Microprocessor Microprocessor SystemSystem

Engr. Shafiullah SoomroEngr. Shafiullah Soomro

22

Marks DistributionMarks Distribution

TOTAL = 150 MARKSTOTAL = 150 MARKS

THEORY = 100 MarksTHEORY = 100 Marks75 Final Exam75 Final Exam

25 Sessionals (10 = Attendance, 15 = Class Performance / Test / 25 Sessionals (10 = Attendance, 15 = Class Performance / Test / Assignments)Assignments)

PRACTICAL = 50 MARKSPRACTICAL = 50 MARKS10 Final Exam Viva Objective10 Final Exam Viva Objective

20 Viva Voice20 Viva Voice

05 Practical Attendance 05 Practical Attendance

15 Practical / Practical Workbook 15 Practical / Practical Workbook

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Recommended BooksRecommended Books

Microprocessor Fundamentals By: Microprocessor Fundamentals By: Roger TokhiemRoger Tokhiem

Microprocessor Principles & Microprocessor Principles & Applications By: Charles M. Applications By: Charles M. GilmoreGilmore

Applications of Microprocessor By: Applications of Microprocessor By: A.P MathurA.P Mathur

SESSION NO.1SESSION NO.1

Basics of ComputersBasics of Computers

55

IntroductionIntroduction

What is What is Computer?Computer?

Computer is an Electronic device, Computer is an Electronic device, that takes that takes inputinput from user, from user, processprocess it and provides it and provides outputoutput, , it is also capable of processing it is also capable of processing pre-defined instructions pre-defined instructions ((programsprograms), and have ability to ), and have ability to storestore data, it can perform data, it can perform different task efficiently and different task efficiently and

more quickly then human being.more quickly then human being.

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Introduction (Cont)Introduction (Cont)

1. Input Devices

2. Output Devices

3. Storage Devices

4. Processing Devices

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

1. Input Devices

Keyboard

Mouse (Track Ball, Light Pen, Joy Stick, Game Pad, Touch Pad, Touch Screen)

Scanner

Mic (voice synthesizer)

Webcam

Character Reader/ Bar Code Reader

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

2. Output Devices

Monitor / Multimedia Projector

Printer/ Plotter

Speaker/ Headphones

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

3. Storage Devices

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

MEMORY

A semiconductor storage device consisting of registers that store binary bits

Two major categories:

1. Read/Write Memory (R/W) / RAM (Random Access Memory)

2. Read-only-Memory (ROM)

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RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)(RAM)

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RAM ON RAM ON MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

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READ ONLY MEMORY READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)(ROM)

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ROM ON ROM ON MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

Smallest Unit for Computer Memory is BIT, that can store one binary digit either 1 0r 0

Processor or Virtual Storage Disk Storage

· 1 Bit = Binary Digit· 8 Bits = 1 Byte· 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte · 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte · 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte · 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte · 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte · 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte· 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte · 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte · 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte· 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte

· 1 Bit = Binary Digit· 8 Bits = 1 Byte· 1000 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte · 1000 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte · 1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte · 1000 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte · 1000 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte · 1000 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte· 1000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte · 1000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte · 1000 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte· 1000 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte

Memory Units

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

4. Processing Devices

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MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

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MICROPROCESSOR- TOP MICROPROCESSOR- TOP VIEWVIEW

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MICROPROCESOSR- MICROPROCESOSR- BOTTOM VIEWBOTTOM VIEW

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WHERE TO INSERT WHERE TO INSERT PROCESSOR ON PROCESSOR ON MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

ZIF SOCKET PROCESSOR SLOT PROCESSOR

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GENARATIONS OF GENARATIONS OF COMPUTERCOMPUTER

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GENERATIONS OF GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERCOMPUTER

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsSecond Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsCircuits

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceIntelligence

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First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

In electronics, a vacuum tube, In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North electron tube (in North America), or thermionic valve America), or thermionic valve (elsewhere, especially in (elsewhere, especially in Britain) is a device used to Britain) is a device used to amplify, switch, otherwise amplify, switch, otherwise modify, or create an electrical modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the signal by controlling the movement of electrons in a movement of electrons in a low-pressure space. low-pressure space.

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Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsSecond Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

A A transistortransistor is a is a semiconductor device used to semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor piece of semiconductor material, with at least three material, with at least three terminals for connection to an terminals for connection to an external circuit.external circuit.

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Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsCircuits

An integrated circuit (IC), An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a sometimes called a chipchip or or microchip, is a semiconductor microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. memory, or microprocessor.

