאאאW

אאא GאאאW

אאא JאFאEאאא

WאאאאאאאW

JאאאFאEאאK JאאאFאאאEאאא

אאK JאאFאEאאMEMRאאK אF١ J٧EאאK


- ١١ -

٢ J٧אאא W אאאא

אאאK אאא،אא

אא(Quartz Oscillator)Kאאא2MHzאא،א،אאא

0.37א(Million Instructions Per Second = MIPS) MIPSK אאאאא،א

אאאאאאK

אא

אא

א

א

אאאאMEMR

א

אא

אF١ J٧WEאאאאא


- ١٢ -

WאאאאאK

١ JאאאFאאE

١

٢ Jאאא??אאא

٣ Jאאאא

٢

٣

٤ J אאא

٥ Jאאאאא

٤

٥

אF١ J٨WEאא

א

אא

אא


- ١٣ -

٣ JאאאW ٣ J١אאW

אF،EאאאאאאFWordE64/32/16/8 )BitEאאK

8אאא?F?ByteKEאW

Jאאאא(Binary) JאאאאFאאHexadecimalE،אHאKאא

אאאאאW

אFאאEאא אאא

0 0000 0 10001 1 20010 2 30011 3 40100 4 50101 5 60110 6 70111 7 81000 8 91001 9 101010 A 111011 B 121100 C 131101 D 141110 E 151111 F

אF١J٩WEאאא


- ١٤ -

٣ J٢אאאאאW אאW

J،אאאא אאאאאאאאW

00v 15v Jא،אאאאא

אאFאאEאאK ٣ J٣אאאא

אאאאאאא אאאאאK

W אW

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 אא

5 B אאאא

אאאאW


- ١٥ -

אאאאאאאאW

אאאאאאאW

4אאאאאא אאW

א4א

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

7 4 F 0

0 1 0 1

1 x 20 0 x 21 +

1 x 22 + 0 x 23 +

1 0 1 1

1 x 20 1 x 21 +

0 x 22 + 1 x 23 +

B 5


- ١٦ -

אW ١ JאאאאאאאאW

0111H – A01FH – ABCDH – 9812H – 7FE3H – 54H – 69H – A3H – EFH ٢ JאאאW

0124H-ABCDH-123H-011GH-119H-1FH-0000F-BBEEH-0ABCF-45EFH-ABFH-1235H ٣ JאאאאאאK ٤ JאאאW

RAM/ROMאאאK RAM/ROMK

٥ Jאאא؟אאאאאK ٦ JאאאFאEאאFאאEאW

؟אא؟ ٧ JאאאאK ٨ JאאאאאאW

،אא،אא،א،א،א،אאאK Jא Jא

Jא Jאאא Jא Jא Jא J

٩ JאאאאאאW Jאאאא

Jאאא Jאאא Jאא


- ١٧ -

١٠ JF١א J١٠Eאאאאאאא W

אאאאK

١١ JאאF١א J١١EאאאW

Jאאאאאא Jאאאאא Jאאא

אא

א

MEMR

אא

א

MEMW

אא

א

IOR

א

א

א

F١אJ١٠E


- ١٨ -

A0 = 1 A1 = 0 A2 = 0 A3 = 0 A4 = 0 A5 = 1 A6 = 0 A7 = 0 A8 = 1 A9 = 1

A10 = 0 A11 = 0 A12 = 0 A13 = 0 A14 = 1 A15 = 0

D0 = 0 D1 = 1 D2 = 0 D3 = 1 D4 = 0 D5 = 0 D6 = 0 D7 = 0

MEMR = 1

MEMW = 1

IOW = 1

IOR = 0

א

F١אJ١١E


- ١٩ -

אאW

JאאאאאאW אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

١אאW

אאאאאW ١ J١אW

אאW אאא

אW אאא אא

MEMW MEMR

IOW IOR

א

ADDRESS

DATA

ON

OFF

F١א J١٢WEא


- ٢٠ -

١ J١ J١אW אאאW

JאאאFאRAMאEWאאא

GאאאאאFאאEאאK GאאאFא(RAM)אKE GאFאEאאK

JאאאאאFאROM

אEאאאW GאאאאאFאאEאאK GאאFאאKE

GאFאאEאאK ١ J١ J٢א

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

FאאאאKE אאאאאאאאW

אא

FאאE אאא

1 A3 A2 A1 A0 2 A7 A6 A5 A4 3 A11 A10 A9 A8 4 A15 A14 A13 A12


- ٢١ -

١ J١ J٣ ،אאא

אאאאא،אK

אאאאאאאW

אאFאאE

אא

1 D3 D2 D1 D0 2 D7 D6 D5 D4

١ J١ J٤אא אאאאK

JאאאאאMEMR

JאאאאMEMW JאאFאEאIOW JאאאFEאIOR


- ٢٢ -

١ J٢אW

١ J٢ J١אW

אא??W J אF،אאE J אאאאאא J אאאאW

GאאFאאאאRAME JGאאאFאאא

אאאאRAMROME JאאאאK

ADDRESS

DATA

א

W אא

א

אאא

F١אJ١٣WEא


- ٢٣ -

١ J٣אאW אא،אאאאF

אאאאאEK

אאא?א?אאאW

אאא a c

1 +5v +5v4 D0 D1 5 D2 D3 6 D4 D5 7 D6 D7 9 IOWMEMW10 IOR MEMR 16 A0 17 A1A2 18 A3 A4 19 A5 A6 20 A7A8 21 A9 A10 22 A11 A12 23 A13A14 24 A15 32 0v 0v

