mgt. of location & specific pests and diseases

7/27/2019 MGT. of Location & Specific Pests and Diseases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mgt-of-location-specific-pests-and-diseases 1/180

Al-Rasid A. Abdul

Rice & Corn Coor.



Water

Raised

beds

Plastic

mulch

Trellis

Clip

Good plant care

Variety selection

Wind



Objectives:

1. Practice good sowing techniques and

raise good seedlings.

2. Grow cucurbit crops during off-season.

3. Grow solanaceous crops during off-season.



Solanaceous

Hotpepper

Sweet

pepper

Tomato

Eggplant



Seed to seedling



What is a hybrid seed?1. Strong in field performance

2. Tolerant/ resistant

3. Early to mature

5. Uniform shape

4. High yielding



Can I extract seeds of hybrid

varieties and plant it?

not uniform fruits

late to harvest

more diseases

result to lower yield



Hybrid Watermelon SWEET 16

Early 65-70 DAT

1 to 2 fruits per plant 4-6 kg per fruit High round with dark green stripes Sweet & crispy



Hybrid Watermelon SWEET RUBY

Early 60-65 DAT

1 to 2 fruits per plant 4-6 kg per fruit High round with dark green stripes Sweet & deep red flesh



Hybrid Watermelon SWEET SEÑORITA

small fruited hybrid 60-65 DAT

1 to 2 fruits per plant 1-2 kg per fruit High round with dark green stripes Sweet & bright red flesh Resistant to fruit cracking



Hybrid Ampalaya JADESTAR L

Medium green 45 DAT or 60 DAS

18 fruits per plant 30 cm long or 250 g per fruit cylindrical Moderately resistant to downy mildew



Hybrid Ampalaya GALAXY

Dark green 45 DAT or 60 DAS 15 fruits per plant

35 cm long or 600 g per fruit Glossy and good shelf life Moderately resistant to downy mildew



Hybrid Upo DALISAY

bright green 45 DAT or 55 DAS 10 fruits per plant

40 cm long long & cylindrical highly tolerant to virus



Hybrid Calabasa SUPREMA

highly tolerant to virus 70 to 80 DAT 3-4 fruits per plant 15 to 20 tons per hectare flat round, uniform ridges orange flesh & good stickiness



Hybrid Cucumber AMBASSADOR

early 40 DAT 5 fruits per plant 15 to 20 tons per hectare smooth, uniform cylindrical sweet & crispy



Hybrid Patola HERCULES

early 45 DAT or 55 DAS

10-15 fruits per plant 45 cm long per fruit long,slender and angular moderately resistant to downy mildew



Hybrid Eggplant CASINO

early 60-65 DAT 17-25 fruits per plant

24 cm long per fruit cylindrical deep purple color with good firmness



Hybrid Eggplant DOMINO

early 47 DAT 3-4 kg per plant short & oblong green & glossy good storage



Hybrid Sweet Pepper BLESS


35 g per fruit or 12 cm per fruit conical, smooth and shiny firm fruits with good storage



Hybrid Sweet Pepper MAJESTY

early 55 DAT

30-35 fruits per plant 30 g per fruit conical, smooth and shiny firm fruits with good storage



Hybrid Hot Pepper DJANGO

early 60-65 DAT 50-60 fruits per plant 10 grams & 10 cm per fruit tapered,smooth moderately resistant to Bacterial wilt



Hybrid Tomato MARIMAR


35 grams per fruit or 6 cm per fruit plum with slight neck thick flesh and firm fruits



Hybrid Tomato DIAMANTE

early 50-55 DAT

40-50 fruits per plant 40-50 grams per fruit high round good heat tolerance good storage



Well-aerated

Good water retainer

No harmful solutes



Eggplant seedlings in peat moss



Direct sowing

Sowing in trays

Sowing in beds



Advantages:

1. Uniform crop stand.

4. Easier management.

3. Lesser seed use.

2. Few missing hills.

5. Secured seedlings.



Maintain soil moisture

Fill up holes with soil

Check missing hills

Sow the seeds

Thin to one healthy plant



Water the tray.

Put one seed per hole.

Cover lightly with soil.

