micromastery in measuring for quality improvement · micromastery in measuring for quality...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Micromastery in Measuring for Quality Improvement · Micromastery in Measuring for Quality Improvement Johan Thor, MD, MPH, PhD Associate Professor E-mail: johan.thor@ju.se Workshop](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138a7870ad5d206764963c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Micromastery in Measuring for Quality Improvement
Johan Thor, Brant Oliver, Christian von Plessen
Workshop at the 15th Clinical Microsystem FestivalQulturum, Jönköping
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8249145132412453214123141148343419513473473712348129293943488513534312431421434345124394314815314314915325143149531413526235623562380232423999921341113437241241
When numberstalk
Christian von Plessen
Centre for Quality
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8249145132412453214123141148343419513473473712348129293943488513534312431421434345124394314815314314915325143149531413526235623562380232423999921341113437241241
When numberstalk
Christian von Plessen
Centre for Quality
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”You cannot fatten a cow by weighing it.”
Fra Skotland
”How much by when?”
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Talk with your neighbor
• What is the difference between a change and an improvement?
• How would you know?
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• Micro
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Measure and score vital signs
Stabilize criticaldeterioration
Treat cardiacarrest
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100
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Uge 2013
% patients with adequate reaction on EWS
Median
1
2
3
4
4
Week 35: Chargenurse on
Week 18: audit performed, charge nurse on holiday
5
6
Source: Gitte Madsen, North Zealand Hospital
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Uge 2013
% patients with adequate reaction on EWS
Median
1
2
3
4
4
Week 35: Chargenurse on
Week 18: audit performed, charge nurse on holiday
5
6
Until week 18: audti performed by quality coordinator
1: Principles of EWS reviewed in team meeting, EWS on white board for all patients
2: Charge nurse AND quality coordinator audit weekly and review a case in team meeting
3: Charge nurse AND quality coordinator audit weekly and review currently admitted cases in team huddles
4: Holiday week 25: EWS reveiwed: common language, for nurses and doctors
5: Comments from staff: ’Now I see the meaning of the EWS as a common language, earlier it felt like double
documentation.”
6: Repeated review of EWS
Source: Gitte Madsen, North Zealand Hospital
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11
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12
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Opdatering af teamseddel Patienttelegram
Opdatering af tavlen, mødeleder
Daglig registrering
Dato: Registreret af:
Antal i alt i 0633 i
dag
Antal med
relevant og
aktuel indikation
i dag
Antal fjernede
inden < 72 timer i
dag
Antal ptt. med
risiko for tryksår
i 0633
Antal ptt. med
risiko for tryksår
revurderet i dag
PVK
KAD
CVK
Tryksår
Sæt en streg "I" per "slange" eller "0" hvis der er ingen! Eksempel: = 5 "slanger"
Daglig sikkerhedsscreening Lungemedicinsk afsnit 0633
Gry10.1.2011
Opdatering sikkerhedsdata
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CPLE & IU, Hillerød hospital
Learning steps clinical team
Nefro
CVK, KAD
Neuro
MED AFST,
TS, PVK
KIR DAG
KIR
Meet
Nefro
CVK, KAD
Neuro
MED AFST,
TS, PVK
KIR DAG
KIRMeasure
Nefro
CVK, KAD
Neuro
MED AFST,
TS, PVK
KIR DAG
KIRiMprOVE
©C. Plessen, HIH 2011
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1-1
-00
1-2
-00
1-3
-00
1-4
-00
1-5
-00
1-6
-00
1-7
-00
1-8
-00
1-9
-00
1-1
0-0
0
1-1
1-0
0
1-1
2-0
0
1-1
3-0
0
1-1
4-0
0
1-1
5-0
0
1-1
6-0
0
1-1
7-0
0
1-1
8-0
0
1-1
9-0
0
1-2
0-0
0
1-2
1-0
0
1-2
2-0
0
1-2
3-0
0
1-2
4-0
0
1-2
5-0
0
1-2
6-0
0
1-2
7-0
0
1-2
8-0
0