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Scaling of ICsScaling of ICs

SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic components per chip

MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000 electronic components per chip

LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip

VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to 1,000,000 electronic components per chip

ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components per chip

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Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors

A group of electronic circuits A group of electronic circuits fabricated on a semiconductor fabricated on a semiconductor chip that can read binary chip that can read binary instructions written in instructions written in memory and process binary memory and process binary data according to those data according to those instructionsinstructions

CPU and MPUCPU and MPU

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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceIntelligence

Computers are now pocket size

Speech Reorganization Software

Expert Systems AI Robots

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APPLICATIONS OF APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

Signal Processing:Signal Processing:

Signal processing is an Signal processing is an area that demands area that demands high performance from high performance from microprocessor to microprocessor to perform complex perform complex mathematical tasks.mathematical tasks.

An example of a signal An example of a signal processing application processing application is the decoding of is the decoding of digital television and digital television and radio signals radio signals

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APPLICATIONS. . .APPLICATIONS. . .Real Time Application:Real Time Application:

Some tasks need to be Some tasks need to be performed so quickly that performed so quickly that even the slightest delay can even the slightest delay can be harmful. be harmful.

These applications are known These applications are known as "real time systems", and as "real time systems", and timing is of the up most timing is of the up most importance. importance.

An example of a real-time An example of a real-time system is the anti-lock system is the anti-lock braking system (ABS) braking system (ABS) controller in modern controller in modern automobiles.automobiles.

Some real time applications Some real time applications are: video conferencing, are: video conferencing, online gamming, e-online gamming, e-commerce, chatting, etc.commerce, chatting, etc.

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APPLICATIONS. . .APPLICATIONS. . .Routing:Routing:

Throughput and routing is Throughput and routing is the use of a processor where the use of a processor where data is moved from one data is moved from one place to another place. place to another place.

An example is an Internet An example is an Internet router, that reads in data router, that reads in data packets and sends them out packets and sends them out on a different port.on a different port.

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APPLICATIONS. . .APPLICATIONS. . .Sensor Monitoring:Sensor Monitoring:

A A sensorsensor is a device that is a device that measures a physical quantity measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal and converts it into a signal which can be read by an which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.observer or by an instrument.

Many processors are used to Many processors are used to monitor sensors. monitor sensors.

The microprocessor will either The microprocessor will either digitize and filter the sensor digitize and filter the sensor signals, or it will read the signals, or it will read the signals and produce status signals and produce status outputs.outputs.

An example of a sensor An example of a sensor monitoring processor is the monitoring processor is the processor inside an antilock processor inside an antilock brake system: This processor brake system: This processor reads the brake sensor to reads the brake sensor to determine when the brakes determine when the brakes have locked up, and then have locked up, and then outputs a control signal to outputs a control signal to activate the rest of the activate the rest of the system.system.

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APPLICATION . . .APPLICATION . . .General Computing:General Computing:

A general purpose A general purpose processor is like the kind processor is like the kind of processor that is of processor that is typically found inside a typically found inside a desktop PC. desktop PC.

Names such as Intel and Names such as Intel and AMD are typically AMD are typically associated with this type associated with this type of processor, and this is of processor, and this is also the kind of also the kind of processor that the public processor that the public is most familiar with.is most familiar with.

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APPLICATIONS . . .APPLICATIONS . . .Graphics:Graphics:

Processing of digital Processing of digital graphics is an area where graphics is an area where specialized processor units specialized processor units are frequently employed. are frequently employed. With the advent of digital With the advent of digital television, graphics television, graphics processors are becoming processors are becoming more common. more common.

Graphics processors need Graphics processors need to be able to perform to be able to perform multiple simultaneous multiple simultaneous operations. operations.

In digital video, for In digital video, for instance, a million pixels or instance, a million pixels or more will need to be more will need to be processed for every single processed for every single frame, and a particular frame, and a particular signal may have 60 frames signal may have 60 frames per second.per second.

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APPLICATIONS . . .APPLICATIONS . . . Process Control:Process Control:

One of the application areas One of the application areas of MP is process control. In a of MP is process control. In a typical process control typical process control application, the MP application, the MP continuously monitors one or continuously monitors one or more process variables and more process variables and generates outputs to electro-generates outputs to electro-mechanical elements. mechanical elements.

For example in temperature For example in temperature monitoring systems, one of monitoring systems, one of the process variable is the process variable is “temperature” which will be “temperature” which will be monitored and displayed monitored and displayed continuously. continuously.

The systems has facility to The systems has facility to input lower and upper limits input lower and upper limits of temperature being of temperature being monitored. If at any moment monitored. If at any moment these limits are violated, these limits are violated, alarms must be set.alarms must be set.

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APPLICATIONS . . . (Process APPLICATIONS . . . (Process control)control)

End of Session No.1End of Session No.1

Objective TestObjective Test