miami lookout tower guide -...

48
MIAMI LOOKOUT OPERATIONAL GUIDE Sierra National Forest Edited by Don Cohn, Retired Battalion Chief of Napa City Fire Barbara Thormann, Miami Lookout Coordinator

Upload: others

Post on 03-Sep-2019

5 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

MIAMI LOOKOUTOPERATIONAL GUIDE

Sierra National Forest

Edited byDon Cohn, Retired Battalion Chief of Napa City Fire

Barbara Thormann, Miami Lookout Coordinator

Page 2: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Table of ContentsMiami Lookout Tower Guide 4

Scanning for Smoke 6

Locating Smoke7

Using the Osborne Firefinder 7

Figure 2. Osborne Firefinder 9

Firefinder Maintenance 10

Estimating the Distance of the Smoke 11

Landmarks 12

Legal and Geographical Location 12

Legal Location 12

Geographical Location 13

Townships and Numbering of Sections within Townships Reference Table 13

Computer-Aided Dispatch 14

Description of Smoke 14

Table I. Color and Source of Smoke 15

Table II. Character of Smoke 15

Calling in the Smoke 16

Informal Call 16

Formal Call 17

Reporting Smoke after you hear a fire has been Dispatched 18

Clear Text 19

International Phonetic Alphabet 20

Smoke Report Worksheet and Script 21

Lightning 23

Lightning Strike Record 24

Lightning Plan 25

Radio Use 25

Handheld Radio 26

Care of Radio 27

Using the Radio 27

Selecting Channel and Tone 28

Safety 29

Storm Safety 29

Evacuation of Tower during Emergency Situation 30

2

Page 3: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

In Case of Wildland Fire on Miami Mountain 30

Essential Equipment and Overnight Kit for Vehicle 31

Security 31

Serving Visitors and Greeting Guest 32

Visitor Register 33

Dealing with Displeased Visitors 33

Communications 34

3

Page 4: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE 08:30 Highway 49 and Miami Mt. Road at the Madera/Mariposa County Line.

08:35 1st. Gate. (Blue Taped Combination Lock), unlock, spin combo back to zeros, make sure to close all the gates behind you. On all combination locks spin the combination back to all zeros after opening. If you put the combination into the wrong lock and it doesn’t open spin the combination back to all zeros. This is important in order to maintain security for the tower and the program.

08:45 2nd. Gate. (Fence Latch) Be sure to close all the gates behind you.

08:50 Miami Tower. (Combination Lock), unlock, spin combo back to zeros, Key box next to door is at the bottom of the tower for storage of USFS key to unlock the upstairs tower door. Climb stairs to catwalk door (combination lock), unlock, spin combo back to zeros. Open catwalk door and hang the open lock behind catwalk door when open. Unlock tower door and open door, enter alarm code to disable alarm (See alarm procedure at end below). Return down to lock box and put key back in and lock box, spin combo back to zeros. Haul personal items up to tower, you can used the basket on the NW corner of the tower for this if you wish. Raise flag, check other reports and papers, start daily radio log, check radio--channel 4, tone 5 (this radio should always be left on and to this channel unless directed otherwise by Sierra).

09:00 Check in with Sierra dispatcher. Make sure that the frequency is clear, then hold radio mic. button in for two seconds and then say "SIERRA-(short pause)-MIAMI IN SERVICE”. That’s it, nothing else. Sierra will acknowledge your call, if not repeat again in a minute or two, they may be busy on another radio. Whenever you use the radio always enter the information on the radio log sheet.

Now comes the tough part. Scan with your eyes 360 degrees at least once every 15 minutes. After a little practice, your eyes will pick up any thing that is unusual, such as smoke. Check it out with the binoculars and if it is the real thing, note degrees and distance from the firefinder, then report it to Sierra Dispatch. "SIERRA-(short pause)-MIAMI SMOKE REPORT”. This will get Sierra’s attention and Sierra will probably come back and say, “MIAMI—SIERRA GO AHEAD WITH YOUR SMOKE REPORT” (Or something to that general nature). You say, “SIERRA—MIAMI--I HAVE A (Describe color) SMOKE AT (Degrees) DEGREES, APPROXIMATELY (Miles) MILES". If the dispatcher needs more information he/she will ask for it. See, "Lookouts Report of Fire" form for more information.

11:00 Morning lookout check in. At about this time each day Sierra will sound a tone followed by “Stand by for morning lookout check in and weather forecast”. Sierra dispatch will usually start with the northern most lookout in service that day and call their names in order north to south. When they say "MIAMI". Key the mike wait 2 seconds for the repeater to come up and say "MIAMI".

If you have to leave the tower for any reason such as you have to go to the toilet, call Dispatch on the radio and say "SIERRA--MIAMI OUT OF SERVICE". When you get back call again and say "SIERRA—MIAMI BACK IN SERVICE". Be sure to enter it in the log.

16:00 Afternoon Check in. At about this time each day Sierra will sound a tone followed by “Stand 4

Page 5: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

by for afternoon lookout check in and etc.” As before in the morning Sierra will call you "MIAMI". Your answer will be the same as in the morning, "MIAMI".

17:30 Start getting ready to go out of services. Take flag down and fold, clean up, sweep floor, close windows, etc.