Pressure ulccer number
Dag
e m
ell
em
try
ksår
1 2814
Start
prototyping
14. november 2013
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1-1
-00
1-2
-00
1-3
-00
1-4
-00
1-5
-00
1-6
-00
1-7
-00
1-8
-00
1-9
-00
1-1
0-0
0
1-1
1-0
0
1-1
2-0
0
1-1
3-0
0
1-1
4-0
0
1-1
5-0
0
1-1
6-0
0
1-1
7-0
0
1-1
8-0
0
1-1
9-0
0
1-2
0-0
0
1-2
1-0
0
1-2
2-0
0
1-2
3-0
0
1-2
4-0
0
1-2
5-0
0
1-2
6-0
0
1-2
7-0
0
1-2
8-0
0
Pressure ulccer number
Dag
e m
ell
em
try
ksår
1 2814
Start
prototyping
Compliance with pressure ulcer bundle
14. november 2013
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1-1
-00
1-2
-00
1-3
-00
1-4
-00
1-5
-00
1-6
-00
1-7
-00
1-8
-00
1-9
-00
1-1
0-0
0
1-1
1-0
0
1-1
2-0
0
1-1
3-0
0
1-1
4-0
0
1-1
5-0
0
1-1
6-0
0
1-1
7-0
0
1-1
8-0
0
1-1
9-0
0
1-2
0-0
0
1-2
1-0
0
1-2
2-0
0
1-2
3-0
0
1-2
4-0
0
1-2
5-0
0
1-2
6-0
0
1-2
7-0
0
1-2
8-0
0
Pressure ulccer number
Dag
e m
ell
em
try
ksår
1 2814
Start
prototyping
Compliance with pressure ulcer bundle
’Har ikke set efter’
’...og så skjær der noget nyt’
P
DS
A
Hvordan ved vi, at en for-
andring er en forbedring?
Hvad ønsker vi at opnå?
Hvilke forandringer iværk-
sættes for at skabe forbedringer?
14. november 2013
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Ferretrykksår
Screening
Secondary driver
Secondary driver
Mobilisering
Secondary driver
Secondary driver
Secondary driver
Ernering
Secondary driver
Secondary driver
Hudpleie Secondary driver
Change idea
AIM PRIMARY
DRIVERS
SECONDARY
DRIVERS
CHANGE IDEAS
Change idea
Change idea
Change idea
Change idea
Change idea
Change idea
Change idea
GSQIA009a Issue 1
19/10/15
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Under 5% av alle
infektioner
?
Under 10 %
100 dager mellom
alvorlig sepsis
Makro
Geopolitisk
Meso
Micro
Færre
sygehusinfektioner
Bedre kvalitet og
pasientsikkerhet
Færre kirurgiske
infektioner
Ferre sepsis etter
abdominalkirurgi
Mål MålingerSystemniveau
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Figure 1 Monthly counts of unwanted events. Horizontal line:
upper acceptance limit. Red bars: unacceptable values. Greenbars: acceptable values.
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Anhøj J, Hellesøe A-MB. BMJ
Qual Saf 2016;0:1–4. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004951
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Based on: Browning LD: Lists and Stories as OrganizationaI CommunicationCommunication Theory, Volume 2, Issue 4: 281–302, November 1992
1. Tidlig oppsporing av ustabil sykdom
2. Sepsis pakke3. Regional
antibiotikaveiledning4. …
List Story
Sepsis mortality110% of benchmark
Numbers
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Bruk av målinger i kvalitetsudvikling
• Eksempel og læring fra en sengepost
• Eksempel og læring fra en helseregion
• Checkliste bruk af målinger i kvalitetsutvikling
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Checkliste for bruk av målinger
Forbedringer skapes ”ved sengen”
Data blir først til nyttig viten når fagfolk bruker dem
Målinger gir mening når sammenhengen mellom prosess og resultat er kjent
Variasjon i målinger på meso- og makrosystemniveau brukes til læring/koordinering
Mål og målinger må spille sammen på tværs av systemniveauer
Kvalitetsmålinger analyseres med statistisk proceskontrol
Målinger avspeiler en (liten) del av virkeligheten
…
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CPLE & IU, Hillerød hospital
Learning steps clinical/regional teams
Nefro
CVK, KAD
Neuro
MED AFST,
TS, PVK
KIR DAG
KIR
Meet
Nefro
CVK, KAD
Neuro
MED AFST,
TS, PVK
KIR DAG
KIRMeasure
Nefro
CVK, KAD
Neuro
MED AFST,
TS, PVK
KIR DAG
KIRiMprOVE
©C. Plessen, HIH 2011
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Risikoer ved datadrevet ledelse (Berlinske Business 3.3.13)
1. Ledere/organisationen ikke parat til å handle på data
2. Organisasjonen drukkner i data
3. Overdrevet fokus på nye målinger/glemmer eksisterende viten i organisasjonen
4. Arbeider bare med det som kan måles
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Et par anbefalinger fra E. Schein:
• Careful with aims!