א אא

א

?אF?FEא?a?א?cE?אא

1א

32א

F١אJ١٤WEאא


- ٢٤ -

٢ JאW ٢ J١אW LאאאאאאאW

A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

אאאאאW

LאאאאK LאאאאאאK LאאאאאאאK

אאA15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

אFvoltE

٢ J٢ LאאאאW

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

אאאא

אD7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0אFvoltE


- ٢٥ -

٢ J٣אאאאF01E אאW

א0אאאFLowEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK א1אאאFHighEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٢ J٤אאאאאW LאאאFEא

אאW אאאאאW

אאאאא

FאE אאא

FאE MEMW MEMR

IOW IOR

LאאאאאאאאW

MEMRW؟אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK MEMWW؟אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

IOWWא؟אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK IORW؟אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ٢٦ -

٢ J٥אW אאאאFאאאKE

LאאK L(1AH)אאאאW

אאאאאאאא

MEMW MEMR

IOW IOR


- ٢٧ -

JאאאאאW ١ JאאאאW

אאאאW J J Jאא Jא

אאאW JFOpen circuitE JFShort circuitE

אאאאK


- ٢٨ -

٢ Jא ٢ J١א LאאאאאאD3א5אcK LאאאאאK LאאאK LאאאFאאEאאאK

אא אאאאאאא

אאאאאא

אא

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A

Lאאאאאאא

،אאא؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.


- ٢٩ -

LאFאאאEאאאאD3אאאא،אא

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK؟ LאאW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK L؟א،אאאF

אאD3E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٢ J٢א LאאאאD0 אאD1Fאא4a4אcאKE

אאא3DאאK Lאא00אH 0AH

אK

אא אאאאאאא

אאאאאא

אא

00 01 02 03 04 05 06


- ٣٠ -

07 08 09 0A

Lאאאאאאא

،אאא؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK LאFאאאEאאאא

אD0،D1אאאאא،אאאאא؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

LאאW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאא

א

א

٢

א ٢٥١ אא א אא

- ٣١ -

אאWאא

אאWאאאאאאאK

אאWאאאאW GאK


אאW١٢אאא

אאW • אא • א

אאW

• אאאאK • אאאאאK


- ٣٢ -

אאאFEאאאאאK

١ JאאW ١ J١אאאאW ١ J١ J١אW

אאא،אFBitE

١ J١ J٢אW

אFאE،אFFWordEFByteEE

א

Bit

אW0 1

F٢ J١WEאא

אא

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

F٢ J٢WEא


- ٣٣ -

١ J١ J٣אאW ،אאאאאאאאFF٢ J٣EE

אא?א?אאKFKB(، وאא?FE?א

אא،אFאאEW

1K = 210 = 1024

Wאא2048K

אWאאאאאא1024 א 2048/1024 = 2

א2K = 2xK = 2x1024 = 2048אא2K א2048??אאK

אא

F01E

אאא FאאE

)٢ J٣(Wאא


- ٣٤ -

١ J٢אאאאאאאW אאאאאאFאEא

א،אאאאאאאאאW

אאZ2n

nWאאאאאאאא

١W

אאFKE K 2K 4K 8K

אא2n 210 211 212 213

אאאאא 10 11 12 13 ٢Wאאא2KFאאE

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11

A12 A13 A14 A15

א אא

2K

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9

A10 A11

?

F٢ J٤WEאאאאאא2אK


- ٣٥ -

א٢אאW • אאאאאא • אאא

אאאאFA15 A14 A13 A12E،אא؟א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאK

١ J٣אאW אאאאאL،אאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אFF٢ J٥EE CS=Chip SelectCE=Chip EnableEN=Enable

אא،אאא0אאK

אאאW אאאאאאא

FאאE،

F٢J٥WEא

EN

אא

L

CE

אא

L

CS

אא

L


- ٣٦ -

WאROMאאאא

١ J٤אאFBinary DecoderE

אאFאEאאאאאאא،אאאא

،אא،אאאאאאאאאW

אZFאאE2

Wא٣א٨

CS

א ROM

CS

א RAM

CS

א

CS

א

0v 5v 5v 5v

א

א

F٢ J٦WEאא

I2 I1 I0

O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7

EN O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 I2 I1 I0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

