microbial ecology - uni oldenburgsewage treatment sewage is polluted with different compounds that...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1!
www.icbm.de/pmbio
Microbial Ecology
Anthropogenic habitats
Anthropogenic habitats
Sewage and drinking water Waste water treatment and water purification
Crude oil deposit Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons
Ore deposit Microbial leaching of metals
![Page 2: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2!
Hygienic und safe water supply is the essential requirement for healthy human civilization and
prevention of epidemic!
Average water consumption per person and day (Germany): 150-200 l drinking water
Main source for drinking water: Groundwater (well or springs) Surface water (dam like water reservoirs or lakes)
Drinking water must be free of all kinds of germs!
Regulated by EU-guidelines and by the national drinking water regulation
Controlled and analyzed by independent institutions
Next to microbial analysis, physical and chemical regulations
Water hardness: depend on amount of calcium- und magnesium compounds (earthy alkali compounds)
Drinking water should be 5-25˚dH (1 ˚dH = 10 mg/l CaO)
![Page 3: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3!
Coliforms as indicator organisms
Detection of coliforms indicate pollution of faeces
Phylogenetic group of Gram-negative, facultative aerobic, non-sporeforming rods
Coliforms include typical microbes of the intestinal tract: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
Coliforms in drinking water behave like many pathogenic microorganisms
Coliform colonies growing on a membrane filter
![Page 4: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4!
Water purification plant
Effect of water purification on the incidence of waterborn diseases in Philadelphia
![Page 5: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5!
Vibrio cholerae (Gram negative gamma-proteobacterium)
Discovered by John Snow (1854)
Occur in many aquatic environments
Cause Cholera disease! (Lost of water and electrolytes, dehydration)
Transmitted by drinking water
Bacteriophages encode the cholera toxin
![Page 6: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6!
![Page 7: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7!
Distribution of Cholera disease (2004)
Sewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system
Microorganisms in sewage: 106-108 Bacteria per ml (ca. 10 Pathogenes per ml) 103-105 fungi (yeast) per ml
Composition of organic compounds: 50% carbohydrates, 40% proteins und urea, 10% fatty acids
Main problem: urea and phosphates
![Page 8: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8!
Sewage treatment
Goals: Elimination of pathogens
Mineralization of organic substances
Removing of N and P (limiting nutrients for primary producers)
Application of chemical, physical and microbiological methods
Principle waste water treatment processes
![Page 9: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9!
Primary treatment
Flow-diagram of waste water processes with primary treatment
![Page 10: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10!
Discontinuous activated sludge treatment (batch-mode)
Anoxic secondary waste water treatment
![Page 11: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11!
Anaerobic, biological level - digestion tower
![Page 12: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12!
Continuous activated sludge method (flow-mode)
Komplexe Polymere (Polysaccharide, Lipide, Proteine)
Monomere (Zucker, Fettsäuren, Aminosäuren
Kurze Fettsäuren + Alkohole (Lactat, Butyrat, Propionat, Ethanol)
H2 + CO2 Formiat
Acetat
Hydrolyse
Fermentation
CO2 + Methan CO2 + Sulfid
Anaerobe Abbau von organischem Material
Sulfatreduzierer (Desulfo-) Methanogene (Methano-)
![Page 13: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13!
Nitrification: Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
Performed by two physiological microorganism clades
1.! Ammonia-oxidisers (Nitroso-) z.B. Nitrosomonas europaea
2 NH3 + 3 O2 ! 2 NO2- + 2 H2O + 2 H+
2. Nitrite-oxidiser (Nitro-) z.B. Nitrobacter winogradskyi
2 NO2- + O2 ! 2 NO3
-
![Page 14: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14!