• Hire people that have faith in people
• Consider structures, processes AND Relationships
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18 cm2
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18.000 cm2
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Micromastery in Measuring for Quality Improvement
Johan Thor, MD, MPH, PhDAssociate Professor
E-mail: [email protected]
Workshop at the 15th Clinical Microsystem FestivalQulturum, Jönköping
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The Centrality of Measurement
“Reliable measurement [of quality indicators] is important for the ability to conduct, and evaluate, improvement efforts.”
Thor J. Getting Going on Getting Better: How is Systematic Quality Improvement Established in a Healthcare Organization? Implications for Change Management Theory and Practice. [PhD-thesis] Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2007, p. 25. Available electronically at: http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-274-3/
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Quality measurement is
central to improvement.
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Data to Support ImprovementPatterns that can guide improvement efforts are best revealed by plotting data over time
Levett JM, Carey RG. Measuring for improvement: from Toyota to thoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 Aug;68(2):353-8.
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Structure
Process
Outcome
Buildings, equipment,
human resources
Outcomes of health and
care services
Activities; what we do in health
and care
Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. 1966. Milbank Q. 2005;83(4):691-729.
Three Dimensions of Quality
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Structure
Process
Outcome
Availability of photographic
eye examination
Maintained eye sight;
incidence of retinopathy
Regular eye examination;
laser treatment
when needed
Example: Diabetes Care
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Measurement and Improvement
• Not all purposes with quality measurement can be satisfied with the same measurements – some purposes are incompatible and need to be addressed separately
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Counterproductive mixing
”We are increasingly realizing not only how critical measurement is to the quality improvement we seek but also
how counter-productive it can be to mix measurement for accountability or research with measurement for
improvement.”
Solberg LI, Mosser G, McDonald S. The three faces of performance measurement: improvement, accountability, and research. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1997 Mar;23(3):135-47.
Improvement
Research Accountability
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Registries Contain Data On:
• Patient demographics
• Provider organization characteristics
• The Structure of care
• The Process of care (including patient-reported experience measures)
• The Outcomes of care (including patient-reported outcome measures)
Jacobsson Ekman G, Lindahl B, Nordin A, (Eds). National quality registries in Swedish health care. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet University Press; 2016. http://kvalitetsregister.se/englishpages/orderthebook.2429.html
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What is a Quality Registry, Really?
A data base? A network, or Community of Practice, with dedicated and knowledgeable stakeholders?
Eventually, when Information Systems have reached sufficient functionality, the
registry/data base will be less central – it is the networks of dedicated and knowledgeable stakeholders that are needed to measure, analyze and improve healthcare quality!
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Variation in Health Care
• Variation can signal that care is not consistently in line with the
best available evidence
• Variation can also indicate success in improving care by
changing work practices
• Misinterpretation of variation can cause worse quality and
higher cost
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Walter Shewhart
• Shewhart’s data presentation rules:
– Data have no meaning apart from their context.
– Data contain both signal and noise. To be able to extract information, one must separate the signal from the noise within the data.
Walter Shewhart1891-1967
1. Best M, Neuhauser D. Walter A Shewhart, 1924, and the Hawthorne factory. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15(2):142-3.
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart, accessed 2014-09-01.
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“What is variation in a system over time?”Walter A. Shewhart – 1920s, Bell Laboratories
time
Upper limit
Every process exhibits variation:
• Random cause variation
• Special cause variation
Lower limit
Static
Sta
tic
Dynamic
Source: Peter Kammerlind, Qulturum
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Registries and Healthcare Improvement
The Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register: http://www.shpr.se/sv/Default.aspx
1. Clinical epidemiology: National Quality Registries yield new knowledge regarding healthcare methods and health outcomes which can guide changes in clinical practice.
