MH0051 HEALTH ADMINISTRTION assignment 2

Q1 : What are nurturing program of govt of India for new born.Explain in detail

Ans : a)A programme for prophylaxis and treatment of anaemia – all pregnant and lactating are provided with one tablet daily for 100 days.

b)Provision of 24 hrs delivery services at PHC

c)Post natal care for mother and newborn – Ensuring post natal care within 24 hrs of delivery and subsequent home visits on day 3 and 7.

d)Skilled attendance at birth

e)Breastfeeding – Baby friendly hospital initiative , lactation clinics , peer counseling

f)Iron and folic acid supplementation – Screening of children for anaemia wherever required and appropriate treatment

g)Routine immunization programme – Includes BCG, DPT, OPV,Pulse polio immunization

Q2 : Write short notes

a)Stress and co- occurring diseases

Ans: Stress is body’s reaction to a change that requires physical , mental , emotional adjustment. Effects are

a)Depleted physical energy – Man feels tired much of the time

b)Emotional exhaustion – Man feels impatient , moody , sad ,frustrated. He feels like he cannot deal with life

c)Lowered immunity to illness – Increased susceptibility to colds , flu

d)Less investment in interpersonsal relationships – Withdrawal from relationships

e)Increasingly pessimistic outlook – Hard to pull out of rut

f)Increased absenteeism and inefficiency at work

b)Behavioural health

Ans : Behavioural health is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to promoting a philosophy of health that stresses individual responsibility in application of behavioural and biomedical science knowledge and techniques to the maintenance of health and prevention of illness and dysfunction by a variety of self initiated individual and shared activities.

Warning signs of a possible problem are sudden changes in behavior , missing work or school , not eating or eating too much , not sleeping or sleeping too much , trouble focusing , spending time alone , being angry

Q3 : Explain 5 occupational diseases and their prevention

Ans : Major Occupational Illness

National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) has developed a priority list of 10 leading work-related illnesses and injuries. Three criteria were used to develop the list: a) the frequency of occurrence of the illness or injury, b) its severity in individual cases, and c) its potential for prevention. Occupational lung disease is first on the list. Silicosis, asbestosis and byssinosis are still prevalent in many parts of the world. The prevalence of Occupational Asthma varies from 10% to nearly all of the workers in certain high-risk occupations. NISOH considers occupational cancer to be the second leading work-related disease, followed by cardio-vascular diseases, disorder of reproduction, neurotoxicity, noise induced hearing loss, dermatological conditions, and psychological disorders.

Major occupational diseases can be divided in following categories for better understanding:

A. Occupational injuriesB. Occupational lung diseasesC. Occupational cancersD. Occupational dermatosesE. Occupational InfectionsF. Occupation toxicologyG. Occupational mental disordersH. Others

Occupational disorders can be grouped according the etiological factors:

1. Occupational injuries: ergonomic related2. Chemical occupational factors: dust, gases, acid, alkali, metals etc.3. Physical occupational factors: noise, heat, radiation4. Biological occupational factors5. Behavioural occupational factors6. Social occupational factors

In India, prevalence of silicosis was 6.2 - 34 % in mica miners, 4.1 % in manganese miners, 30.4% in lead and zinc miners, 9.3% in deep and surface coal miners, 27.2% in iron foundry workers, and 54.6% in slate-pencil workers. Prevalence of Asbestosis was extended from 3% in Asbestos miners to 21% in mill workers. In textile workers the Bysinosis was as common as 28-47%. Nutritional status in terms of body mass indices (BMI) of the workers is also significantly low.

Programme

Occupational health was one of the components of the National Health Policy 1983 and now also included in National Health Policy 2002 but very little attention has been paid to mitigate the effect of occupational disease through proper programme. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India has launched a scheme entitled

"National Programme for Control & Treatment of Occupational Diseases" in 1998-99. The National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad (ICMR) has been identified as the nodal agency for the same.

Following research projects has been proposed to initiate by the Government:

1. Prevention, control and treatment of silicosis and silico-tuberculosis in Agate Industry. 2. Occupational health problems of tobacco harvesters and their prevention. 3. Hazardous process and chemicals, database generation, documentation, and information dissemination 4. Capacity building to promote research, education, training at National Institute of Occupational Disease. 5. Health Risk Assessment and development of intervention programme in cottage industries with high risk of silicosis. 6. Prevention and control of Occupational Health Hazards among salt workers in the remote desert areas of Gujarat and Western Rajasthan.

Global Strategy for Occupational Health

The global strategy for achieving occupational health for all (WHO-SEARO 1999) includes the following ten major areas for action:

1. Strengthening of International and national policies for health at work and development of policy tools. 2. Developing healthy work environments.3. Developing healthy work practices and promoting health at work.4. Strengthening occupational health services.5. Establishing support services for occupational health.6. Developing occupational health standards based on scientific risk assessment.7. Developing human resources for occupational health. 8. Establishing registration and data system including development of information services for experts, effective transmission of data, and raising pubic awareness through strengthened public information system. 9. Strengthening research.10. Developing collaboration in occupational health services and organisations.