This action is dependent on whether Sierra requests extended staffing for all Bass Lake Ranger District Detection, Suppression and Prevention Units. Extended staffing occurs when the forest is experiencing/expecting lightning activity or high fire danger is forecast. Sierra will announce to what time staffing is to be extended. If extended staffing is requested you have the option to staff the tower until that but as volunteers you are not obligated to continue staffing the tower if you cannot. Please make sure to go out of service with Sierra if you are not available to continue staffing the tower.

18:00 Going out of service. When ready to go out of service, notify Sierra by radio saying, "SIERRA-(short pause)-MIAMI OUT OF SERVICE". Please take all personal items, uneaten food and garbage with you. REMEMBER WHAT YOU BRING UP, YOU BRING DOWN, THERE IS NO TRASH PICKUP AT THE TOWER. We do not have any garbage service at Miami Tower. LAST BUT MOST IMPORTANT, make sure the USFS key is not in your pocket or the tower and has been returned to the lock box. Close all windows, set alarm, close and lock tower door, then catwalk hatch (combination lock). Be sure to replace key in key box (combination lock) at the bottom of the steps. There is only one key and if it gets lost the program will stop. Driving time to Highway 49 is approx. 20 minutes. Please watch out for cars, bikes and pedestrians, close and lock/latch all gates. That’s it, have an enjoyable evening. Again - On all combination locks spin the combination back to all zeros after opening. If you leave a lock hanging open with the combo set then anyone can see it.

Alarm procedures: The tower has had an alarm system for several years, and it has worked quite well. There are a few things to remember when setting and unsetting the alarm. The system has infrared sensors. They detect movement and body heat.

ARMING: Stand still in front of the keypad. Watch the lights on the pad. The red is always flashing, the green goes on and off with movement detection. Place hand next to keypad in order to minimize movement when setting the alarm. When the green light stays on steady enter the code, when done both lights should be blinking at the same time, this indicates you have 45 seconds to close and lock the building. If the lights are not blinking at the same time it means you didn’t set the alarm because of movement. Wait about 30 to 45 seconds and try again.

DISARMING: When entering the tower you will hear a small buzzer** go off under the catwalk. This will indicate you have 45 seconds to enter the code and disarm the system, both lights should be blinking at the same time, if not the alarm was not set. If you enter the wrong code or it didn’t take, wait 20 to 30 seconds and enter the code again. If for some reason the alarm system goes off you will receive a phone call from the monitoring station to check on your status. They will help you thru any problems with the system. ** This is currently active.

LAST OF ALLWe are all volunteers, not professionals

5

Page 6: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

we do the best job that we can and enjoy it.The Sierra National Forest appreciates all your support and dedication to

assisting us in keeping our mountain communities safe. SCANNING FOR SMOKE

Volunteers should make general observations continuously throughout the day using a systematic, slow scan of the entire seen area, similar to the one shown in Figure 1, at frequent intervals – every 15 minutes or so. Use the following technique:

Do not actually look on any particular point unless attracted by something unusual. Spend more time scanning areas of high risk such as camping areas, communities

and roads or known concentrations of individuals with limited escape routes such as scout camps, but do not overlook or skip areas of low risk or little use.

After a lightning storm, thoroughly scan areas that received strikes.

Figure 1. Systematic method of searching for smoke.

Make intensive observations at 15-minute intervals during your shift in the following manner:

Divide the entire seen area into units or sectors with readily recognized boundaries, such as are shown in Figure 1. Use ridges and drainages as boundary markers or use the firefinder to form sectors of about 45 degrees each. These sectors must be small enough to allow thorough examination with little shifting of the eye.

6

Page 7: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Start the intensive search in the same sector each time and progress in a clockwise direction until all sectors have been examined.

In each sector, start by examining the country nearest the lookout and progress outward to the limits of the observable area.

Make an intensive part-by-part examination of each sector. Focus on those particular points of high hazard, within the sector, which have been determined as areas of heavy use by people.

Depending on size and character of observable areas, an intensive check can be made effectively in 4 to 6 minutes.

Dark glasses may help relieve eyestrain. Polarized glasses make smokes more visible. Binoculars are essential in making the observations. They will help identify small or difficult smokes, false smokes, and legitimate (sanctioned) smokes. However, prolonged use of binoculars may result in eyestrain.

Constant practice enables a volunteer to make these general and intensive observations while performing housekeeping duties, checking on an on-going fire, or interacting with visitors.

LOCATING SMOKE

Two pieces of equipment are needed to determine the location of smoke. The first is a set of binoculars, sometimes called field glasses. These permit the user to distinguish details of objects at a distance. Field glasses need minimal maintenance beyond cleaning the lenses. Any damage should be reported to Franny Adams, Patrol 52 or Barbara Thormann, Miami Lookout Coordinator.

The second instrument is the Osborne Firefinder. This device was invented by W. B. Osborne in 1911 and was manufactured until 1989. The Firefinder in the lookout tower is an antique (1934 model) and, as such, irreplaceable. The instrument should be handled as little as possible, and then with care.

The individual parts of the Firefinder are identified on page 9 in Figure 2.