2. Public reporting of providers’ adherence to guidelines and of their patients’ outcomes. Providers can compare themselves with each other, find guidance on how to increase adherence and evaluate improvement efforts. Patients and other stakeholders can also compare providers and take action accordingly.
3. Clinicians and patients use NQR-related data collaboratively to guide the design of care plans for individual patients.
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1. Clinical epidemiology: National Quality Registers yield new knowledge regarding healthcare methods and health outcomes which can guide changes in clinical practice.
2. Public reporting of providers’ adherence to guidelines and of their patients’ outcomes. Providers can compare themselves with each other, find guidance on how to increase adherence and evaluate improvement efforts. Patients and other stakeholders can also compare providers and take action accordingly.
3. Clinicians and patients use NQR-related data collaboratively to guide the design of care plans for individual patients.
Registries and Healthcare Improvement
Source: http://www.ucr.uu.se/swedeheart/
Association between adherence to evidence-based guidelines and patient outcomes. One-
year mortality 1996: 21,0 %; 2007: 13,3 %. Public reporting prompted faster gains.
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1. Clinical epidemiology: National Quality Registers yield new knowledge regarding healthcare methods and health outcomes which can guide changes in clinical practice.
2. Public reporting of providers’ adherence to guidelines and of their patients’ outcomes. Providers can compare themselves with each other, find guidance on how to increase adherence and evaluate improvement efforts. Patients and other stakeholders can also compare providers and take action accordingly.
3. Clinicians and patients use NQR-related data collaboratively to guide the design of care plans for individual patients.
Registries and Healthcare Improvement
With POR (the Patient’s Own Registration), patients can record their
own condition and monitor its progress and the effects of different
treatments. This disease overview is used with the patient’s clinician
to identify the best possible treatment. Together, we create better
health for each patient. The Swedish Rheumatology Quality Registry:
http://srq.nu/
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Registries and Healthcare Improvement
1. Clinical epidemiology: National Quality Registers yield new knowledge regarding healthcare methods and health outcomes which can guide changes in clinical practice.
2. Public reporting of providers’ adherence to guidelines and of their patients’ outcomes. Providers can compare themselves with each other, find guidance on how to increase adherence and evaluate improvement efforts. Patients and other stakeholders can also compare providers and take action accordingly.
3. Clinicians and patients use NQR-related data collaboratively to guide the design of care plans for individual patients.
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Case: Cardiac Care
• Work with a cardiology team, led by Karl Landergren, MD, from the Kalmar County Council i south east Sweden
• Set in a leadership development program concerning Value-Based Healthcare
• Drawing on the SWEDEHEART registry for cardiac care
• SPC analysis by Mark Splaine, MD, MS
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Swedish Web-system for
Enhancement and
Development of Evidence-
based care in Heart disease
Evaluated According to
Recommended Therapies
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30-day mortality for MI patients age < 80,
per county of patient according to
population register, 2012–2013.
SWEDEHEART Annual Report 2013, Issued 2014, RIKS-HIA Figure 56, p.36 and Figure 61, p.39
The top funnel plot shows mortality in each unit
without taking casemix into account. The bottom
funnel plot indicates the difference between
observed mortality and predicted mortality
according to the patient’s background factors.
Data at Different Levels(For Same Measure)
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The SWEDEHEART
Quality Index
SWEDEHEART Annual Report 2013, Issued 2014, Table 1, p.13
When asked ”How does your service
perform and how do your patients
fare?” Dr. Landergren pointed to the
SWEDEHEART Quality Index.
The index includes 11 evidence-based
actions known to influence patient outcomes
where there is significant variation across
the country. Each center is assessed for
performance on these 11 actions.
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Quality index in 2012 per hospital(with > 10 patients in each target group)
Quality index in 2013 per hospital(with > 10 patients in each target group)
SWEDEHEART Annual Report 2013, Issued 2014, Figures 2 & 3, p.12; Annual Report 2014
Median
5.0
Median
5.5
Quality index in 2014 per hospital(with > 10 patients in each target group)
Median
6.0
OK; so you perform
comparatively well but
could still improve. How?
