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1 Microalgues : fondamentaux et applications
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Procaryotes ou Eucaryotes qui réalisent la photosynthèse
Organismes microscopiques (<1 µm à > 50 µm)
Ubiquistes des environnements aquatiques marins et d’eaux douces mais aussi terrestres et
atmosphériques (ainsi que des environnements extrêmes : pH, salinité, température, UV…)
Diversité estimée de 400 000 a plusieurs millions d’espèces
Diversité de morphologie et de taille
Croissance plus rapide que la plupart des plantes supérieures (40 à 70 t MS/ha/an)
Evolution : activités métaboliques similaires aux plantes supérieures
Composition et structure variable en fonction des espèces et des conditions de culture
Métabolisme autotrophe, hétérotrophe et mixotrophe
Définitions
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Microalgues
Qu’est-ce qu’une microalgue ?
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Algal Phylogeny and the Origin of Land Plants. Plant Physiol. (1998).
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Symbiodinium
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Alexandrium et toxines psp
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Oophila amblystomatis
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Habitats aux conditions extrêmes : psychrophile
Chlamydomonas nivalis « algue des neiges » : Alpes, Arctique… >370 espèces Synthèse d‘asthaxantine : accumulation chaleur, protection UV
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Synechococcus lividus (Proc) (60- 80 °C)
Habitats aux conditions extrêmes : thermophile
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► pH acides
pH =0,5 Cyanidium caldarium (optimum pH 2-3)
pH ~0 Dunaliella acidophila (optimum pH 1)
(Rothschild & Mancinelli, 2001)
Habitats aux conditions extrêmes : pH
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► pH alcalins 9-11
► Arthrospira maxima (Spiruline pH 9 – 10,5 )
Habitats aux conditions extrêmes
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Habitats aux conditions extrêmes : salinité
► Microalgue halophile
►Dunaliella salina (200g/L) + résistance aux UV
► B-carotène et glycérol
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Emiliania huxleyi
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© Stoney Lonesome Photos
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Production : procédés
Ouverts : étangs, bassins… • Productivité : 70 T.ha.an
– Faible coût – Dimensionnement « aisé » – Bas coûts énergétiques
– Sensibles a la contamination :
• pas de monoculture sauf conditions extrêmes
– Affectés par la prédation – Mauvaise gestion de la lumière :
Faible efficacité photosynthétique ~5%
– Productivité peu élevée, faible densité de cellules • Impact sur les coûts de récolte
– Apport continu en eau nécessaire
Système le plus utilisé
• Applications : - Production de biomasse
- Traitement des eaux
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Fermés : photo-bioréacteurs • Productivité : / 70 T. ha-2 d-1
− Coût élevé (investissement initial) − Dimensionnement délicat − Besoins énergétiques importants − Formation de biofilms problématique
− « Résistance élevée » a la contamination − Bonne efficacité photosynthétique ~10 % − Biomasse plus élevée (jusqu’à 10 g/l) − Meilleure productivité
Applications : - Productions de molécules à haute valeur ajoutée - R&D
Production : procédés
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Applications
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Applications
Biocarburants… le nouvel eldorado ?
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Web of Science : « biofuel microalgae »
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Web of Science : « wastewater microalgae »
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Volta discovering the « marsh gas » in 1776…
Combined gas/liquid/solid treatment with bioenergy
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Production of biomass
Fixation of CO2
Synergy between algae and bacteria
Anaerobic Digestion
A large part of nitrogen and phosphorus is recycled through the « microbial loop »
When looking at Nature
CO2 CH4
CO2
O2
O2
+ CO2
N, P
Minéralisation
Hydrolyse/AcidogeneseMéthanisation
Microalgues
Bacteries aerobies
Bacteries anaerobies
CO2
O2
Sédimentation
CO2
Corg
CO2 CH4
CO2
O2
O2
+ CO2
N, P
Minéralisation
Hydrolyse/AcidogeneseMéthanisation
Microalgues
Bacteries aerobies
Bacteries anaerobies
CO2
O2
Sédimentation
CO2
Corg
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Microalgae
culture
Anaerobic
Digestion
nutrients biomass biogas
CH4
CO2
Organic matter
Wastewater
CO2 CH4
CO2
O2
O2
+ CO2
N, P
Minéralisation
Hydrolyse/AcidogeneseMéthanisation
Microalgues
Bacteries aerobies
Bacteries anaerobies
CO2
O2
Sédimentation
CO2
Corg
CO2 CH4
CO2
O2
O2
+ CO2
N, P
Minéralisation
Hydrolyse/AcidogeneseMéthanisation
Microalgues
Bacteries aerobies
Bacteries anaerobies
CO2
O2
Sédimentation
CO2
Corg
Inspired from Nature, gas/liquid/solid treatment + bioenergy production !