Using the Osborne Firefinder

The Firefinder measures angles in a manner similar to reading a compass. The horizontal angles are called the azimuth or bearing. The Firefinder is lined up with the compass directions, with the top of the map pointing north. The lookout tower is at the center of the map. The zero point on the azimuth ring, however, is located on the south side of the Firefinder.

7

Page 8: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

When observers take reading, they are looking across the Firefinder. Thus, the arrow at the base of the rear sight point to the direction they are looking. Figure 3 shows a detail of the rear sight with the sighting arrow, the Vernier, and a section of the azimuth ring. The Vernier scale, which can be used to determine fractions of degree, is not used in the lookout.

8

Page 9: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

A fire is not a single point that needs to be located with excruciating precision. The nearest whole degree is sufficiently accurate.

9

Page 10: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

----------Remainder of page left blank intentionally----------

10

Figu

re 2

. Osb

orne

Fire

finde

r

Page 11: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Figure 3. Detail of Rear Sight of Osborne Firefinder.

The Firefinder can also measure vertical angles, however this feature is not used at Miami Lookout.

The procedure in using the Firefinder follows. The letters refer to the diagram in Figure 2.

When smoke is spotted, use handle (J) to turn the sighting ring (D) until both front and rear sights (A & H) line up with the smoke. Never use the sights to turn ring.

With your eye about 2 inches from the rear sight (H), adjust the sighting ring until the vertical hair of front sight (A) and the slot in the rear sight (H) line up exactly with the smoke.

If the smoke cannot be seen through the sights due to an obstruction (tree, window, frame, etc.), slide the Firefinder on its tracks (P) until you can see the smoke.

When you have the smoke lined up in the sights, you are ready to take a reading. The sighting arrow at the base of the rear sight (H) points to the azimuth angle.

Read it to the closest whole degree.

Firefinder Maintenance

The Firefinder requires only a small amount of maintenance. It should be kept clean and shiny; however, consult with Franny Adams or Barbara Thormann about any problems.

Clean the glass over the map with Isopropyl Alcohol (Do not use window cleaner) Polish the brass with Brasso. Lubricate the sight ring and rails with dry lubricant. Replace broken crosshairs by loosening screws with small screwdriver, removing

old hairs, threading new hairs into holes and around screws, and tightening screws. Horsehairs should be taut, with no slack.

Estimating the Distance of the Smoke

The metal tape stretched across the center of the map on the Osborne Firefinder, (G) in Figure 2, is used to estimate the distance from the lookout to the fire. The scale on the tape must be matched (calibrated to the scale on the map. The tapes on the Firefinder are marked off in inches. Each inch on the map, however, represents 2 miles. (The

11

Page 12: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

squares on the Forest Service map are a half-inch on each side. They represent “sections” which are a mile square.)

Consider an example, illustrated in Figure 4. A fire estimated to be 2 inches on the map (using the tape), from Miami Lookout. Since each inch on the tape or map represents 2 miles on the ground, the fire would be 4 miles from the lookout.

Figure 4. Example of Estimating the Distance of the Smoke

In mountainous terrain, it can be difficult to determine the precise distance of the fire. Smoke rising from behind a ridge may be anywhere along the line of sight. Thus, the distance to a smoke is at best an estimate.

Landmarks

Perhaps the key piece of information in locating a fire is a landmark near the source of the smoke. The naming of a landmark permits the fire crew to reach the fire with a minimum of wasted time. A landmark could be any of the following, or a number of other things:

A named peak, creek, or canyon A town or settlement A number state, county, or Forest Service road A body of water such as a lake or stream

The lookout has a sheet listing landmarks with their azimuth and distance. 12

Page 13: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Knowing landmarks is the key to being able to pinpoint the location of a smoke. Volunteers should begine to memorize prominent landmarks, along with their distances from the tower. On each shift, volunteers should practice with the Osborne and the landmarks list to test their memories and to learn new landmarks.

LEGAL LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

There are two other methods of specifying the location of a fire. One is the legal location of a smoke, its township, range, and section. The other is its geographic location, its latitude and longitude. Volunteers may never need to use either the legal or the geolgraphical location of a fire, but it will help them understand fire traffic on the radio.

Legal Location

Each county is divided into townships which are designated by a pair of numbers. The “T” number indicated the position of the township north or south of a Base Line, an arbitrary line drawn by surveyors. The “R” number indicates the position of the township east or west of the local Prime Meridian, one of the longitude lines. The dividing lines between townships are called Township Lines (the east/west running lines – “T”) and the Range Lines (the north/south running lines – “R”). See Figure 5 to clarify this nonenclature.

The Base and Meridian used on the Sierra National Forest is Mt. Diablo.

Each section may be further subdivided into quarters, although these divisions are not shown on maps. The quarters are named for the compass directions and are shown in Figure 7.

Geographic Location

The geographic location of any point on the earth is determined by its latitude and longitude, its “Lat and Long”. The grid lines parallel to the equator are called “parallels of latitude” and are numbered from 0° to 90° north from the equator and from 0° to 90° south from the equator. The grid lines that intersect at the poles are called “meridian of longitude” and are numbered 0° to 180° east and west from Greenwich, England, the location of the British Naval Observatory where the convention originated. Latitude and longitude are used by the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational equipment in aircraft used in firefighting.