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A lot of data....but hard to find the
useful information in this format
How do I find and convey the important information
in this ”ocean” of data?
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Kalmar: Time from ECG to PCI
Goal Achieved (74/115) = 64%
Average time is 269 minutes; three patients had significantly long times (>1013 minutes).
Goal Achieved (61/75) = 81%
Average time is 70 minutes; two patients had significantly long times (>183 minutes). 69
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Västervik: Time from ECG to PCI
Goal Achieved (9/32) = 28%
Average time is 216 minutes; two patients had significantly long times (>796 minutes).Average time is 126 minutes; one patient had a significantly long time (>321 minutes). 70
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How should clinicians and managers go from this…
…and this… …to this?
ww
w.ih
i.org
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Reflections
• NQRs can be used to guide and evaluate local clinical improvement efforts
• Access to data on its own does not automatically lead to healthcare improvement
• NQR data are limited – e.g. some data are only collected once a year – and may need to be complemented by temporary, local measurement
• Improvement efforts require access to current data; sometimes it takes time before data become available locally
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Perceived benefit
Perceived burden>
The perceived benefit of quality measurement must outweigh the
perceived burden
• Data extraction from the health record
• Duplicate data entry• Paper questionnaires• Multiple log-ins• Data feedback delays• Inaccessible data that are
hard to interpret
• Better health and care• Support for learning and
improvement• Professional development• Ability to compare
performance• Valid measures
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Literature
• Jacobsson Ekman G, Lindahl B, Nordin A, (Eds). National quality registries in Swedish health care. Stockholm: Karolinska
Institutet University Press; 2016.
• Stenestrand U, Lindback J, Wallentin L. Hospital therapy traditions influence long-term survival in patients with acute
myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2005;149(1):82-90.
• Jernberg T, Johanson P, Held C, Svennblad B, Lindback J, Wallentin L, et al. Association between adoption of evidence-based
treatment and survival for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Jama. 2011;305(16):1677-84.
• Peterson A. Learning and understanding for quality improvement under different conditions: An analysis of quality registry-
based collaboratives in acute and chronic care. [PhD thesis]Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare;
2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-28322
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Literature
• Berwick DM. A primer on leading the improvement of systems. BMJ. 1996 Mar 9;312(7031):619-22.
• Batalden PB, Davidoff F. What is ‘‘quality improvement’’ and how can it transform healthcare? Quality and Safety in Health Care. 2007; 16:2-3.
• Langley GJ, et al. The Improvement Guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance. 2nd edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2009.
• Provost LP, Murray SK. The health care data guide : learning from data for improvement. 1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2011.
• Batalden PB, Foster T. Sustainably improving health care: creatively linking care outcomes, system performance, and professional development. London: Radcliff; 2012.
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Literature
• Thor J. Getting going on getting better: How is systematic quality improvement established in a healthcare organization? Implications for change management theory and practice. [Dissertation, 2007] Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet.Available electronically at: http://hdl.handle.net/10616/39155
• Thor J, Lundberg J, Ask J, et al. Application of statistical process control in healthcare improvement: systematic review. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007;16:387-99.
• Larsson S, Lawyer P, Garellick G, Lindahl B, Lundstrom M. Use of 13 disease registries in 5 countries demonstrates the potential to use outcome data to improve health care's value. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(1):220-7.
• Hvitfeldt H, Carli C, Nelson EC, Mortenson DM, Ruppert BA, Lindblad S. Feed forward systems for patient participation and provider support: adoption results from the original US context to Sweden and beyond. Qual Manag Health Care. 2009;18(4):247-56.
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National
Government
Laws and
regulation;
licensure of health
professionals;
national guidelines;
oversight; Health
Technology
Assessment
County Councils & Regions
Responsible for most healthcare, provided
either directly or via private contractors.
Municipalities
Social services,
some home
healthcare, elder
care, community
psychiatry
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In 2016: 96 National Quality Registries (NQRs); 12 NQR candidates; all initiated and led by healthcare professionals
NQRs cover many areas of healthcare, from common to rare conditions, from nursing and primary to tertiary care.
