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FINAL TERM EXAMINATION 2010 MGMT625- Change Management (Alt. code=HRM625)

QUESTION: Identify the year in which Beckhard & Harris proposed a model of change management process.

1957196719771987

QUESTION: In which of the following year, Kurt Lewin Model was developed?

1949 195019511952

QUESTION:When did Baird & Meshoulam describe organization life cycle model? 1988197819681958

QUESTION: According to which of the following author, organizational development is driven by some generic code or prefigured program within the developing entity?

VU RTKzLewinNisbetPooleMiller

QUESTION: Change fails not because organizations are rigid and inflexible but they are impressively imaginative. Who gave this view?

March HannanFreemanTaylor

QUESTION: Identify a scholar who defined specie as “a form oforganization that exists through generations of individual organizations which are members of the specie".

A. Weber B. Hannan C. McKelvey D. Taylor

QUESTION: According to which of the following “dialectical theory rests on the assumption that the organizational entity exist in a pluralistic world of colliding events, forces, or contradictory values that compete with each other for domination and control”?

AristotleVan de VenMarxPlato

QUESTION: “If we could understand the ways in which individuals were motivated we could influence them by changing the components of that motivation process.” Which of the following experts gave above mentioned

VU RTKzconcept?

Edgar ScheinAlvin TofflerCharles HandyPeter Senge

QUESTION: Which of the following introduced concept of logical instrumentalism?

Kurt LewinJames Brian QuinnEdgar ScheinMichael Peter Senge

QUESTION: An approach in which an external consultant recommends a solution to organizational problems according to technical view point, is known as: Expert system approach Devil’s advocate approach Dialectical inquiry approach External analysis approach

QUESTION: Which of the following is considered as best decision making approach? A. Expert system approach B. Devil’s advocate approach C. Dialectical inquiry approach D. External analysis approach

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Identify an approach in which the role of managers’ behavior is destructive rather than constructive. ► Expert system approach ► Devil’s advocate approach

VU RTKz ► Dialectical inquiry approach ► External analysis approach

QUESTION: Identify an approach in which second group gives an alternate plan.

Expert system approach Devil’s advocate approach Dialectical inquiry approach External analysis approach

QUESTION: Which of the following is an organizational culture in which teams are formed to solve particular problems?

Power cultureRole cultureTask culturePerson culture

QUESTION: Which of the following is one of the dimensions of Greiner’s Model?

Age of organization Development of organizationflexibility of organizationAdaptability of organization

QUESTION: Identify an approach in which two different groups assigned to the problem and each group evaluates the other group’s alternatives.Expert system approachDevil’s advocate approach Dialectical inquiry approachExternal analysis approach

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QUESTION: Organizations reflect type of negotiated order which refers to:

LearningConflictAdaptationFlexibility

QUESTION: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the period of direction phase?

Communication becomes more formal and impersonalIncentives, budgets, and work standards are adoptedAccounting systems for inventory and purchasing are introducedCommunication is frequent and informal

QUESTION: When managers make rational choice under certain conditions of risk and cost-benefit analyses. This process refers to:

Rule followingProblem solving Decision makingConflict resolving

QUESTION: According to Greiner, in his five phases of growth model, what type of crisis follows phase 2 (growth through direction)?

Crisis of controlCrisis of Autonomy Crisis of leadershipCrisis of growth

QUESTION: Which of the following is based on the assumption that change proceeds toward a goal or end state?

Life cycle theory

VU RTKzTeleological theory Dialectical theoryEvolutionary theory

QUESTION: According to Levinthal, an incremental change in an organizational routine in response to feedback about outcome refers to:LearningAdaptation SelectionRetention

QUESTION: Joint venture is an example of which of the following?

Internal developmentExternal development Incremental developmentGradual development

QUESTION: In psychology the observation that people often do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same is called _____________.

A. Band wagon effectB. BenchmarkingC. FashionD. Trend

QUESTION: Which of the following contexts would most suit a transformational leader?

A. An organization that is in troubleB. An organization that is performing wellC. An organization in a stable environmentD. An organization in a mature industry

QUESTION: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the period of creativity phase?