Fill up clean tray with medium.

Place tray in a secured area.



Water regularly

Fertilize

Protect

Prevent stem elongation



Spray when needed

Cover with nets

Drench fungicide



Weed-free

Well-pulverized

Stakes & strings

Drainage & irrigation



Crop Between Between Planting Population Seed req't

furrows hills distance per ha per ha

Watermelon 5 0.50 2.5 x 0.5 80,000 500 g

Ampalaya 4 0.50 2.0 x 0.5 10,000 2000 gPatola 4 2.00 2.0 x 2.0 2,500 500 g

Calabaza 4 2.00 2.0 x 2.0 2,500 500 g



Bed orientation for UPO



Bed orientation for PATOLA



Bed orientation for CALABAZA



Bed orientation for MUSKMELON



Advantages:

1. Control weeds

2. Control soil erosion

3. Control moisture loss

4. Control water-logging



Grow seedlings first

Solanaceous 3-4 weeks

Cucurbits 10-12 days Late in the afternoon

Water seedlings

Push out seedlings lightly

Drench fungicide

Fill up plant holes



Why do we have to trellis?

1. Support the

plants from

winds and

typhoons.

2. Support the

fruits from

touching

the ground.



Why do we have to prune?

How are we going to do it?

What are the crops that needs pruning?



Soil analysis

General recommendation Fertilizers available



FERTILIZATIONRecommended fertilizers:

chicken dung

complete(14-14-14- or 16-16-616) calcium nitrate(Ca=19%,N=14.5%) urea (46-0-0) solophos (0-18-0)

borax (B O=36.5%, B=11.3%) ferrous sulfate (Fe=22.93%, S=13.44%) zinc sulfate (Zn=20%) muriate of potash (0-0-60) ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)



Cucurbits are quite sensitive

to water stress.

For ampalaya, do not wait longer

than 5-6 days.

Always drain the canals when

heavy rain pours.

Irrigate when necessary.



Watermelon 65-70 DAT

Ampalaya 45-50 DAT

Calabaza 70-80 DAT

Upo 45-55 DAT

Cucumber 30-40 DAT

Patola 45-55 DAT

Muskmelon 50-65 DAT



Weed-free

Well-pulverized

Stakes & strings

Drainage & irrigation



Start with a weed-free and well-pulverize soil. Make a field layout using stakes and strings. Follow the suggested spacing below for each crop:

Crop Between Between Planting Population Seed req't

furrows hills distance per ha per ha

Tomato 1.5 0.50 0.75 x 0.5 26,666 200 g

Eggplant 1.5 0.75 0.75 x .075 17,778 100 gHot pepper 1.5 0.50 0.75 x 0.5 26,666 300 g

Sweet pepper 1.5 0.50 0.75 x 0.5 26,666 300 g



Important componentsRaised beds

Plastic mulch

Good drainage



Advantages:

1. Control weeds

2. Control soil erosion

3. Control moisture loss

4. Control water-logging



Grow seedlings first

Solanaceous 3-4 weeks

Late in the afternoon

Water seedlings

Push out seedlings lightly

Drench fungicide

Fill up plant holes



Why do we have to trellis?

1. Support the

plants from

winds and

typhoons.

2. Support the

fruits from

touching

the ground.



Soil analysis

General recommendation Fertilizers available



FERTILIZATION

Recommended fertilizers:

chicken dung

complete(14-14-14- or 16-16-616) calcium nitrate(Ca=19%,N=14.5%) urea (46-0-0) solophos (0-18-0)

borax (B2O3=36.5%, B=11.3%) ferrous sulfate (Fe=22.93%, S=13.44%) zinc sulfate (Zn=20%) muriate of potash (0-0-60) ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)



Solanaceous are also sensitive

to water stress.

For tomato, do not wait longer

than 5-6 days.

Always drain the canals when

heavy rain pours.

Irrigate when necessary.