When looking at Nature
Fertilizer
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From Goeluke & Oswald (1959)
Microalgae in Environmental biorefineries : an old story
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100%
Combustion
Heat
Electricity
Emissions
Input
Fertilizer
Infrastructure
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25%
50%
75%
100%
Combustion
Transformation
Dewatering
Culture
Fertilizer
Need to improve the electricity consumption and/or origin
Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign
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Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgae
Microalgae features Impact on Anaerobic Digestion
Single/grouped cell or organic residue Specific surface for hydrolysis
High protein content Low C/N -> NH3 . toxicity on acetoclastic methanogens
Thick/hard cell wall for some species Low biodegradability; intracellular content access limited.
Presence of sodium for marine species Toxicity for acetoclastic methanogen
Effect of growth conditions on biochemical composition Increase of biogas yield
Concentration depends on harvesting process Organic loading rate
Silica structure for diatoms Potentially siloxans in biogas Biogas quality and post-processing
Sulfate in seawater Competition between SRB and methanogens H2S toxicity
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Pretreatment of Microalgae
T0 T30 min T60 min T180 min
Solubilisation Exopolymers and intracellular content
Coagulation Raw biomass
22 % 48 % Anaerobic biodegradability
► Phytoplanktonic ecosystem dominated by Scenedesmus littoralis
► Sytox Green staining (Entire cells / Disrupted cells )
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Hydrolysis/
Acidogenesis Methanogenesis Culture of
microalgae
CH4
Biogas
Organic
residues
CO2
(Gaseous waste) CO2
Nutrients
Organic acids + nutrients
Algal biomass
Concept of "biologically mediated solar battery"
The Algotron process
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The Algotron process
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The Algotron process
►Ecosystem Dynamic : Molecular Ecology approach
► Diversity : bacterial >> eucaryotic
► Highly dynamic system
Sampling
16S rDNA
18S rDNA
►Scenedesmus ecosystem
► Synthetic medium for growth
► 2.5 months experiments (July-August)
CE-SSCP : 1 color = 1 specie (1 sample every 3 days)
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CE-SSCP
CE-SSCP
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Mixing
Gas injection
Wind Rain Sun (convection)
Scum & Foam
Wave
Meteorological, physical and biological factors of aerosolization, dispersal and deposition
Diversity
Dispersion
Aerosolization
Rain
Wet deposition
Dry deposition
Diversity
Microbial communities from open water spread to the environment through bioaerosols Bioaerosols are sources of contaminations at different spatial scales Processes for intensification of algal ponds culture increase bioaerosol emissions Aerosolization should be taken into account to design and improve pond management
Bioaerosols: in… and out !
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Link between microalgae and bacteria
µmax = 0.25 d-1
µmax
With Dunaliella salina in axenic conditions
Maximum growth rate per day
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Cytophaga-
Flavobacterium-
BacteroidesGram + α Protéobactéries γ Protéobactéries
Halomonas sp.
Marinobacter sp.
Rhodococcus fascians
Thalassococcus sp.
Alteromonas sp.Maribacter sp.
Muricauda sp.
0.09 d-1 µmax 0.48 d-1
-63% +100%
Effect + : 12
Effect neutral : 27
Effect - : 39
Link between microalgae and bacteria
µmax
When adding one by one 78 bacteria living with D. salina in natural environments :
Maximum growth rate per day
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Link between microalgae and bacteria
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Challenges should be tackled on all involved aspects !
Looking for best species Limiting
contaminations Optimization of operating conditions
Best use of light and energy (eg., for mixing)
Optimization of recovery/extraction
Recycling of nutrients Valorization of biomass
A vision of the whole chain
Optimization of energy production
Together with modeling, control, LCA, economic analysis, legislation, social acceptance, landscape impact
To conclude
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My personal view of innovation
© Y
ves
Du
dal
, IN
no
vRA
Imagine and think differently
Dare to go for it
Don’t be affraid to be disappointed