13

Page 14: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Figure 5. System of Referencing Townships

Townships are divided into 36 sections. Each section is one mile on a side and the sections are numbers snake-wise from the northeast corner of the township, as is shown in Figure 6. The squares on Forest Service maps and on the Osborne Firefinder maps are sections.

Township Section Number Layout

14

Page 15: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Figure 6. System of Numbering Secitons Within a Township

Figure 7. System of Labling Quarters Within a Section.

Computer-Aided Dispatch

When the lookout calls an azimuth and distance of the smoke into Sierra, the dispatcher enters those two values into a computer, which then project the area described onto a digital map, with an “X” on the location of the smoke. The dispatcher then directs responding firefighters (and possibly aircraft) to the location. Because the distance that the lookout provides is a subjective esimate, it is subject to error. Porviding a nearby landmark adds accuracy to the distance estimate.

DESCRIPTION OF SMOKE

15

Page 16: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

The color of smoke depends on the fuel that is burning. Table I is a brief summary of the common color of smoke and their sources. Smoke coming from one fire may be several colors. The darkest color should be reported since it represents the hottest burning fuel. For example, a column of white smoke that suddenly turns black could result from a small fire in fallen pine needles igniting the tree itself, a much more serious situation.

Table I. Color and Sources of Smoke

Color Fuel

White Grass, herbs

Gray Light brush, sage

Yellow Pine trees

Copper Light brush

Black Heavy brush, oak, manzanita, pitch logs, structure, vehicle

Blue Same as Black, but less dense

The character of smoke refers to its density and its transparency, while volume reflects the size of the fire. Table II list the character of smoke.

Table II. Character of Smoke

Character Density / Transparency

Thin Light / See objects through smoke

Moderate Moderate / Objects not seen clearly

Heavy Thick / Objects hidden

Billowy / Building Thick / Objects hidden / Turbulent

Drifting Follows air current

Indicates direction of wind on the fire

Blanket Layered over large area / Opaque

Determining the volume of smoke from a fire is very subjective. What one person considers small, another might consider large. Use your best judgment. Note: A large fire

16

Page 17: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

can make its own cloud which merges with the smoke. These clouds can produce lightning, rain, hail, turbulence, and fierce downdrafts that affect the fire in the same way as natural weather.

There are phenomena, both natural and artificial, that can be mistaken for smoke:

Dust from construction sites and from agriculture o Tends to be brownish o Occurs repeatedly in the same location.

Clouds building over the mountain in the afternoono Can look like thick white smoke

Waterdogs are small patches of ground fogo Rise in wispy columns from valley and canyonso Often occur after a rainstormo Can occur in the morning when the humidity is high and the temperature is

low.

Always watch a suspected smoke for a few minutes to be sure it is really smoke and not dust or clouds. If a fire does burn for a few extra minutes, it can still be extinguished. As on old-time firefighter once remarked: There’s never been a fire that didn’t go out.

CALLING IN THE SMOKE

There are two forms of smoke reports. One is an informal, “For Information Only” report and the other is a formal report. All radio traffic is stated in CLEAR TEXT only (Clear Text established words and phrases are located on page 16 & 17).

Information Only Reporto Used to draw attention to an incident that is going on outside the Sierra

jurisdictiono May have the potential to spread or threaten the Sierrao Update on what smoke is doing on a fire that has already been reportedo Update on weather conditions (cumulous clouds building near fire, winds

picking up or changing directions, etc.)

An informal report may be given as such:

Miami: “Sierra -- Miami”

Sierra: “Miami -- Sierra”

17

Page 18: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Miami: “For information only, we have smoke from the Chowchilla fire in the Chowchilla Mountain area at 220 degrees at 10 miles.”

Sierra: “Sierra Copies”

Formal Smoke Report – The format used follows the layout of the smoke report form shown in Figure 9 on Page 21 & 22.

o Fill out the form completely before picking up the microphone.

o Stay calm and speak slowly and clearly. Many community members in the surrounding area monitor Sierra’s

frequencies using scanners and we do not want to initiate any panic within the surrounding communities.

o Read the script.

o When finished, release the microphone key. (Otherwise, you block DISPATCH from contacting you).

o Listen for DISPATCH to read the report back. Correct any transmission errors or misunderstandings.

o Be prepared to respond to questions from DISPATCH or the unit’s responding to the fire. Respond crisply and accurately.

Do not assume any information you do not know the answer to, if you do not know the answer to the question, let the calling party know that the “Information is Unknown”.

o Do not hesitate to report a second smoke, but make it clear to DISPATCH that you are reporting an additional fire. Otherwise, restrict radio traffic to emergencies unil the fire emergency is cleared.

An example of a formal smoke report is:

Miami: “Sierra -- Miami, Smoke Report

Sierra: “Miami -- Sierra, Go ahead with your smoke report”

Miami: “I’ve got a smoke at 80 degrees, 15 miles, in the vicinity of Pilot Peak. I cannot see the base of the smoke. The smoke is small in volume, Black in color and moderate in character.”

Reporting smoke after you hear a fire has been dispatched18

Page 19: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

As a general rule, you do not report a smoke if you know there is already a dispatch in progress. You should however glass over the area of the reported smoke and if you spot the smoke you should do an information only call to Sierra to assist with triangulating a more accurate location of the reported fire.