אא א

א

א

אא

F٢J٧WEא٣א٨א


- ٣٧ -

١ J٥אאאFAddress Range MemoryEW אאאאKא

אאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאK

אאאאאאאאאK

١ J٥ J١אאאאאW ١ J٥ J١ J١אאאאROMW אאאIntel8085אאאא

אK אאאZ0000 Hא

אאאFFZאאE J١E16

Hאאאאאא

אאאא אאאא

אאאא אאאא

אאعنوان 0000 0001אאא 0002אאא 0004אאאא

xxxxאאא yyyyאאא

אאא אאא

F٢J٨WEאאא


- ٣٨ -

١ J٥ J١ J٢אאאאRAMW אאRAMאאאאאא

אW אאאZFאאאאEאא

אאאZאאאFFHאאE J١E16

W אאאאאאא

ROMאאאאאאאאK

WאאאאאROMא

RAM،אאKK

אW אאאאROMZ0000 H

אאאאROMZ03FF HFאאאאE

אאאאRAMZ0400 HFאאאאE אאאאRAMZH 07FF H = 03FF H + 0400

אW

אאROM0000 H03FF HW03FF H – 0000 H אאRAM0400 H07FF HW07FF H – 0400 H


- ٣٩ -

١ J٦אאאאאאW אאאאא

،אאאאאאאK،אאאאFאאEW

אאאאא

I2 I1 I0

אאא

EN

א

אא

אא

א

O0 O1 O2 O3O4O5O6O7

CS

CS

א

א

א

אאא

F٢ J٩WEאאאאאא

IO/M


- ٤٠ -

١WאאאאאROMאRAM،אא.K

אW Jאאאאא

אאZKZ210אאאאא10FA9….A0E Jאאאאא

א A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 JאאאאאאFEא

אWA10I0،A11I1،A12I2K Jאאא אFאEA15 A14 A13 אאאאאW

A9 – A0

I2 I1 I0

EN

א

א

O0 O1 O2 O3O4O5O6O7

CS

CS

א ROM

K

א RAM

K A12 A11 A10

A15 A14 A13

IO/M

F٢ J١٠WEאאאאאא


- ٤١ -

١ J٦ J١אאאאאאאא אאאאW Jאאאאאא

JאFאאEאאא Jאאאאאאאא

אאFE Jאאאאא

אאאאאאאFאE אאאW

GאאאROM

Jאא03אFF H – 0000 HA12=0 A11=0 A10=0אא

JאאאאאO0=1،אאאאאא

JאאאאאאאW


- ٤٢ -

JאאאאאאאאאאאWA15=0 A14=0 A13=0אאFאאEW

A9 – A0

I2 I1 I0

EN

א

O0 O1 O2 O3O4O5O6O7

CS

א ROM

K

A12 A11 A10

A15 A14 A13

IO/M אאאאא

0אv

F٢ J١١WEאאאאROMאK

A15 A14 A13

EN

א

F٢J١٢WEאא


- ٤٣ -

GאאאRAM אאאF J JEאRAMאאא

אאO1אא،אאאK

אאF٢ J١٣Eאאא١אK

A9 – A0

I2 I1 I0

EN O0 O1 O2 O3O4O5O6O7

A12 A11 A10

A15 A14 A13

IO/M

CS א ROM

K

אאאאא0אv

F٢J١٣WEאאאאאK

CS א RAM

K


- ٤٤ -

2 WאאאאROMא2KאRAM א.KFאאROMא

RAME

אW Jאאאאאאא

אאאK Jאאאאאאאאא

אאא JאאאאROMאאK Jא،אאאאאא

אאאאRAM JאאאאRAMאא

אK


- ٤٥ -

אF٢ J١٤Eאא

A9–A0

A10 – A0

I2 I1 I0

EN O0 O1 O2 O3O4O5O6O7

A13 A12 A11

A15

A14

IO/M

CS א ROM

K 2

אאאאא

0אv

F٢J١٤WEאאאאא

CS א RAM

K A10


- ٤٦ -

٢ JאאאLאW אאIntel

אאאL،אאW JאאA0A7אאאL،אKאאאאאאא JאאאאW

אא00HFFHאאאאאאא256K

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

IO/M

CSא

אLא

F٢ J١٥WEאאIntelאאLא

אאאLאאא

5אv


- ٤٧ -

WאאאאLא80א HK

אWאאאאאW A7=1 A6=0 A5=0 A4=0 A3=0 A2=0 A1=0 A0=0

א5אvאIO/MIO/M = 1 K אאאאאא

אאאLאK

W א?אLא?אא

א،אאאאא

אאK

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

IO/M

CS

אLא

F٢ J١٦WEאאIntel אLא80א H

אאאLאאא

5אv


- ٤٨ -

٣ JאאFMemory MapE אאFאאEאאא

אאאאאאL،אאאW JאאROM JאאRAM Jאא Jאא אאאאאא

אאK WאאאW - אROM2K - אRAMK - א80 H - אא81 H

אW - אאROMW07FF H – 0000 H - אאRAMW0BFF H – 0800 H Fאאאא

0800 HאROME אאאFWE


- ٤٩ -

٣ J١אאאW אאאאאאא

אאאK

W אאאאאאF٢א J١٧E

אאאאW

F٢J١٧WEאא

0000 H

07FF H 0800 H

0BFF H

XX80 H XX81 H

אאROM

אאRAM

א

א


- ٥٠ -

٣ J١ J١אROM FFאHE0001 Eא

0800 = 0001 + 07FFא 0800אא8.162 א(2)3.(24)2 Z2.210

2אK

٣ J١ J٢אRAM FFאE JFאHE0001 Eא

0400 = 0001 + 0800 - 0BFFא 0400אא4.1622(24).(22) = 210א

אK


- ٥١ -

אW

١ J؟אאאאאאא

٢ JאLא

٣ J١٢אא،א؟אא ٤ Jא؟אאאא

٥ Jא7FFFH-0000HאROMא،8FFFH-8800H

אRAMK JאאאאאאK

JאאROM JאאRAM

٦ JאROMא2KאRAMא1KK JאאאאאROMאאא0000HK

JאאאאאRAMאאאאאאאROMK

JאאאאאאK


- ٥٢ -

٧ JאאF١٢٣٤EאF٢ J١٨EW

Jאא Jאאאאא

٨ JאאאFא٧Eאא

אROMאאW JאאאCFFFH-C000H אF000H-FFFFH K

JאאאDFFFH-D000H אאאא EFFFH-E000HK

JאאאEFFFH-E000H אאאאDFFFH-D000H K

אאאFEFE؟ - אI2K - אאI1I2K - א٢א٣K

CS O0 O1 O2

I3 O3 I2 O4 I1 O5

O6 O7

A14 A13 A12

A15

CS

CS

CS

CS A11-A0

١

٢

٣

٤

F٢ J١٨E


- ٥٣ -

٩ JאאF٧EאאאאFאאEאאאאאאW

Jאא١W03FFH-0000H Jאא٢W07FFH-0400H Jאא٣W0BFFH-0800H Jאא٤W0FFFH-0C00H

١٠ JאאאLא

F٢ J١٩EW

١١ JאאאW Jאא4K Jאאא2K Jא12H Jא13H

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

IO/M

CS

L

F٢ J١٩E


- ٥٤ -

אאW J JאאאאW

אאאאW JאאאFRAM : Random Acces MemoryE JאאFROM : Read Only MemoryE

١ JאאאאW אאאאאW J אאאאאאא8xKFROME J אאאאאאא8xKFRAME J א J א

אאאאאאאK ١ J١אאאאאאW

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא אאאאאFאאאE

אאFאאE،،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאFאאאא

אאKEאאאא0000אHK אא،אאאאא

אאF64KEאא8K،אאאא،אא

אאאאאW


- ٥٥ -

א