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Communication is frequent and informal Long hours of work are rewarded by modest salariesControl of activities comes from immediate marketplace feedback Accounting systems for inventory and purchasing are introduced

QUESTION:Which of the following refers to birth of an organization according to Baird & Meshoulam?

Organization initiation Functional growthControlled growthStrategicinte gration

QUESTION: “Sunk cost” is a source of which of the following?

Structural inertia Natural selectionAdaptationVariation

QUESTION:Which of the following is Not an internal source of structural inertia?

Sunk cost Communication problem Organizational politics Technological advancement

QUESTION: Which of the following is an application of evolutionary theories?

Introduction of new management system Strategic Assumptions Analysis Quality management movement

VU RTKzExpert system approach

QUESTION: Which of the following terms describes "selection of strategies from among alternative courses of action, both for the enterprise as a whole and for every department or section"?

Planning OrganizingLeadingControlling

QUESTION: Identify the minimum requirement of entities by dialectical theories to fill the roles of thesis and antithesis

FiveFourThreeTwo

QUESTION: Mergers and acquisitions are examples of which of the following?

Internal developmentExternal developmentIncremental developmentGradual development

QUESTION: Which of the following theories establishes that “Goal is considered as a final cause for guiding movement of an entity”?

Life cycle theoryTeleological theory Dialectical theoryEvolutionary theory

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QUESTION: All of the following are time-consuming methods for dealing with resistance to change, EXCEPT:

Stress managementEmployee involvementLearning Coercion

QUESTION: Which of the following is a function of attitude? RoutineHabitBehaviorPolicy

QUESTION: Identify a theory according to which environment selects and decides the validity of organization form, process and practices to become effective and efficient.

Life cycle theory Teleological theory Dialectical theory Evolutionary theory

QUESTION: Which of the following defines a learning that occurs when, in addition to detection and correction of errors, the organization questions and modifies its existing norms, procedures, policies and objectives?

Single-loop learningDouble-loop learning Surface learning Deep learning

QUESTION: Which of the following terms describes "the tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world"?

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InternationalizationGlobalizationLocalizationGlocalization

QUESTION: According to Beckhard & Harris three stages of change management process include:

Unfreeze,change and refreezeCurrent state, transition state and future statePre-contemplation,contemplation and actionAnticipation, confirmation and culmination

QUESTION: Kurt Lewin's three-step model for successful change in organizations includes:

Unfreeze,move and freeze Unfreeze, change and refreezeChange,refreeze and unfreezeRefreeze,move and unfreeze

QUESTION: When organizational systems and structures are realigned with the desired behaviors, this is referred to as:

RefreezingUnfreezingFeedbackResistance

QUESTION: Which of the following is NOT a stage in Kurt Lewin's Model

VU RTKzfor Change?

UnfreezeChangeRefreezeDefrost

QUESTION: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of devil’s advocacy approach?

It gives no solution It demoralizes managers It makes managers’ behavior destructive It focuses on what is going wrong

QUESTION: Which of the following is the third stage of “Miller & Freisen Model”?

1-Birth2-Growth4- Revival3-Maturity

QUESTION: Which of the following is the fourth stage of “Miller &Freisen Model”?

BirthGrowthRevivalMaturity

QUESTION: Joint venture is an example of which of the following?

Strategic changeProcess change

VU RTKzGenerative changeAdaptive change

QUESTION: Which of the following is an organizational culture in which authority concentrates among few individuals?

Power cultureRole cultureTask culturePerson culture QUESTION: Which of the following terms describes "the process of planning, coordinating, and implementing changes to the information processing production, distribution and system facilities"?

Change managementManagementConflict managementCrisis management

QUESTION: In terms of organizational change, maintenance of the status quo represents:

StabilityOppositionInstabilityContradiction

QUESTION: “Model of strategic planning” is a part of which of the following?

Life cycle theoriesTeleological theoriesDialectical theoriesEvolutionary theories

VU RTKzQUESTION: Which of the following theories operate on a multiple entity?