An example of an informational only report of a reported smoke:

Miami: “Sierra – Miami”

Sierra: “Miami -- Sierra”

Miami: “Miami is confirming smoke in the vicinity of the current dispatch to Pilot Peak, 80 degrees, 15 miles”

Sierra: Sierra Copies - 1300 hours”

A confirmation of smoke from a fire tower lets dispatch and responding crews know that they are responding to an actual incident.

Once the report has been made, record the smoke report in the log book and put the smoke report sheet behind the daily log sheet for that day. At the endo of each month the Lookout Coordinator will file the reports in a separate book.

----------Remainder of page left blank intentionally----------

19

Page 20: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Clear Text

Aside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words and phrases that are standard for use on the Forest Net and must be used whenever possible. They are listed in Table III. Meaning are given only if the word or phrase is not self-explanatory. Codes such as 10-4 are NEVER used, nor are the terms “Over” or “Out”

Table III. Clear TextWords or Phrases Meaning

Unreadable Some type of interference is preventing message from being understood.

Loud and Clear

Copy, Copies Receiving station understands message.

Message received Used if confirm to messenger if relaying message to other unit

Affirmative Yes

Negative No

Respond, Responding Proceed to, Proceeding to

En-route

In-Quarters Arrived at duty station

In-Service

Repeat

Weather

Returning to quarters

What is your location?

Call by phone / Land line

Disregard

Standby Wait to transmit / Wait for response

On Scene Unit has arrived on scene

Available

Available on scene Unit is on scene, available to respond to another incident

Can handle

Prescribed Burn A fire that is planned and started by fire personnel under specific

20

Page 21: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

parameters and guidelines to meet forest resource and project needs

Report on Conditions Size up of Incident: Type of fuel that is burning, weather factors influencing fire behavior, slope, aspect, barriers, improvements and any other pertinent information

Contained Fire is contained within fire line or hose lay

IC Incident Commander of Incident

Division/Division Supervisor A break in the fire line where a Division Supervisor manages section of fire

Duty Officer Supervisor of fire resources in predetermined area on District

International Phonetic Alphabet

Single letters are often difficult to understand on radio transmissions. Consequently, a specific set of words, called the phonetic alphabet, is used to represent the letters. Although the set is different from that used in law enforcement, it is equally self-explanatory.

A Alpha B Bravo C Charlie D Delta

E Echo F Foxtrot G Golf H Hotel

I India J Juliet K Kilo L Lima

M Mike N November O Oscar P Papa

Q Quebec R Romeo S Sierra T Tango

U Uniform V Victor W Whiskey X X-Ray

Y Yankee Z Zulu

SMOKE REPORT WORKSHEET and SCRIPTFire Name: _____________________________________

(1) SMOKE CHECK (unsure of cause of smoke, watch for few minutes before calling in to DISPATCH)

21

Page 22: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

SMOKE REPORT (known vegetation, structure, vehicle or lightning fire) Confirmation

(2) AZIMUTH: _________________ degrees (3) DISTANCE TO FIRE: _________________ miles

(4) BASE OF SMOKE SIGHTED: Yes ______No ______

(5) NEARBY LANDMARKS: ________________________________________________________________

(6) APPEARANCE OF SMOKE (circle best descriptive term):

VOLUME: Small Medium Large

COLOR: White Gray Yellow Black Blue Copper

CHARACTER: Thin Moderate Heavy Billowy/Building Drifting

Puffs Blanket Column

IS THE SMOKE: Increasing Decreasing Going straight up Laying over

* FILL OUT YOUR SCRIPT BEFORE CALLING IN THE REPORT*

CALL DISPATCH: “ Sierra – Miami – Smoke Report”

Wait for SIERRA to acknowledge your call.

Provide the data from the following script:

I’ve got a smoke at __________ degrees at approximately ________ miles

near _____________________________________________________ location.

Legal Location (if able to determine) is

Township ______ South, Range______ East, Section______ in the _____ quarter

I (do or do not) see the base of the smoke.

The smoke is _S M L_ in volume, ___________ in color and __________ in character. Listen for SIERRA to COPY your information and/or request additional information.

(7) WHAT IS BURNING Circle the best description term:

Grass Brush Timber Slash Reproduction Vehicle Structure Unknown:Other: ______________________________________________________________________________

(Specify)

22

Page 23: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

(8) DIRECTION FROM WHICH SMOKE IS DRIFTING: _N NE NW S SE SW________

(9) SIZE: (Estimated) _______ (10) LOCATION OF FIRE: Township ______ Range ______ Section ______

(11) Slope / Aspect: _________________________ (12) Topo Quad: ________________________________

(13) Best Access: _________________________________________________________________________

DATE TIME(14) ORIGIN: ____________ ____________ Known: ______ Guess: ______

(15) SIGHTED: ____________ ____________ By: __________________________________

(16) REPORTED: ____________ ____________ To: __________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS TO OBSERVER(1) Always report items 1 - 6

(2) Record items 7 – 13, but do not report unless requested

(3) Later the dispatcher will furnish name of fire, time of origin (14), and actual location (10).

(4) Keep diary of subsequent action below.