א1 אFFF-0000 3FFF-2000 5FFF-4000 7FFF-6000 9FFF-8000

א

אא BFFF-A000 DFFF-C000 FFFF-E000


- ٥٦ -

٢ JאW ٢ J١אאאאאאFRAME

Lאאאא0000H אאK

L،אאאאאאK Lאאאא0007H-0000HאאאW

J אאא J אFאאאWMEMRE J אאאאאא

FאאאאE. אאאW

אא0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H 0007H

א

אאאאK

א؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאאK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ J٢אאאאאאW LאאאאFאאEא 0006H-0000H אאW

J אאא J אא J אFאאWMEMWE

אאאא0000H0001H0002H0003H0004H0005H0006H

א DB01D302 C3 00 00


- ٥٧ -

L،אאאאאאאאא؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאאאK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

LאאאאאFELאאא،W

אאאא 0000H0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H

אאאDB 01 D3 02 C3 00 00

אאא

א؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאאאK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٢ J٣אאאאאFROMEW LאאFRAMEאFROMEאאאא،

אאא0004אH-0000H אאא،W אא0000H0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H

א

Lא،אאאאאאW

אא0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H

א א؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ٥٨ -

אאאאאאK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Lאאאאא0אAHא0000Hא،אאFאאאE،א؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאאK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ٥٩ -

Lאאאא אW

JאWאא،אאאאאK אאאאאא

אK JאWאא،א

אאFאאאKE

אאאK

١ JאאW אאאאFE

אFאE،אאW JWאK JאWאאK


- ٦٠ -

١ J١אאאW ١ J١ J١אF8bit parallele outputE

אאאW

אאאFB7 B6-----B1 B0Eאאאא،אאאאאאא

،אאאFאאEאאאFאאא

0v5vאאאאKE

Jאאאא אאאאאאאאא،

אאFאאאאEאאאFאאאKE

א

B0

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7


- ٦١ -

LאאאאאאאK א،אאאאא

אאאאFאאאאEאאא،K

אאאאאאA7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 אאאאW

אאא

אאFאEA7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

אא 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

אאא0

אא א1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

א


- ٦٢ -

W ١ JאאאאW

אאאאא

12H

13H

٢ JאאאK


- ٦٣ -

٢ J١ J٢F (8 bit parallel input אאW

אאאFB7 B6-----B1 B0Eאאאא

א،אאאאאא،אLow level = 0vאאאאHigh level = 5vK

אאאאאFאא0v5vאאא

אKE אאאאאא

אFאאאאאKE

W B7 B6-----B1 B0

א

High level : 1 Low level : 0

אאא


- ٦٤ -

٢ JאW ٢ J١אאW LאאאאאאB5HK FאאאאאE

LאאאאאK LאאאאW

J אאאאאאK J אאאאFאא

אE J אאאאIOWK

אאאW אאאאאא

B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0א

אאא 0CH 0AH 11H 0BH 0CH

Lא،אאאאאW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK LאאאFאEאאא

אאK א؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא LאאB5Hאאאא

אFאEאאאאאK א؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא


- ٦٥ -

٢ J٢אW Lאאאאאא5CHK FאאאאאE

LאאאאK LאאאאW

J אאאא J 11Hאאאא

FאאאאE J אאא??אIORK

אIORאאW JFE؟אאא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאאאFאE،א؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK LאאאאאK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

LאאאאIOR،אאאא؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ٦٦ -

٢ J٣אאW LאאאאאאW

Jאא09Hאאאא12H،אאאאאא13HK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK




KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK LאאאK

אא

א

٣


- ٦٧ -

אאWא

אאWאאK

אאWאאאאW GאאK

GאאאאK GאאK


אאW١٢אאא

אאW

• אא • א

אאW

• אK • אאK


- ٦٨ -

א،אאא Intel 8085אK

١ JאאאW אאאW

אא

אא

אא

א

א א

א

א

א

אWא

א

א

א

אא

)٣J١(Wא


- ٦٩ -

אאאאאK

W JאWאאאאK JאWאאK

אאאאאFHLT : HaltEאאFאKE

א(4)

א(3)

א(1)

א FE

א FH١E

אא א(2)

א RESET

)٣ J٢(W


- ٧٠ -

٢ Jאא ٢ J١

אא،אאW ،אאאFאE

אאאאאאאאF0000אHE،אאאאאאאאאW

אW JאאFאאEאא

אאאאאFאאאאאאKE JאאאאאאK J،אאאאאאאאא

אאK JאאF8אByteEא

אאאאK JאWאFmicro-instructionsE،

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאK אאאF٣ J٣EK


- ٧١ -

٢ J٢אא

،אאאFHEFLEאאIntel 8085 K

א

א

א

א אא אאא

א

א

)٣ J٣(Wאא،א،א


- ٧٢ -

אאאW אא،אאאאאFWEFZE

אא(Program Counter = PC)אFHLEאא١٦FאאאאאאאאKE

W0012H אאאFאKE

JאאWאאאאאאW JאאByteאאאאFZE JאאByteאאאאFWE

WאByte אLeastאByte אMost

JאאWאאאאא

00 12 W Z

אאF١٦16 bit E

Program Counter

FStack PointerE F١٦E

W(8) Z(8)