Eggplant 60-65 DAT

Sweet pepper 60-65 DAT

Tomato 55-65 DAT

Hot pepper 50-65 DAT

PRINCIPLES OF PEST



PRINCIPLES OF PEST MANAGEMENT

• Biological control

• Chemical control

• Use of Pheromones

• Physical control

• Cultural control

• Host Plant Resistance



BENEFICIAL INSECT PARASITOID

TRICHOGRAMMA



BENEFICIAL INSECT PARASITOID

WASP

BENEFICIAL INSECT



BENEFICIAL INSECT PREDATOR

BEETLE




SPIDER




SYRPHID FLY

BENEFICIAL INSECT




MINUTE PIRATE BUG

BENEFICIAL INSECT




GROUND BEETLE

BENEFICIAL INSECT




BIG-EYED BUG

C S C




TACHINID FLY

BENEFICIAL INSECT




LACEWING

BENEFICIAL INSECTS



C S C SPREDATORS/PARASITOIDS

BEETLE TACHINID FLY SPIDER LACEWING

BIG-EYED BUG GROUND BEETLE WASP MINUTE PIRATE BUG

SYRPHID FLY TRICHOGRAMMA



BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES

XENTARI (BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS)

OTHER COMMERCIALY

BIOINSECTICIDES:

• DIPEL

• HALT

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL



BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBOTANICAL/PLANT EXTRACTS

BIONATURE & BIONEEM



CULTURAL CONTROL

• Plant spacing

• Flooding

• Deep plowing

• Trap Crop

• Crop sanitation

• Etc.



CULTURAL PRACTICE

EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT



CULTURAL PRACTICE

MULCHING WITH RICE STRAW



CULTURAL PRACTICE

MULCHING WITH PLASTIC



CULTURAL PRACTICE

WRAPPING/BAGGING



PHYSICAL CONTROL

HAND PICKING OF LARVAE



CULTURAL CONTROL

REMOVAL OF DAMAGE SHOOTS AND FRUITS

CULTURAL/PHYSICAL



CONTROL

YELLOW STICKY BOARD TRAP LIGHT TRAP



HORTANOVA GREENHOUSE

PROTECTED GREENHOUSE BY EWSC

ATTRACTANT/PHEROMONES



ATTRACTANT/PHEROMONES

SAMPLE ATTRACTANTS

• Cuelure

• Methyl Eugenol

• Zorgen

CHEMICAL/PESTICIDES



CHEMICAL/PESTICIDES CONTROL

• Molluscide

• Fungicide

• Herbicide

• Rodenticide

• Insecticide

• Nematicide



INSECTICIDES ACT AS:

• Systemic

• Contact

• Stomach

• Non-Systemic

• Respiratory

CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES



CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES

ACTARA, DIMOTRIN,

PROVADO SUPRA, LEBAYCID

LABEL

CHEMICAL FUNGICIDES



CHEMICAL FUNGICIDES

DITHANE M-45, SCORE, BENLATE



CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

BRAND NAME A.I COMPANY FLAGAMMO cypermethrin Du-pont green

BUGBUSTER cypermethrin Leads Agri green

CYMBUSH cypermethrin Jardine green



Specific Pest and Diseases



MGA INSEKTONG PESTE NG AMPALAYA PAKWAN KALABASA

Fruitfly



SYMPTOMS• Necrosis around the

puncture mark is

visible.

• Fruits turns to yellow

and rot.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Field sanitation

• Wrapping of fruits.

•

Use of pheromones (attractants)• Application of insecticides (e.g

dimethoate, fenthion and diazinon)

Aphids



SYMPTOMS• Yellowing of the leaves

• Stunted plants.

• Downward curling of leaves

• Presence of black sooty

mold.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Use of tolerant varieties.

• Pruning of heavily affected leaves.

• Use of yellow sticky traps.

•

Spraying with soap solution.• Spraying with botanical pesticides

(neem, kakawate, ginger, garlic

extracts).

• Spraying with malathion, carbaryl and

methomyl.

Leaffolder



SYMPTOMS• Skeletonize leaves

•

Folded leaves• Larvae feeds on the

fruit but not bore

inside.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Use of resistant/tolerant varieties.

•

Collection of larvae and folded leaves.• Spraying with contact and stomach

insecticides like triazophos,

betacypermethrin and tebufenozide.

Fruit worm



SYMPTOMS• Partially healed holes on

fruit

• Fruits colored yellowwhen larvae are inside.