(5) Completed form should be stored at Miami in the logbook.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

LIGHTNING

23

Page 24: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Thunderstorms and lightning are common in the mountains during the summer and area potential source of wildland fires. They are also a potential danger to a Fire Lookout Volunteer since lookouts are located on the tops of isolated peaks, which are well known as lightning attractors. However, exercising a little common sense and few precautions reduces the danger and permits the volunteer to monitor any lightning strikes.

As the storm is approaching, note the location of lightning strikes. Go inside the lookout cab. Close and secure the door and windows since lightning will follow air currents.

When the storm is about two miles away

Suggest, firmly if necessary, that visitors leave the lookout. Turn lights and telephone off. Notify SIERRA that storm is in progress and that you are going Out-of-Service until

the storm passes Turn the radio off. Isolate yourself from any metal in the lookout by standing on the insulated lightning

stool Remain in the lookout which is grounded; you are much safer there than exposed

on the mountaintop.

Note: Sound travel at approximately 1100 ft/sec. Therefore it takes about 5 seconds for the sound to travel one mile. A lightning strike’s distance from the tower can be estimated by counting the seconds between viewing the strike and hearing the thunder. For example, a storm is about two miles away wen 10 seconds elapse between seeing the lightning flash and hearing the resulting thunder clap.

While the storm is in progress, record the cloud-to-ground lightning strikes. It is better to note the strikes on scrap paper or to put a mark on the Osborne glass since lightning activity can be pretty frantic. Grease pencils are in the lookout tower for this purpose.

After the storm, go back In-Service, and fill in the “Lightning Strike Record”, shown in Figure 8, record the strikes in the log book and put the strike record sheet behind the daily log sheet for that day.

In the days following the storm, search the locations of ground strikes for smoke since a “holdover” fire can smolder for three or more weeks before bursting into flame. Leave the marks on the Osborne glass for at least two weeks. This permits volunteers coming on duty on succeeding days to know where to watch for holdover fires.

24

Page 25: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

25

Figu

re 8

. Lig

hting

Str

ike

Reco

rd

Page 26: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Lightning Plan

In the event that the forest does experience lightning and both the High Sierra and Bass Lake Ranger Districts have several fires burning at the same time SIERRA will announce that the forest will be transitioning into the Lightning Plan. The Lightning Plan is used to make communications between fire resources, lookouts and fire management more manageable.

SIERRA will announce over the radio that the forest is transitioning into the Lightning Plan following one long beep and assign a district to use Channel 2 and the other district to use Channel 4. All transmitting from fire resources to SIERRA and between each other will be conducted on the assigned frequency until SIERRA cancels the Lightning Plan and transitions to normal operations. Lightning Plans can remain in effect for several days and will SIERRA will notify all personnel over the radio when the plan has been canceled.

Please leave a note for covering lookout volunteers if the Lightning Plan is in effect. Note the date and time the plan was initiated.

RADIO USE

The radios in the fire lookout is for OFFICIAL TRANSMISSION ONLY. It is to be used for calling:

In-Service Out-of-Service Reporting important weather updates Smoke Emergency Situations Responding to dispatch Speaking with other lookout towers to look at areas that they might be able to see

better to confirm a possible smoke. At times lookouts will speak between each other to look at an area they may have a concern with. It is important to keep these transmissions short and professional.

All smoke reports, lightning strikes and other emergency traffic go to SIERRA via radio or phone call. Do not call a local station to ask them to do a smoke check. That is the job of DISPATCH and the duty officers on the district.

26

Page 27: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Handheld Radio (HT)

The handheld radio used in the lookout tower is a Bendix/King portable VHF two-way radio.

27

ANTENNASQUELCH

CODE GUARD

TRANSMIT INDICATOR

PRIORITYBUSY CHANNELLOW BATTERY

CHANNEL SELECTOR

ON/OFFVOLUME

INDICATORPRIORITYSCAN

HI/LOTRANSMIT

POWER

Note: The HI/LO toggle should be set to LO.

The other two toggles should be in the down position (towards the user).

KEYBOARD

LCD DISPLAY

MICROPHONE

SPEAKER

PTT(PUSH TO TALK)

EARPHONE

MOUNT

ACCESSORY

ANTENNA

Page 28: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Care of Radio

Only a few precautions need to be observed in handling the radio. Keep it near you in order to hear radio traffic. Set it out of the way of visitors to prevent theft. Protect from water and dirt.

The lookout has electricity, therefor, allowing the radio to be continuously charged on the base station for the radio. The base has a microphone attached for easy transmitting.

Using the RadioTo operate the radio, use the following procedure, which is based on the Owner’s Manual:

Turn power ON by turning the Volume knob clockwise until you hear a click. A beep indicated the radio is operational.

Check the three toggle switches on the top of the radio. See Figure 9 for proper setting.

Select a channel by turning the Channel Selector knob. Select a repeater tone by depressing the appropriate keys on the keypad. Channel and tone will be shown by number on the LCD on front of the radio. If there is difficulty in contacting SIERRA, select another tone. Tone Repeater locations is located on page 28.

Adjust squelch and volume by turning the Squelch knob clockwise until a rushing noise is heard. Set the volume at a comfortable level, and then turn the Squelch knob counter-clockwise until noise stops. This is called the threshold squelch setting.