B(8) C(8)

D(8) E(8)

H(8) L(8)

אא F١٦E

Address Register

אא

א

F٣J٤WEאאא


- ٧٣ -

JאאWאאאאאאא

אאK

אא 00 12

00 13 אא

00 12 אא אאאא


- ٧٤ -

٣ JאIntel 8085WאFאEאFאאEW ٣ J١WאW

אאאאW J אא١٦F16-bitE

J F،אאאאאאKא??אאKE

J6 WBC ،DE ،HLK J WWZ J A8אא(Accumulator)Wאאא

אK

J،אאאFאא٣ J١E

٣ J٢WאW ،אאאאאאאIntel

8085W

JאאאאאF1 ByteE JאאאאF2 BytesE JאאאאאF3 BytesE

אאאאFOperation CodeKE


- ٧٥ -

Wא אFאE אאאW

אא022A אJMP 022A،אאאאאK

،אאאאאאאC3אאא،W

א

אByteא אByteא

א

א

אאאאאא

א

F٣ J٥EWאאאIntel 8085A

JMP addr

אאאאאFJMP : JUMPE


- ٧٦ -

٣ J٣אW ٣ J٣ J١אאאW

אאאאW Jאאא JאByteאאאאאאFZE JאByteאאאאאאFWE

٣ J٣ J٢אאW אאאאW

Jאאא JאאאאFZE

11000011

00101010

00000010

אא JMP

אByte אאא אByte אאא

אאא

)٣ J٦EWJMP 022A


- ٧٧ -

٣ J٣ J٣אW אאאאK

אFEאא

אK

٤ JאאW אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאK אאאאW

JאאאאLאK JאאאאאK JאאאאK

٤ J١אאאאLאW ٤ J١ J١אאLאאW

אאאאW

אאאW

Lאאא (Port)אאאFאEAK אאאאW

(A) (Port)

AאWאא إخراج/عنوان جهاز إدخال

אאאא


- ٧٨ -

WאאאIntel 8085AK

WIN 82 Wאאאאא

אאא

DBאIN 82 אא

11011011

10000010

IN Port

)Input(



- ٧٩ -

4 J١ J٢אאאLאW אאאאW

אאאW

אאאאFPortE אאאאW

W OUT 80 אאאאאW

(A) (Port)

AאWאא إخراج/عنوان جهاز إدخال

אאאא

OUT Port

אFOutputE



- ٨٠ -

٤ J٢אאאאאW ٤ J٢ J١אW

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאK

FWE، WאFאE WאFאE

٤ J٢ J١ J١אאא rא אאאאW

D3אOUT 80אא

אאא

10110011 10000000


- ٨١ -

WMOV B,M

٤ J٢ J١ J٢אאאאאW

אאאאW

(r ) (H,L) MOV r,M

אאאא א(H,L)

אאإلى السجل المسمى א אאא

0022

אFHLE

אא אxx אאאאB

xx

אB xx

אאאא

0022

MOV M,r (H,L) (r)


- ٨٢ -

אאאFrEFאE،אאאFHLEאאK

WMOV M,C

٤ J٢ J٢אאW

אאאאאK ٤ J٢ J٢ J١אאאאW

אאאW

אאFdataEאאאאFH,LE

00100101

אאאא

אC

25

אא

4012

א(HL) 4012

אאאCאאאאFHLE

א

MVI M,data (HL) (data)


- ٨٣ -

WMVI M,02

W אאMOV M,rMVI M,dataאאF

אEאאא(HL)K ٤ J٢ J٢ J٢אW

אאאאאאW

אאdataF8אEאאr

א

02

02

אאא

א

2000

)HL(محتوى

2000

אא

MVI r,data (r) (data)


- ٨٤ -

WMVI D,54 54אאאDK

W

אא16א،אאאאאW

(rp) data 16 LXI rp,data 16

אF16אEאאrpאאrpK

אאאאאאK

WLXI B,0142 0142אאאBCK 42אאCא01אBK

٤ J٣אאאאW

אFE،אאאאאWMOVאא،W

אFr2EאאFr1E

W MOV B,AאFAEאאFBE

(B) (A) MOV B,A

MOV r1,r2 (r1) (r2)


- ٨٥ -

אאא אאא

אA

אB

0F

0F

Aא

אB

0F

11

MOV B,A


- ٨٦ -

٥ JאאאW אא،אא

אאאאא،אאא (8 bit) אKאא(F)

(Flag)אאW

אא 7 6 4 2 0

א S Sign

Z Zero

AC Auxiliary

Carry

P Parity

CY Carry

א א א א א א אא0א1Fא1א،35KE ٥ J١אW

JאWאאאאא1אאAK Wא04אB 05אFA-BEא،-01KF J?E?אאא7FאEאא1K JאWאא1אאא

0

JאWא1אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

S Z A P CY C

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0


- ٨٧ -

Wא0EאB02אFA+BE

FD3KEאאFD4Eאאא JאWאא1אאאאFE

K JאWא1אאאאAא

אאFFFE WאFFאB10אא

(A) + (B)