Q4 : What are steps in disaster management

Ans : Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred. Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater preparedness, better warnings, reduced vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during the next iteration of the cycle. The complete disaster management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure.

The mitigation and preparedness phases occur as disaster management improvements are made in anticipation of a disaster event. Developmental considerations play a key role in contributing to the mitigation and preparation of a community to effectively confront a disaster. As a disaster occurs, disaster management

actors, in particular humanitarian organizations, become involved in the immediate response and long-term recovery phases. The four disaster management phases illustrated here do not always, or even generally, occur in isolation or in this precise order. Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length of each phase greatly depends on the severity of the disaster.

Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.

Preparedness - Planning how to respond.Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.

Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief .

Recovery - Returning the community to normal.Example building houses

Q5 : Explain about concept of combined life insurance and health insurance

Ans : Combined insurance is also called supplemental insurance. Supplemental insurance is extra or additional insurance that you can purchase to help you pay for services and out-of-pocket expenses that your regular insurance does not cover.

Some supplemental insurance plans will pay for out-of-pocket medical expenses, such as deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance. Other supplemental plans may provide you with a cash benefit paid out over a period of time or given to you in one lump sum. The cash can be used to cover lost wages, transportation related to your health condition, or used to pay for food, medication, and other unexpected expenses you have due to an illness or injury.

A Dr. Mike Tip: Supplemental insurance is just that – a supplement, or add-on. It is not a replacement for regular health insurance!

Medigap – Medicare Supplemental Insurance

One of the most common types of supplemental insurance is Medigap, which can be sold by private insurance companies to people enrolled in Medicare.

Original Medicare (which includes Part A Hospital Insurance and Part B Medical Insurance) pays for many, but not all, health-related services and medical supplies. You can purchase a supplemental insurance policy to cover the “gaps” that are not paid for by Medicare, such as copayments, coinsurance, and deductibles. These can add up to a lot of out-of-pocket expenses, especially if you are hospitalized or need skilled nursing home services.

Some Medigap policies also will pay for certain health services outside the United States and additional preventive services not covered by Medicare. If you are in Original Medicare (Parts A and B) and you have a Medigap policy, first Medicare pays its share of the Medicare-approved amounts for your covered health care costs. Then your Medigap policy pays its share of the cost.

Most Common Types of Supplemental Insurance

Aside from Medigap policies, three other types of supplemental health insurance are widely sold in the U.S. These supplemental policies may be available as a voluntary benefit from your employer or you can purchase one directly from an insurance company.

Critical Illness InsuranceCritical illness insurance (also known as disease-specific insurance) is meant to ease the financial burden of a serious illness, such as cancer. These policies may provide a lump-sum cash benefit to help you pay for additional costs that are related to your illness but not covered by your regular health plan or disability coverage. Depending on the specific policy, the coverage can be used to pay for:

deductibles

death (known as combined life and health insurance )

Q6 : With reference to International Health regulation , explain global alert and response

Ans : WHO continues to track the evolving infectious disease situation, sound the alarm when needed, share expertise, and mount the kind of response needed to protect populations from the consequences of epidemics, whatever and wherever might be their origin.

Epidemic intelligence - systematic event detection Event verification Information management and dissemination Real time alert Coordinated rapid outbreak response Outbreak response logistics

:: International Health Regulations (IHR) – Operational aspects

The International Health Regulations (2005) or "IHR (2005)" have been in force since 15 June 2007. The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. The IHR (2005) provide a framework for WHO epidemic alert and rapid response activities already being implemented in collaboration with countries to control international outbreaks and to strengthen international public health security.

The IHR (2005) introduce new operational concepts including:

Specific procedures for disease surveillance, notification and reporting of public health events and risks to WHO by countries

Requests by WHO for verification of public health events occurring within countries Rapid collaborative risk assessment with and assistance to countries Determinations as to whether an event constitutes a public health emergency of international concern Coordination of international response

:: Comprehensive event management for international outbreak alert and response

Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is dynamic and changes rapidly. WHO has developed a comprehensive “event management system” to manage critical information about outbreaks and ensure accurate and timely communications between key international public health professionals, including

WHO Regional Offices, Country Offices, collaborating centres and partners in the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network.

Features of the event management system include:

Comprehensive databases on epidemic intelligence, verification status, laboratory investigation and operational information.

Tracking and recording outbreak history, critical decisions, important actions by WHO and partners and key documents.

Management of logistic support and specialized response equipment, materials and supplies. Integrated database on the skills, experience and availability of international experts for response

teams.