To transmit, press the PTT (Push to Talk) switch. When the transmitter is on, the red Transit Indicator glows and the TX enunciator on the LCD appears. Remember to think before you speak, know what you are going to say before you start to transmit a message.

Talk in a normal voice with the microphone one to two inches from your mouth. Speak slowly and clearly –as if speaking to someone sitting right next to you. There is no need to shout.

Release the PTT switch to stop transmitting.

28

Page 29: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Selecting a Channel and Tone

Channel 4 is the main radio frequency used by SIERRA for fire traffic. Select this channel by turning the channel selector knob. HT radios should be set on Channel 4, Tone 5 (Shuteye Repeater). This channel will allow wide range reception of your transmissions.

There are occasions, however, when the radio should be set to a different channel. This will be directed by SIERRA. An example of this is if there is an emergency or fire traffic on Channel 4 or the forest is in Lightning Plan. Sierra will notify all units if traffic is to be directed to Channel 2, Admin Net.

Make sure the radio is programmed with the correct repeater tone: Each tone (1 through 16) selects a different high elevation radio repeater site in and out of the forest. Each tower has an established tone to use depending on location. The repeater tone designations for Sierra are listed in the graphic below. Select the tone by pressing the appropriate numbered key(s) on the front keypad. The channel will be displayed on the LCD display.

29

5 146.2

2 123.0

Signal T5S R20E S1Shuteye T7S R23E S2

Signal Pk.Tone 237 31.7500-119 44.4167

ShuteyeTone 537 20.9833-119 25.6833

Page 30: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

If DISPATCH cannot be reached on Channel 4 with the tower’s predetermined tone, re-transmit using a different tone. If you cannot change tones, ensure all toggles pointing up towards the back of the radio, push tone button again, the selected tone number will be visible in the LCD display when the PTT button is depressed and you will hear feedback after the button is released.

SAFETY Safety must be the primary concern of all Fire Lookout Volunteers. This mean both for their personal safety and the safety of visitors to the lookout tower. Volunteers’ safety responsibilities include, but are not limited to, the following:

Prevent accidents by thinking ahead about what may go wrong. Be aware of hazards in and around the lookout. Read and understand the Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) for all duties to be conducted.

Sign sheet acknowledging that JHA has been reviewed. Always ensure to Check-In with DISPATCH during the morning and afternoon

check-ins and go Out-of-Service at the end of the day.o Morning and afternoon Check-Ins happen prior to the morning and afternoon

reports. If you miss the check-in, call DISPATCH after report has concluded.

o As a safety precaution if SIERRA cannot make contact with you during Check-Ins or during Evening Status Check,

Duty Officer and your supervisor will be notified. If either cannot make contact with you, resources will be sent to the

tower to look for you. Law Enforcement will be notified as well if we are not able to make

contact with you.

Should an accident or injury occur to either a volunteer or a visitor, the following steps must be taken:

Immediately report the accident or injury to dispatch who will instruct you on emergency procedures. Never use names over the radio. Make sure to gather information regarding the injury prior to calling DISPATCH and keep calm.

Storm Safety

Avoid entering or leaving the lookout tower during high winds. Shut off electrical appliances and extinguish all open flames. Such as lanterns and

LP gas stoves, during lightning storms.

30

Page 31: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Evacuation of Tower during Emergency Situations

Miami tower may have a need to be evacuated due to emergency situations. All fire lookout volunteers’ should be familiar with the procedure for evacuating their tower. Instructions for a safe evacuation are posted next to the door of the lookout tower cab.

You must be prepared to either spend the night in the tower or walk to a place of safety. In either case, here are some essential tips.

Carry extra food and water with you whenever you work a shift. Always wear sturdy shoes or hiking boots when on duty. Know escape routes – roads and trails that lead from the lookout tower to a place of

safety. Carry a cell phone, but remember that cell phone service in the mountains is not as

reliable as in urban areas.

IN CASE OF WILDFIRE ON MIAMI LOOKOUT

Do not leave tower area if there is a fire on Miami Mountain. Traveling down the road is more dangerous than remaining at the tower.

The area around the tower has adequate hazard reduction done around the tower and direct flame impingement to the tower will not occur.

Stay in the lookout tower and remain calm.

Staying in the lookout tower will allow you to remain in contact with SIERRA. It is important to transmit on the radio only if you need to so you do not hinder fire operations.

If there is a fire on Miami Lookout emergency personnel will be attempting to travel on the road to the tower.

Due to the narrowness of the road, if you attempt to drive down the road during a fire you will hinder fire operations and endanger the lives of yourself and fire personnel.

Remember, the Forest Service is aware that you are in the tower and they will always get you out safely. Follow their instructions; given either on the radio or by telephone. The Forest Service will provide an escort when conditions are safe enough to evacuate.