אא0א1Fא1א،35KE

אאא(A)אאאאאא

1K

א00001110 אB00000010 H

א00010000Z

א11111111 אB10000000H

א01111111Z


- ٨٨ -

٥ J٢אW אFאE،א

אW JאאW …………..ANA r ; ANI data ; XRI data ; ORA JאאW ………………………..CMP r ; CPI data ; SUB r ٥ J٣אW

אאאאאאא،K


- ٨٩ -

٦ JאFFlowchartE אאאאא،אKאאאאאאK

אאW

אאFProgram FlowWE אאאאK

FProcessWE אאאאאא

FPredefined ProcessE אאאא

אFDecisionWE אאאאאאא


- ٩٠ -

W

אא

١א

٢א

אא

א

١ ٢

אאWאאW


- ٩١ -

٧ J )Branch Instructions( אאאאאאFאאE

אא،אאאאW

אאW

JאFJUMP InstructionsE JאאFCALL InstructionsE

٧ J١אFJMP : JUMPEW ٧ J١ J١אW

אאאWJMP addr אJMP אאFאE،addrאאאK

אאאא

אאא

אאא

אא

אא


- ٩٢ -

W

JMP F021

אאאF021K ٧ J١ J٢אW

אאאW

addr>J<

J،אאאאאאאאFaddrE،אאאא

FאאאE

אא

F021

א

0022 0023 0024

אא

אאאא

F021א

F0 21

א

C3


- ٩٣ -

WאJump if Zero : JZ אWאאאFאאEא

אאאאאאK JZ 0023

א0023א אאאאK WאJump if Not Zero : JNZ

אWאאאFאאEאאאאאאאK

JNZ 01A2 א01אA2 אאאאK

א(Jump if Positive) JP (Jump if Negative) JN א

.

WאK

אא

אאFEאאא12

אFEאאא13

Z0

Z0


- ٩٤ -

אאאW ١ JאאFEאאאא12H ٢ JאאFEאאאא13H ٣ JאאFEאאאאאW

GאFEאאא GאFEאאאאא

FEאאאאאW GאFEאא١ J GאFEאאאאאK

٧ J٢אאW

אאאW

CALL addr

אaddrאFsubroutineKEאא

אאאKאאא،אFRETURNEא،אאאאאאא

W


- ٩٥ -

א

א

אאא

אאא

אא

אא

F٤ J٧WEא

א

אא

אא

א

אא

אא

אא


- ٩٦ -

٨ JאאאאW ٨ J١אאW

אאא،אאאא،אF٤א J٨E

אאאFHI-LO SYSTEM UNIVERSAL PROGRAMMER & TESTERE

אאאא،אאFאאEא

אאK

٨ J١אאW אאאאא

F٨א J٥Eאאאא??،אאאאאאאK

F٤ J٨WEאאROM

אא


- ٩٧ -

F٤ J٩WEאאROM

אאא


- ٩٨ -

א

١ JאאאאאK؟

٢ JאאאK

٣ JאHLT؟

٤ Jאאאאאאאאא

؟

٥ JאאאROM؟ ٦ JאאFmicro-instructionsKE

٧ J א0125Hאאאאא،א

אאZ W ؟

٨ JאWא،،Byte،אאByteא

אאאאאW Jאאא

Jאא Jאאא

25 01 01 25

W Z W Z


- ٩٩ -

٩ JאאאאאW J(A) (Port) ; (A) (Port) J MOV

r,M JMOV r1,r2 אW١ JאK

٢ JאאאאK ٣ JאאאK

٤ JאאAא ٥ JאאאA

١٠ JאאאאK ١١ Jאאאאאאאא؟

MVI M,45 ; LXI D,F001 ; MOV A,C ; MOV M,E ; MVI D,FC ; MOV C,M ١٢ J JאMOV A,B אKKKKKKKKKKא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאMOV B,MKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאMVI C,1A אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאא1אDאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٣ JאאאK

S Z A P CY C

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0


- ١٠٠ -

١٤ JFA-BE אאא6אאאF١٣E؟K

١٥ JאK ١٦ JאאאW

אאא12אHאB،אאאאא13HK

١٧ JאFJMPE،א؟א ١٨ Jאא01FE אאJMP 01FE؟ ١٩ J؟אאא ٢٠ JאאאW

JMP ABCDH ; JMP 012FH ; JMP 12H ; JMP 158GH ; JZ 00FFH ; JP 012FH JM AFF0H ; JMP 013HK

٢١ J،אאאאאאאא

אאFאאא0000HאE Wאאאאאא80Hא81H

אK JאאאK

Jאאא11HW Gאא01Hאאא

11HK GאאאK


- ١٠١ -

JאאאאF1Hא

JאאאאFאא0032HKE Jאא21H , 0BH , 03HאאK

GאAאK Jא22H،אאK


- ١٠٢ -

אאW

١ JאאאאW

١ J١אאW אאאא

FAssembly languageE،אאאאאאIntel 8085K

،אאאאאאW

JאאIN FInputE

JאאאאOUTאFOutputKE

JאאאאאJMPאFJumpKE

אאאאאאFאאEאא،א

אLאאאאK

١ J٢אאא ١ J٢ J١אא

JאFCPU Intel 8085AE Jאא8xK RAM Jא J Jא


- ١٠٣ -

JאFאE ١ J٢ J٢אאW אאאאאאإن

אאאW

Lא J ON/OFFאON J אW

JHLT/RUNHLT JADDR.STOPאFEOFF JאאאאאאאאK

Jא،אאאאאאK

LאאW

J ON/OFFאOFFFאאאאאE

J אאHLT/RUNRUN

LאאאאאאW J ON/OFFאOFFFאא

אאאE JאאHLT/RUNRUN

J אאאSTEPא


- ١٠٤ -

٢ JאW ٢ J١אאW LאאאאW

אא אאFאE J

אא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H

DB12 D3 13 C3 00 00

IN 12 *

OUT 13

JMP *

Lאאא Lאאאאאא

אאW אאאא

00 01 02 03 04 05

JIN؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאאIN؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jאא؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J؟OUT؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ١٠٥ -