• Feeding holes on leaves

when attack by older

larva.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Collection of damaged fruits.

• Spraying with lamda-cyhalothrin,

cyfluthrin & deltamethrin.

PHOTO SOURCE : AVRDC

Leaf-footed bug



SYMPTOMS• Feeding on the young fruits

have punctures/markssurrounded by a darkened area

of a dead tissue.

• Causes distortion as the fruit

matures.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Field sanitation

• Crop rotation• Insecticide sprays of profenofos,

carbaryl, triazophos and diazinon.

Leaf miner



SYMPTOMS• Mining on leaf.

• Deterioration of

leaves if severely

infected.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL • Use of tolerant varieties.


• Prune heavily affected and

matured leaves.• Spraying with insecticides

preferably in the morning with

profenofos, cyromazine & acephate.

PHOTO SOURCE : CPC 1998

Thrips SYMPTOMS



p• Leaves curled upward and

distorted.

•

Adults and larvae feeds byscraping the leaf tissue.

• Bronzing and brittle leaves


•

Use of yellow and blue sticky traps.• Use of overhead irrigation.

• Insecticide spraying of methiocarb,

methomyl & fifronil.



Cucurbit beetle



SYMPTOMS• Circular feeding

marks on theleaves.

• Rottened roots

due to larval

feeding.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Cultivation destroy pupation in the soil.

• Collection with the use of insect net

early in the morning.• Application of ash on leaves to control

adult.

• Insecticide application of carbaryl,

fifronil & methomyl.



MGA INSEKTONG PESTE NG TALONG KAMATIS SILI



Red spider mites



SYMPTOMS•

Bronzing of theleaves.

• Whole plant loose

color from green to

yellow.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Pruning of old and damage leaves.

• Spray with soap solution.

• Insecticide application of formetanateHCL, methiocarb & triazophos.


Common cutworm



SYMPTOMS• Cutted seedlings

• Skeletonize leaves

• Chewed holes are present

on the leaves.

• Large hole on fruits are

present.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL • Hand picking of the larvae.

• Use of mulching to prevent pupation in

the soil.

• Water management.

• Elimination of weeds• Insecticide spraying of lamda-

cyhalothrin, tebufenozide,BPMC &

methomyl.

• Insecticide application of formetanate

HCL, methiocarb & triazophos.


BROAD MITE



MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Pruning of old and damaged leaves.

• Smudging or smoking using rice

straw, rice hull or saw dust could lessen

the mites population.• Spraying of botanical insecticides like

hot pepper, neem or kakawate extracts

could alternate to insecticide sprays.

• Insecticide application of formetanate

HCL, methiocarb & triazophos.

SYMPTOMS• Younger leaves are cupped

dowmward and narrower

than normal.

• Areas between veins are

brownish, dried out and

brittle in severe cases.



APHIDS SYMPTOMS• Plants become stunted and




• Pruning of heavily affected leaves.


• Spraying with soap solution.

•

Spraying with botanical pesticides(neem, kakawate, ginger, garlic

extracts).

• Spraying with malathion, carbaryl and

methomyl.

stem becomes twisted.

• Curled leaves are present

when the population is high.• Presence of black sooty

molds are visible.

Common cutworm






on the leaves.


present.



the soil.• Water management.

• Elimination of weeds

• Insecticide spraying of lamda-


methomyl.


Common cutworm






on the leaves.


present.



the soil.• Water management.

• Elimination of weeds

• Insecticide spraying of lamda-


methomyl.

Fruitworm SYMPTOMSP ti ll h l d h l



• Partially healed holes on

fruit

• Fruits colored yellow

when larvae are inside.

• Feeding holes on leaves

when attack by older

larva.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Crop rotations can help minimize the

pests levels.

• Remove all affected and rotting fruits.

• Insecticides such as lamda-cyhalothrin,cyfluthrin, deltamethrin & fenvalerate can

be used.

P H O T O S O U R C E : A V R D C

Whitefly SYMPTOMS• Heavy feeding



• Heavy feeding

causes mottled

leaves.

• Vector of viruses

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL • Use of tolerant varieties.