31

Page 32: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Essential Equipment and Overnight Kit for Vehicles

Always have your vehicle prepared for an overnight stay in the tower with the following essential equipment:

Drinking water – 2 days’ worth Food – 2 days’ worth First-aid supplies – Know how to use what you carry Daily medications – 2 days’ worth GPS unit and/or map and compass – Know how to use them and always know

where you are Matches in a water proof container or a lighter Pocket knife Flashlight and extra batteries Lightweight shelter or emergency blanket Whistle – lasts longer than your voice Extra warm clothes, rain gear, and sturdy shoes Sunglasses and sunscreen Hat Pen and paper Tape Over the counter medications (pain, cold, etc.) Personal hygiene supplies (including toilet paper) Emergency contact phone list

SECURITY

The gate to Miami is kept locked but visitors periodically hike up to the lookout tower. Volunteers may occasionally find themselves faced with antagonistic individuals or groups. Although such occurrences are fortunately rare, volunteers should be aware of methods to defuse the situation. If you feel at risk from a visitor please do not hesitate to call SIERRA to request for Law Enforcement.

REGION 5 LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICY STATES:

When damage to resources and property cannot be prevented without risking personal injury to the employees or the public, the risk will not be taken. Volunteers will avoid all such confrontations. Instead a FOREST OFFICER or DEPTUY SHERIFF should be summoned immediately to handle rowdiness or serious and flagrant violations.

In less formal language, this means: Call for help if you feel the situation could lead to damage to the lookout, injury to yourself, or is dangerous in any way.

32

Page 33: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Although there are no set rules for recognizing a possible conflict, there are some indicators that can alert you to a potentially dangerous situation. Ask yourself the following questions:

Is the person intoxicated? Does the person appear to be under the influence of drugs? Does the person have a weapon? Is the person openly hostile? Am I alone in the lookout tower?

Other factors that may affect your response may include:

Is assistance readily available or is it hours away? Do I have a radio and the ability to transmit to others? Is this contact made during night hours?

Use common sense. Ask yourself:

WHAT WOULD A RESONABLE AND PRUDENT PERSON DO UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES?

If you perceive the situation is dangerous, do nothing to aggravate it. Remember, you have a high probability of losing a confrontation. In addition to the possible physical dangers, you risk “losing face”. This is bad enough on the personal level, but as a volunteer representing the Forest Service, you cause the Forest Service to “lose face” also. The better approach is to avoid any conflict in the first place.

Serving Visitors and Greeting Guests

One of a Fire Lookout Volunteer’s duties is to greet visitors, make them welcome to the lookout and to the Forest, and to answer their questions. In the informal setting of the lookout, the volunteer can establish instant, one-on-one communication with visitors. Always ask them to sign the Visitor Register. If visitors ask question you cannot answer, refer them to a visitor center or Ranger station. Let the experts help you out.

Sierra National Forest Bass Lake Ranger District

1600 Tollhouse Road 57003 Road 225

Clovis, CA 93611 North Fork, CA 93643

559-297-0706 559-877-2218

33

Page 34: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

Oakhurst Visitors Center High Sierra Ranger District

40343 HWY 41 29688 Auberry Road

Oakhurst, CA 93644 Prather, CA 93651

559-683-4636 559-855-5355

www.fs.usda.gov/sierra

Visitor Register

The Visitor Register helps make guests feel welcome to the lookout. Visitors should be encouraged not only to let us know where they are from, but also to make comments about how well we are serving the public.

Dealing with Displeased Visitors

Most visitors to the National Forest come to have a good time. A visit to a fire lookout is often the high point of an enjoyable experience. However, there are rare occasions when visitors are irritated about the Forest Service and will voice their opinion to you, the only available Forest Service representative. Here are some tips for dealing with displeased visitors.

Don’t take it personally . Many times displeased visitors are just irritated at “the government” and not at you.

Keep calm . Don’t let yourself get angry or emotionally involved.

Stay neutral. Don’t agree or disagree. However, do acknowledge that you understand they have a point of view.

Deal with their feelings. Don’t ignore or pass them by. Listen while they vent their frustrations.

Try to help when and if you can . Provide only information you know is correct. It is better to say “I don’t know” than to give false information. Provide them with an address or phone number to which they can direct their complaints if they want it.

Don’t let complaints ruin your day . Continue to smile, and enjoy your contact with other visitors. Try to put the unpleasantness aside and stay professional and friendly to visitors.

34

Page 35: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words

Miami Lookout Operational Guide Revised 3/20/2018

COMMUNICATION

The best way to keep the Fire Lookout Volunteer Program running smoothly is through an efficient communication system. Notes in the Daily Log or Post-It notes to the desk permit the passing of information between Volunteers, as do post on the group website. Read the Daily Log entries for the past few days when you first go on duty to find out about critical infomation such as working fires or lightning strikes, and interesting things such as the rattlesnake behind the restroom. Check the messages regularly, especially immediately before your shift. This is where tower lookouts will be posting information relevant, and often important, to staffing the tower.

Of course, there is no substitute for telephoning or emailing Franny Adams or Barbara Thormann for a one-on-one conversation to let them know what is needed in the lookout, such as window cleaner, paper towels, etc.

Note: Franny Adams, Patrol 52, is extremely busy, she tries to get back to people as soon as possible but with the management of the other Lookout Towers on the district as well as various other items passing information on to Barbara Thormann may be a good place to start. Barbara will pass on the information to Franny if there is something that she cannot facilitate.

35

Page 36: MIAMI LOOKOUT TOWER GUIDE - csflg.orgcsflg.org/documents/Miami_Lookout_Operational_Guide_2018.docx  · Web viewAside from plain English, clear text is a set of established words