JאאאאOUT؟KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J؟אא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

JאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאאK

אאאאאW Jא Jא

אאאא?א?א،אאאא?א?אא(IN) (OUT)אאא،א

אאא،א،אאאא?א?א

אאא،אאW

* IN 12 אאאאא

OUT 13

JMP *

DB 12

אא ?א? D3 13 C3 00 00 אא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H 0007H

אא אא


- ١٠٦ -

J٢אW LאאW

אא אאFאE

Jאא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H 0007H

DB12 3C D3 13 C3 00 00

IN 12 *

INR A OUT 13

JMP *

LאאאאאW

אאאא00 01 02 03 04 05

J؟אאאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J؟אאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאאאאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J ؟א J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

LאאW


- ١٠٧ -

אא אאFאE J

J

אא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H 0007H

DB12 3D D3 13 C3 00 00

IN 12 *

DCR A OUT 13

JMP *

LאאאאאW

אאאא06 05 04 03 02 01

Jאאאא؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jאא؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


Jא؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ١٠٨ -

٢ J٣אW LאאW

אא אאFאE J

אא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H 0007H 0008H

DB12 C6 05 D3 13 C3 00 00

IN 12 *

ADI 05

OUT 13

JMP *

LאאאאאW

אאאא

00 01 02 03 04 05

Jאאאאא؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Jאאא؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאאאאא؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jא؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ١٠٩ -

J אא05אא؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

LאאW אא אאFאE

Jאא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H 0006H 0007H 0008H

DB12 D6 05 D3 13 C3 00 00

IN 12 *

SUI 05

OUT 13

JMP *

LאאאאאW אאאא

0A 09 08 07 06 05

Jאאאא؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאא؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


Jא؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Jאא05אא؟א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ١١٠ -

٢ J٤אFRegisterEאא LאאאאאאFאא0010HE

JאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK LאאW

אא אאFאE J

J

אא

0000H 0001H 0002H 0003H 0004H 0005H

3E55 32 00 10 76

MVI A,55

STA 0010

HLT

Lאא

Jאאאאאא0010H א؟אא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Lאאא0001אH0A

אאאFELFEL Jא؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאMVI A؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאאאאMVI A؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאאMVI A؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ١١١ -

JאSTA ؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

JאאאאSTA ؟ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK JאאSTA ؟

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J א؟א

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאאא

א

א

א

٤

א ٢٥١ אאא א אאא

- ١١٢ -

אאאWאאא

אאWאאאK

אאWאאאאW GאאK

GאאאאK


אאW١٢אאא

אאW • אא • א

אאW

• אאאK


- ١١٣ -

אאאאאאאאK

١ JאאאW ١ J١א16א bitsW ١ J١ J١א8088-8086אW

אא1978א،16א20 FאאאAD15-AD0E،א

אאF1018576 = 220E،אאאFאאIntel 8085EFQuartzE

4.77MHz10אMHzK

١ J١ J٢א80286אFאiAPX 286EW אא16א24אW

Jאא אא Jאא6MHzא20MHzא JאאW

F٤ J١WEא 8086


- ١١٤ -

Gאאאא1048576אK Gאאאא?F?Virtual MemoryE

אאאא،16777216 = 224،אאאF24EאאאFHard DiskE

١ J٢א32א bits:

אאאאאאאאאFא??אא32אE،

א:

١ J٢ J١אאאFVirtual MemoryEW אאאאאאא

FאאאאאאאאEאאאאאא،??،

אאאאאFאאאE،אאאאאאאאאK

F٤ J٢WE80286


- ١١٥ -

١ J٢ J٢אאאאFPaging Virtual MemoryEW אאאאאא

אאW

אאאאאK

WאאFאEאWindows XPאאא

Pagefile.sys אאאאאFc:/Pagefile.sysKE

??

א??

F٤J٣WEאאאאא


- ١١٦ -

١ J٢ J٣אאא32א bits אא80386אא4294967296 = 232אא

Fאא32KE

אאאאא،אW

א א 386 DX 40 MHz – 16 MHz 386 SX 33 MHz – 16 MHz 386 SL 20 MHz – 25 MHz

١ J٢ J٤אאאא32 bits אאIntel 80486אאFאאא

486אDXאF٤ J٥EEW Gא32FאאאאE Gאא٣٢ Gא50MHz – 33 – 20אK אF1994 – 1989EIntelFאEא

אW 486SX2 – 486DX4 – 486EX – 486DX2 – 487SX – 486SXSF – ULP486SX – 486SX

F٤ J٤WEאIntel 80386


- ١١٧ -

١ J٢ J٥אאא32א bitsW אא1993IntelאFאx86E

א??PentiumW

אאאאאW

G64אא??אK GאאאאאK

F٤ J٥WEאi486 DX 50MHz

אא32

א64 IntelInside

pentium

F٤ J٦WE??pentium


- ١١٨ -

GאK GאFcycleKE

١ J٢ J٦אאאא32א bitsW א1995אFNetworkE،א

אאאאFmasterEאאאאא،א?F?slaveEאא

אאאאK א?F?Pentium ProKE

אאאא????א

200MHzF2007אאאאאGHzKE

אא אאא

F٤ J٧WEא??Pentium Pro


- ١١٩ -

٢ Jא: אW

JאאאאW א(Tower)،א(Monitor)،א(Keyboard)،א(Mouse)K

JאאאאאאW

،א،א،א?Quartz?،،אא?Bios?،א،،אאא،א،אא،א،אא،א

،אאאאא،אאאאFאF٤ J٩EE

אא

א א

F٤ J٨WEאאא

F٤J٩WEאאאא

א א

אא אא אאא

אאא


- ١٢٠ -

٢ J١אאאW ٢ J١ J١אW

א220110אאאאF5،+12-12E،אאא.