• Eliminate weeds.

• Insecticide application of

imidacloprid, cartap hydrochloride,methiocarb & buprofezin.

P H O T O S O U R C E : C P C 1 9 9 8

28 spotted ladybird beetle



SYMPTOMS• Leaf tissue is eaten

between the veins.

• Skeletonized leaves

usually dry-out.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL• Hand picking of the larvae.

• Insecticide spraying of carbaryl,fifronil & methomyl.

INSECT VECTORS OF DIFFERENT



VIRUSES

leafhopper

whitefly

aphids

thrips



VEGETABLE CROPDISEASES

•identification

• control and management

Wh t i l t di ?



What is a plant disease?

• Any malfunctioning/abnormality

of the plant’s cells and tissues

that is caused by the continuousirritation by a pathogenic agent

or environment leading to

development of symptoms

Disease Symptoms



Wilting

Leaf spots Fruit Rot

Fruit spots

Mosaic

Yellowing

What causes plant diseases?



p

High/Low temperatures

High/Low Soil Moisture

High/Low Light Intensity

Nutrient Toxicity/Deficiency

Chemical Toxicity

High/Los Soil pH

Fungi

Bacteria

Viruses

Nematodes

Phytoplasma

Non-Living Factors Living Organisms Plant

Diseases

THE DISEASE TRIANGLE



Susceptible Host

PARASITIC CAUSES OF

PLANT DISEASES



PLANT DISEASES

Fungi

• small, generally microscopic

eukaryotic, usually filamentous,branched, spore-bearing

organisms that lack chlorophyll

• most are saprophytic (they live

on dead organic matter)• >10,000 species can cause

diseases in plantsPhoto Source: AICAF (Japan)

PARASITIC CAUSES OF

PLANT DISEASES



PLANT DISEASES

Bacteria

• microscopic organisms that are

generally single-celled• can survive on crop residue,

seed tubers, volunteer plants, in

the soil or in water

• can be spread mechanically or through water, insects or

through infected planting

materialsPhoto Source: AICAF (Japan)

PARASITIC CAUSES OF



PLANT DISEASES

Photo Source: AICAF (Japan)

Viruses

• very tiny molecules - seen only

through electron microscope

• depend on other organisms for

their survival and reproduction

•

they can cause dwarfing,yellowing, curling, mottling,

overgrowths, etc.

OTHER PARASITIC CAUSES



OTHER PARASITIC CAUSES

OF PLANT DISEASES

• nematodes

• mycoplasma/phytoplasma

• viroids

Spread of Diseases Caused by

Parasitic Agents



Fungi Wind, splashing water, humans,animals, tools and equipment

Bacteria Irrigation, splashing water, humans,

animals, tools and equipment

Nematodes Irrigation, humans, animals, tools

and equipment

Viruses Insects, tools

Phytoplasma Insects, tools

Parasitic Agents

What are the consequences of

l t di ?



plant diseases?

Make plants less productive

eg - Plants less vigorous

- Poor root system

Cause non-marketable fruits

eg - Rotten fruits

- Deformed fruits

- Spots on fruits

Kill Plantseg - Wilting

Lower

Yield

or

No

Yield

Principles of Pest and Disease



p

Management

• Host plant resistance - use of resistant

varieties

• Biological control - use of natural enemies

• Cultural control - agronomic practices

• Physical control - heating, collection, fences

•Use of pheromones - use of substances asattractants



IMPORTANT DISEASES OF

SELECTED VEGETABLE

CROPS

TOMATO



Tomato Yellow Leaf

Curl Virus (TYLCV)

Symptoms

• leaf curling, twisting,

dwarfism, interveinalyellowing

• white fly (Bem isia tabaci )

transmits the virus in a

persistent manner

Control and Management

• sanitation and early removal

of infected plants

• control whitefly population

using traps and/or

insecticides

Photo Source: EW-PH

TOMATO



Tobacco Mosaic Virus

(TMV) Symptoms & Characteristics

• mosaic on leaves and narrowing

of leaf tips

• occasionally wilting of stems

and leaves and necrosis on

fruits

• transmitted by seeds, by soil

through debris of infectedplants, and mechanically



of infected plants

• disinfect farm tools and avoid

smoking in the field

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO



Cucumber Mosaic

Virus (CMV) Symptoms & Characteristics

• mosaic on leaves and

sometimes filiform leaves

• necrosis on the stems and

leaves

• necrosis and sunscald on the

fruits

• wide host range

• not transmitted in the seeds but

transmitted by aphids



of infected plants

• control aphid population

using insect traps and use of

insecticides

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Tomato Spotted WiltVirus (TSPWV)