Life cycle and teleological theoriesTeleological and dialectical theoriesDialectical and evolutionary theoriesEvolutionary and life cycle theories

QUESTION: When the new program gets merged with the existing processes, it refers to:

Missionary phase Modification phase Maturity phase Declining phase

QUESTION: Merger and acquisition is an example of which of the following?

Strategic changeProcess changeGenerative changeAdaptive change

QUESTION: As an entity progresses through a necessary sequence of stages or phases, which of the following depicts the process of change in the entity?

Life cycle theory Teleological theory Dialectical theory Evolutionary theory

QUESTION: Which of the following strategies refers to revolutionary

VU RTKztypes of change in terms of strategic management?

Internal developmentExternal developmentIncremental developmentGradual development

QUESTION: Which of these best describes restraining forces? Unfreezing NegotiationRefreezing Resistance to change

QUESTION: In McKinsey 7-S framework for business success, plans for the allocation for a firm’s scarce resources over time to achieve organizational goals refer to:

Strategy StructureSystemSafety

QUESTION: 1. One of the advantages of a narrow span of control is that:

a.Employees can take more Holidays b.A manager can more easily communicate with employeesc. Feed back is no longer required from employeesd. Fewer appraisals need to be written each year.

QUESTION: A tall organization has:a. A small number of managers with wide span of controlb. A small number of managers with narrow span of controlc. A largenumber of managers with wide span of control

VU RTKzd. A large number of managers with narrow spans of control

QUESTION: Which of the following would you not expectto find at an organization that possesses a very strong culture?

a. The company has a profound slogan that is proudly displayed throughout the organization. b. The organization provides an extensive training program for newly hired employees. c. The organization uses an in-depth selection process for all potential job candidates. d. The organization only engages newspaper advertisements tofill vacant job positions.

QUESTION: Of the forces that shape the ethics of anorganization's managers, which one would be comprised of government regulations, special interest groups, and global market forces? a. Organizational culture b. Personal ethics c. External stakeholder’s d. Organizational systems

5. Organizational restructuring is an example of ________ change.a. strategicb. transformational c. structural d. incremental

QUESTION: “Changes should not be considered only in terms of theprocess but should also be considered from historical, cultural and

VU RTKzpolitical features.” Above statement is given by:

a) Andrew M Pettigrewb) Instane Berg c) Philips Kotlerd) None of the above

QUESTION: -Outer context refers to all the given options except:a) Economic environment b) Competitive environmentc) Political environmentd) Corporate environment

QUESTION: The process of change refers to ———,——and ——from the various interested parties.a) Thinking, implementing and modifyingb) Action, reaction and interactionc) Modernization, articulation and appreciationd) Efforts, emotions and prayers

QUESTION: The process in the organization in turn depends upon the following except:a) Change managementb) Pattern through time c) Formulation /implementation processd) Political and cultural views of the firms

QUESTION: SOC is the abbreviation of:a) Strategic and operational clientb) Strategic organizational changec) Structural and operational control

VU RTKzd) Sources of change

QUESTION: -This is stated to be the requirement of ISO certificationthat that each and every member should know what their mission, vision, and values are:

a) ISO 9000 series standardsb) ISO 14000 series standardsc) Both (a) and (b) d) Malcon baldrige Awards

QUESTION: In recruitment the following policy (ies) is:a) Whether to hire from withinb) Hire from marketc) Both (a) and (b)d) None of the Above

QUESTION: ———— are objects, events, acts or people which express more than their intrinsic context.

a) Habitsb) Valuesc) Symbolsd) All of the above

QUESTION: Interview procedure that shows a mechanistic andhierarchical organization is:a) Formal interviewb) Informal interviewc) Longitudinal interviewd) One that is conducted with great care an didn’t depictanything

QUESTION: More specific tactics of change which might be employed to facilitate change process are:

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a) 4b) 7c) 3d) 6QUESTION: Three crucial determinants to make the change plan andstrategy effective are environmental, structural and —————.

a) Managerial styleb) managerial constraintsc) Management orientationd) Infrastructure feasibility

QUESTION: Change in environment will be coupled with all except;

a) Change in servicesb) Target the customer at some other market placec) Change in stakeholdersd) Development of a new product.