٢ J١ J٢אW

אאאאאאא،אא،،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאK

F٤ J١٠WEא

א

אא


- ١٢١ -

٢ J١ J٣אW

אאא،אאאאא،אאאא

،א??אK

٢ J١ J٤א?Quartz?W ،אאא

אאאאאאאאK

Wאא200MHz؟א

F٤ J١١WEא

W א

אאא אא

אFאE

F٤J١٢WEאאאא


- ١٢٢ -

אא200000000FEF01EאK

Wאא

אאאאK

٢ J١ J٥אאאW ٢ J١ J٥ J١אאאאאאאאW

٢ J١ J٥ J١ J١אא SIMMF(Single In-line Memory ModuleW

FאEאאאאאאאאאאאאא

(Dynamic RAM) DRAMW

٢ J١ J٥ J١ J٢אא(Static RAM) SRAMW

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

F٤ J١٣WEאאאSIMM


- ١٢٣ -

٢ J١ J٥ J١ J٣אא(Video RAM) VRAMW אאאאאאDRAM،

אא?אא?(Video Card) ٢ J١ J٥ J٢אאאאאאא(Read Only Memory) ROMW

،אאא?א? (Basic Input Output System) BIOS

٢ J١ J٦?א?(Basic Input Output System) BIOSW

?א?،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢ J١ J٧אW

א?Cadmium-Nickel??Lithium?،אאא،אאא

?K?

٢ J١ J٨אאW אאאאאא

אאאאאאאא(Serial – Parallel Port)


- ١٢٤ -

٢ J١ J٩א(Graphics Card)W

אאאאאאאא،(Video Graphics Array) VGA(Super VGA) SVGAK

٢ J١ J٩אאאאW

אאאאאא1.44MoK

א אא

(DRAM)

א

אאKKK

F٤ J١٤WEאא

אאא

F٤J١٥WEא(Graphics Card)


- ١٢٥ -

אאFאE??א?א?،אאאאא

אאK א(Format)אאאאא٨א

אא،אאאאא،אאF٤ J١٦EאK

٢ J١ J١٠אאW

אאא،אאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאא?א?KאאאאאאF

אE،אאא(ms)K אאאאאאאאK

א

אא

אF٤ J١٦WEאאאא


- ١٢٦ -

٢ J١ J١١אאא א

،א??אאK

٢ J٢אאW ٢ J٢ J١אW

אאאא،אאאאאא

אW

א אאא

אא

אF٤J١٧WEאא

?? א

א

א

אF٤ J١٨WEאא


- ١٢٧ -

JאאPixel،אאאF٢٦٠E،אאאאK

Jאא?inchF?inchZ٥٤٢E،١٤אinchא١٥١٧אאאK

Jאא،70אHzאא60Hz

٢ J٢ J٢אW ٢ J٢ J٢ J١א?א?W

אאאאא،א،א

?א?،א??1،א??0אא،FאEK

אא

א

אF٤J١٩WEא


- ١٢٨ -

٢ J٢ J٢ J٢א?א?W

אאאאאאאK א،אאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאK

٢ J٢ J٢ J٣א?א?W א?א?אW

Jאאאא אאאאא

??

אF٤J٢٠WEאא


- ١٢٩ -

Jאאbluetooth אאאbluetooth،bluetooth

?אאF?WPAN : Wireless Personal Area NetworkE،אאאK

Jאאא אאא،אאK

٢ J٢ J٣אW

אאFE،אאאאאא(microcontroller)אא

אאאא،אאאאאא

،אאאאאK

אF٤J٢١WEאאאא


- ١٣٠ -

،אאאאאא

אBluetooth

אF٤ J٢١WEא א אא

אאא

א


- ١٣١ -

א ١ Jא?16 bits?؟ Jאא16אא

Jאא16א JK

٢ Jאאא؟ J10MHz

J20MHz

٣ Jאא?אאא?؟ ٤ J?אאא?אא؟א ٥ Jא?Quartz?

٦ Jאאאאא333MHz؟

٧ Jא(Bios)؟

٨ Jאאא؟א

٩ Jאא٤א

١٠ Jאא אK ١١ JאאK ١٢ JאאK


- ١٣٢ -

אאW אאאאאא

אאאאK אאא

،אאK


- ١٣٣ -

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- ١٤٩ -

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- ١٥٧ -

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#include <stdio.h> void main () char name[50]=""; printf("What's your name ?\n"); scanf("%s",name); printf ("Hello%s !\n",name);

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#include <stdio.h> void main () char name[50]=""; int i; for (i=1;i<=10;i++)

printf("What's your name ?\n"); scanf("%s",name); printf ("Hi….. %s !\n",name);


- ١٥٨ -

٤ JאאאWאאF٢אE

#include"conio.h"#include"dos.h"

#define PORT 0x378

void main() outportb(PORT, 0x01); delay(5000); outportb(PORT, 0x00); delay(5000);

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