NO3-
NO2-
NH4+
N2
NO
N2O
Nitrate reducers
Nitrate reduction
Denitr
ification
Nitrite ammonification
Denitrification - Reduction of nitrate to nitrogen
Anaerobic respiration with inorganic nitrate as electron acceptor
Formation of gaseous compounds nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) und nitrogen (N2)
Results in a loss of nitrogen in the environment (agriculture - wastewater treatment)
Initial step is catalyzed by the nitrate reductase
Many facultative anaerobic prokaryotes are denitrifiers
![Page 15: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15!
Physiology and Diversity of Prokaryotes WS 2006/2007 (www.icbm.de/pmbio/)
Nitrate (NO3-)
Nitrogen (N2)
+ V
0
Oxidation state
Reduction
5 electrons (e-)
Nitrite (+III)
Nitric oxide (+II)
Nitrous oxide (av. +I)
2NO3- + 10e- + 12H+ ! N2 +
6H2O
Denitrification
Elimination of nitrogen
Urea
![Page 16: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16!
Urea
Denitrification Nitrate -> N2
5<CH2O> + 4NO3- + 4H+ -> 5CO2 + 7H2O + N2
Nitrification Ammonia -> Nitrate
Elimination of nitrogen
![Page 17: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17!
Oil
Complex mixture of lipophilic compounds embedded in the Earth crust
Consist of up to 600 different compounds (86% hydrocarbons)
Most important energy resource and precursor for chemical industry
Formed by biological processes over geological time periods (diagenesis)
![Page 18: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18!
Crude oil degrading microbes
Aerobic degradation: catalysed by oxygenases (fungi, Pseudomonas)
Anaerobic degradation : Fumarate addition (Sulfate- and nitrate-reducers)
Bacteria in the oil/water-interface
![Page 19: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19!
Biodegradation of herbicide
![Page 20: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20!
Microbial processes in industrial and environment remediation
Terrestric Composting Land fill Remediation of polluted soils Microbial leaching
Limnic & marine Sewage treatment Drinking water purification Remediation of pollutions
Metal recovery by
Microbial leaching
Abb.: Spektrum der Wissenschaft; Verständliche Forschung: Industrielle Mikrobiologie, 1987
Coppermine near Salt Lake City
![Page 21: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21!
Microbial leaching
Recovery of metals form low-ore rocks by acid production and
dissolvement of minerals by acidic bacteria
Often applied on copper recovery (content of copper-ore around 1 %
Cu).
Mainly use for sulfidic ores with covellit (CuS), pyrit (FeS2)
In general, sulfide-metals not or hardly soluble
Acidic conditions increase solubility of metals
Release of Cu2+ from ore by
addition of Acidithiobacillus
ferrooxidans (blue) and in in a
sterile control experiment
(red).
Zeit
[Cu2+]
Minerals that react more easily
with air are also better oxidized
by microbes (FeS>CuS>PbS).
Increase of copper dissolving by bacteria
(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)
H2S react spontaneously with oxygen of
the air
Metal-sulfides also react with O2, but
extreme slow.
![Page 22: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22!
Microbial processes during microbial leaching
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidize metals (Cu+, Fe2+) as well as sulfide
Copper leaching 1. Cu2S + O2 CuS + Cu2+
(aq) + H2O
2. CuS + O2 Cu2+ + SO42-
3. CuS + 8 Fe3+ + 4H2O Cu2+ + 8 Fe2+ + SO42- + 8 H+
Fe3+ represents a good oxidant for
sulfide minerals and can be reoxidized
by A.!ferrooxidans.
Abb.:
Spe
ktru
m d
er W
isse
nsch
aft;
In
dus
trie
lle M
ikro
bio
logi
e, 1
98
7
A. thiooxidans on S0
(15 000 times) Other application: Recovery of gold and uranium
![Page 23: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23!
![Page 24: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24!
![Page 25: Microbial Ecology - Uni OldenburgSewage treatment Sewage is polluted with different compounds that are not allowed to discharge into natural water system Microorganisms in sewage:](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042021/5e78604539b6de31ac3ced81/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25!