Virus (TSPWV) Symptoms & Characteristics

• yellowing of leaves and wilt of

leaf tips followed by brown

necrotic lesions on leaves and

necrotic streaks on stems and

petioles• fruits are distorted with

irregularly raised necrotic

lesions

• wide host range (legumes, other

solanaceous crops)

• transmitted by thrips but not

transmitted in the seeds



of infected plants

• control thrips population

using insect traps and use of

insecticides

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Bacterial Wilt Ralston ia solanacearum



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• wilting of whole plants that

normally start with the shoot

apex

• browning of the vascular

strands of the basal part of

stem

• presence of grayish or

whitish bacterial exudate(ooze)


• crop rotation

• use of resistant variety (e.g.

Diamante)

• use of resistant rootstock in

grafted seedlings

TOMATO Bacterial Soft Rot Erwinia carotovo ra subsp.

t



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• leaf margins become

dehydrated with yellowing

• surface of infected petioles

becomes dark brown

• dark to blackish brown water-

soaked lesions

• infected roots become soft

and then rot

• High temperature and high

humidity favors disease

development


• crop rotation

• good soil drainage

• spraying with copper-based

compounds can minimize

infection

carotovora

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Bacterial Spot Xanthom onas campestr is pv.

i t i



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• initial symptoms consist of

dark brown circular to

irregularly shaped small

spots (leaves) and yellowingof leaf margins

• fruits - water-soaked brwon

dots that develop into scabby

spots slightly raised in the

center


• seed disinfection/heat

treatment of seeds

• application/spraying with

copper-based compounds

vesicator ia

TOMATO Pith Necrosis Pseudomonas corrugata



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• infected pith shows browning

necrosis and sometimes

cavity is formed

• adventitious root develop in

the lower part of stem

• browning of vascular bundes

and presence of bacterial

exudate (ooze)• low temperature and high

humidity favors disease dev’t


• removal of infected plants

• use of healthy soil during

seedling establishment

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Late Blight Phythophth ora infestans



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• leaves, stems, fruits and

roots are affected

• initially water-soaked

irregular lesions on leaf

becoming dark gray

• slightly sunken, dark gray

irregular lesions develop on

the fruit that eventually rot• prevalent during the rainy

season in cool and humid

environments


• application of fungicides

• avoid disbudding and

defoliation when it rains

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Early Blight Alternar ia solani



Symptoms &

Characteristics• initially, dark-gray and water-

soaked leaf lesions that

eventually develop into large

greenish gray round to

ellipsoidal spots withconcentric zonations

• later, velvety molds appear on

the lesions

•disease development isenhanced under hot and dry

conditions


• early removal of infected

leaves

• spraying with fungicides

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Fusarium Wilt Fusar ium oxyspo rum



Symptoms &

Characteristics• initially, lower leaves show

wilting and yellowing

• later, yellowing develops at

the upper leaves andeventually whole plant wilt

and dies

• roots show severe browning

and decay

• occurs under cool conditions

• seed transmission occurs


• crop rotation

• use of resistant varieties

• disinfection of beds by solar

radiation

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Powdery Mildew Erysiphe cicho racearum

Levei l lu la taur ica



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• occurrence of powdery white

mold on the upper surface of

leaves

• leaf lesions are reddishbrown on the lower surface of

leaves and yellow on the

upper surface with small

amount of white mold (for L.

taur ica )