Examples: Stroke; Ischemic heart disease; Heart failure; most forms of cancer; Bipolar disorder; Eating disorders; End-of-life care; Neurology with MS, Parkinson’s etc; Dementia care; HIV-AIDS; Diabetes Mellitus; Orthopedics; Pediatric care; Renal failure.
National Quality Registries
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Financing and Governance
The Ministry of Health and Welfare (70 %); the Swedish
Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) (30 %)
Each NQR is governed by a multiprofessional group
of national experts, and often patients
The more mature the NQR, the greater the
expectations on it and the potential funding
Funding is provided according to specified
criteria; 400 000 –7 100 000
annually/registry
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Quality improvement is “the combined and unceasing efforts of everyone —healthcare professionals, patients and their families, researchers, payers, planners and educators — to make the changes that will lead to better patient outcomes (health), better system performance (care) and better professional development”. Batalden PB, Davidoff F. What is ‘‘quality improvement’’ and how can it transform healthcare? Quality and Safety in Health Care. 2007; 16:2-3.
Better
health
Better
care
Better professional
development,
learning, joy in work
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Observations in chronological order
(1 n)
Measured
value
(“x”)
Central measure
(average)
Anatomy of a Control Chart
Calculated*
control limits
* Control limits are placed at 3 sigma from the central measure (corresponds to
3 standard deviations)
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Some rules for analyzing control charts
• Any point outside of the limits
• 8 points on same side of average line
– Often called a shift
• 6 consecutive increases or decreases
(7 points) without going the other way
– Often called a trend
Detecting special cause variation
Figure by Mark Splaine, MD, MS
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A Model for Improvement
1. What are we trying to accomplish? (Aim)
2. How will we know if a change is an improvement? (Measurement)
3. What changes can we make that will result in improvement? (Change)
Plan-Do-Study-Act
Langley GJ, et al. The Improvement Guide: a Practical Approach to Enhancing Organizational Performance. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2009.
P
S D
A
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Actions When You Understand Variation
Meaning ActionProcess result
Process
with only
common
cause
variation
Predictable
Not satisfied with
average: redesign process to
get a better result
Reduce variation: make the
process even more predictable
or reliable
Process
with special
cause
variation
Unpredictable
Identify the cause:If positive, then can it be
replicated or standardized.
If negative, then cause needs
to be eliminated.
Target the special causes - to
get the process predictable
Figure by Mark Splaine, MD, MS
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Case: Pediatric Diabetes
https://swediabkids.ndr.nu/ShowPDF.aspx?Document=NDR-Child/AnnualReport-2014.pdf
Average HbA1c, by
Department
50 60
Average HbA1c by age
2012-2014
50
60
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Breakthrough Collaboratives
Peterson A, Hanberger L, Åkesson K, et al. Improved results in paediatric diabetes care using a quality registry in an improvement collaborative: a case study in Sweden. PloS one. 2014;9:e97875.
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Nation: 64 mmol/mol
Nation: 58 mmol/mol
Mean-HbA1c mmol/mol, 2016
Three Breakthrough Collaboratives with Swediabkids 2011-2016
All centers participated in a collaborative – all improved average HbA1c.
Anette Peterson, RN, PhD
Samuelsson U, Akesson K, Peterson A, Hanas R, Hanberger L. Continued improvement of metabolic control in Swedish pediatric diabetes care. Pediatric diabetes. 2016: 1–8.
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Swedish Healthcare
2 § The goal for the healthcare system is good health and care on equal terms for the entire population. given with respect for the equal worth and dignity of The person with the greatest need for healthcare priority.
The Swedish Healthcare Act (1982:763)
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Powerful New Idea
N Engl J Med 2013.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1308789
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Registry-Based Randomized Clinical Trials
”By including a randomization module in a large inclusive clinical
registry with unselected consecutive enrolment, the advantages
of a prospective randomized trial can be combined with the
strengths of a large-scale all-comers clinical registry. We believe
that prospective registry-based randomized clinical trials are a
powerful tool for conducting studies efficiently and cost-
effectively.”James, S. et al. Registry-based randomized clinical trials—a new clinical trial paradigm. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 12,
312–316 (2015)
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14. november 2013
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Etter: Ackoff
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Data
Connectedness
Understanding
Human interaction/intervention
14. november 2013