• good sanitation and crop

rotation

• spraying with chemical

fungicides

Photo Source: AICAF

TOMATO Leaf Mold Cladosp or ium fulvum



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• upper leaf - pale yellow spots

lower leaf - velvety grayish

yellow to greenish brown

mold• disease spreads from lower

leaves to the upper foliage

• disease is enhance at temp of

20-25oC and under high

humidity conditions


• avoid dense planting especially

during rainy months

• appropriate fertilization and

watering

• chemical fungicides spray

Photo Source: AICAF

EGGPLANT Cucumber MosaicVirus (CMV)



( )Symptoms &

Characteristics

• distinct mosaic or yellow

mottling mosaic on 2-3 leaves

close to the growing point

• sometimes fruit becomeshard and tuberculate and

pericarp browning can occur

• wide host range including

some weed species

• mainly transmitted by aphids

but not seed-transmitted


• good field sanitation

• control aphid population using

insect traps or chemical

insecticidal sprays in case of

high aphid population

Photo Source: AICAF

EGGPLANT Eggplant YellowMosaic Virus (EYMV)



( )Symptoms &

Characteristics

• irregular chlorotic spots

along small leaf veins (initial

symptoms)

• subsequently, bright yellowmosaic and infected plants

are usually stunted

• transmitted by whitefly

(Bem isia tabaci ) and also

transmitted by sap

• not seed-transmitted




insect traps or chemical

insecticidal sprays in case of

high aphid population

Photo Source: AICAF

EGGPLANT Bacterial Wilt Ralston ia so lanacearum



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• wilting starts on few

branches and then spread to

the whole plant and plant

eventually dies• browning appears on the

lateral roots at the early stage

of infection and then spread

to all roots

• creamy white bacterialexudate oozes out from the

cut end of infected stems


• crop rotation and good cultural

management

• use of resistant varieties or use

of seedlings grafted to resistant

rootstocks

Photo Source: AICAF

EGGPLANT Brown Spot Symptoms & Characteristics

Phomopsis vexans



Symptoms & Characteristics

•

could infect leaves, stems andfruits

• leaves - brown, round or

irregular and concentric zonate

lesions with visible small black

specks (pycnidia)

• stems- brown and long sunken

lesions

• fruits - brown, round and zonate

sunken lesions• seed transmitted

• disease occurs at higher T

during the rainy season


• good cultural management and

early removal of infected plantparts or infected plants

• use of chemical fungicides

Photo Source: AICAF

EGGPLANT Leaf Mold

Mycovel los iel la nattrassi i



Symptoms &Characteristics

• leaves - round or irregular

and grayish brwon lesions

are formed on the lower

surface

• small pale yellowish spots

occur on the upper leaf

surface





y

Photo Source: AICAF

EGGPLANT Powdery Mildew Sphaerotheca ful ig inea




• white powdery lesions cover

the leaf surface

•

prevalent in arid areas whenthe season is dry

• obligate parasite and can

not be grown on an artificial

medium





p g

Photo Source: AICAF



PEPPER Cucumber MosaicVirus (CMV)




• leaves - mosaic symptoms

on top leaves

•

stems - slightly bent and theplants are stunted

• very wide host range

(includes cucurbits)

• transmitted by aphids but

not seed transmitted


• sanitation and early removal of

infected plants


insect traps and use of

insecticides

Photo Source: AICAF

PEPPER Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV)



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• leaves - yellowing and

distinct mosaic with uneven

surface

• several strains exist

• transmitted by seeds and by

contact (mechanical)



infected plants

• disinfect farm tools

Photo Source: AICAF



PEPPER Tomato Spotted WiltVirus (TSWV)




• darkening and die back of

growing tips

• necrosis of foliage, poor growth and in some cases

the plant dies

• wide host range

•

transmitted by thrips in apersistent manner



infected plants or plant parts

• control thrips population using

insect traps and use of

insecticides

Photo Source: AICAF



PEPPER Bacterial Soft Rot Erwinia carotovo ra subsp.



carotovora


• occurs on fruits (mainly

unripen) and stems

•

lesions- yellowish brown toyellowish white, water-soaked

in the margin and irregular in

shape

• rotten fruits develop a foul

odor

• stems- dark-brwon water-

soaked lesions


• crop rotation

•

good soil drainage• spraying with copper-based

compounds can minimize

infection

Photo Source: AICAF

PEPPER Bacterial Spot Xanthom onas c ampestr is pv.

vesicator ia



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• similar to bacterial spot in

tomato

• affects stems, leaves,

petioles and peduncles

• lesions - dark brown with

slightly raised margins and

are brown in the center

•

petioles and peduncles -water-soaked streaks

• could be seed transmitted

and soil-borne


• crop rotation

• use of copper wettable

powder (fungicides)

PEPPER Phythophthora Blight Phythoptho ra caps ic i

S t &



Symptoms &

Characteristics• occurs under high T

conditions with excessive

soil moisture

• can infect leaves, stems and

fruits

• lesions - dark green to dark-

brown water-soaked which

are irregular

• young seedlings - could wiltand die


• crop rotation

• use of fungicides

• avoid use of furrow irrigation

when heavy infection occurs

Photo Source: AICAF

PEPPER Anthracnose Glomerel la p iperata

Glomerel la c ing ulata



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• generally occurs at the

ripening stage of chili fruitsespecially with a prolonged

humid conditions

• symptoms include brown and

slightly sunken lesions and

concentric small spots


• crop rotation


Photo Source: AICAF

Glomerel la cing ulata

PEPPER Cercospora leaf spot Cercospo ra capsic i




• affects leaves, petioles,

peduncles and stems

• lesions are pale brown to

brwon in the margin and

grayish white in the center

• severely affected leaves show

yellowing and then fall

• High humidity conditionsfavor disease development


• crop rotation

• use of fungicides (copper-

based and benomyl)

Photo Source: AICAF



Ampalaya/Cucumber/Patola/

Muskmelon

Downy Mildew Pseudoperonospo ra cubens is

Symptoms & Characteristics



Muskmelon Symptoms & Characteristics

• symptoms appear on the leaves

• initially pale yellow lesions not

so angular compared to

cucumber, patola and

muskmelon

• lesions turn purplish gray in

advanced stages

• an obligate parasite and

therefore can not grow on an

artificial medium

• low T and high humidity favors

disease dev’t




• use of resistant or tolerant

varieties

Ampalaya Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxyspo rum

f.sp. cuc umerinum



p

f.sp. melon is

f.sp. niv eum f.sp. luffae

f.sp. lagenaria

Symptoms &

Characteristics

• initially wilting occurs at the

lower leaves and eventually

the whole plant wilts or die

• roots become pale gray and

decay

• show distinct physiological

speciation (different races)


• crop rotation

• use of resistant or tolerant

varieties or resistant

rootstocks



Ampalaya Namamarako Unknown cause




• virus-like symptoms

• leaves are thickened

with plastic appearance

• significant reduction of

female flowers and

even male flowers

• severe infection cancause stunting


• crop rotation coupled with

good cultural management and

boron supplementation can

minimize infection

Watermelon/Squash Gummy Stem Blight

Didymella bryo niae



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• lesions are gray to dark

gray that normally

starts in the leaf edges

• lesions are usually

wedged or V-shape in

appearance

• seed-transmitted

Mycos phaerel la melonis






Watermelon/Squash

Zucchini Yellow

Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)




• leaves - initially yellow

spots or vein clearing

followed by distinct

mosaic, large lobation andmalformation

• fruits - dark green warts

and malformation

• not transmitted throughseeds but can be

transmitted by aphids



• application of insecticides to

control aphids

Watermelon Phytophthora rotPhytophtho ra melonis (cucum ber)

P. nicot ianae var. parasit ica

( l )



Symptoms &

Characteristics

• leaves - large dark greenlesions

• fruits - water-soaked

lesions with visible white

powdery mycelia under dry

conditions and white

cottony mold under high

humidity conditions



• application of fungicides

(melon)

P. drechs leri (watermelon)

P. caps ici (squash, cucumber,

melon, gou rd, watermelon)



HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE

Bittergourd (Ampalaya)



• Early maturing and

high yielding

•

suitable for year-roundcropping

• glossy dark green color

fruits with long shelf

life

Hybrid Galaxy



Protective / Contact: Outside protection



otect e / Co tact Outs de p otect o

Systemic: Chemical enters plant

mgt. of location & specific pests and diseases

Documents