QUESTION: If organization production strategy is based on qualityproduction then it should not go for ———— type of strategy.a) Differentiation Specialtyb) cost leadership c) cost volumed) none of the above

QUESTION: prerequisites for organizational change according to———— are motivating change, managing the transition and shaping the political dynamics of change:

a) Nalderb) Robert Waterman c) Thomas Peters

VU RTKzd) Bullock and Batten

QUESTION: The organization dealing in many business, estimatesgrowth potential and losses for its business will go for ———— in those which are in loss.

a) Market penetrationb) Divestment c) Restructuringd) none of the above

QUESTION: -———— strategy assists business strategies.a) Operational b) Functionalc) Production d) Process

QUESTION: The four most common leadership styles include allexcept:a) Authoritarian Styleb) Consensus oriented Stylec) Aggressive styled) Democratic Style

QUESTION: One of the techniques to promote cross-functionalism is of————.

a) Greater interactionb) Job specificationc) Job rotationd) All of the above

QUESTION: Managing —————are critical to successfully leading organizational change:

VU RTKza) Values and cultural artifactsb) Socio cultural aspects c) Cultural and demographyd) All the above

QUESTION: Strategic performance is a derivative of theother ————‘S’s

a) 4b) 7c) 3d) 6

QUESTION: What does QMM stand for?

A. Quality Marketing Management B. Quality Management Marketing C. Quality Movement Management D. Quality Management Movement

QUESTION: Identify a theory according to which environment plays decisive role in the selection of forms, processes and practices in organization.

Life cycle theory Teleological theory Dialectical theory Evolutionary theory

QUESTION: What does the acronym TQM stand for?

A. Total Quality Manufacturing B. Total Quality Measurement C. Total Quality Management D. Total Quantitative Method

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QUESTION: In terms of organizational change, “maintenance of the status quo” represents:

A. Stability B.Opposition C.Instability D.Contradiction

QUESTION: Identify the correct order of dialectical cycle.

A. Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis B.Synthesis-Antithesis-Thesis C.Thesis-Synthesis-Antithesis D.Antithesis-Synthesis-Thesis

QUESTION: Which of the following theories operate on a multiple entity?

A. Life cycle and teleological theories B.Teleological and dialectical theories C. Dialectical and evolutionary theories D.Evolutionary and life cycle theories

QUESTION:How many stages of biological evolution are there?

A. Five B. Four C. Three D. Two

QUESTIONS: Which of the following defines “the creation of novel forms of organizations are often viewed to emerge by blind or random chance”?

A. Variation B. Selection

VU RTKzC. Retention D. Collection

Which of the following strategies refers to slow, gradual or incremental type ofchange in terms of strategic management?

A. Internal development External development

C.Revolutionary development D. Radical development

QUESTION: Joint venture is an example of which of the following? A.Internal development B. External development C. Revolutionary development D. Radical development

QUESTION: Which of the following is one of the dimensions of Greiner’s Model?

A. Growth rate of the company B. Growth rate of the market C. Growth rate of the economy D. Growth rate of the industry

QUESTION: Which of the following is a characteristic of the period of delegation phase?

A. Long hours of work are rewarded by modest salaries Incentives, budgets, and work standards are adopted Accounting systems for inventory and purchasing are introduced D. Profit centers and bonuses are used to stimulate motivation

QUESTION: According to Greiner, in his five phases of growth model, whattype of crisis follows phase 1 (growth through creativity)?

Crisis of control

VU RTKzB. Crisis of autonomy C. Crisis of leadership D. Crisis of growth

QUESTION: When procedures take precedence over problem solving andinnovation is dampened, which of the following crisis is created?

A. Control crisis B.Autonomy crisis C.Leadership crisis D. Red tape crisis

QUESTION: Identify leading proponents of organization ecology model.

A. Hannan and Freeman B. Weber and Taylor C. Schein and Quinn D. Mintzberg and Fayol

QUESTION: Which of the following is an internal source of structural inertia? A. Sunk cost B. New technology C. Government regulations D. Social legitimacy

QUESTION: Organizational birth rates and death rates refer to: A. Vital rates B. Growth rates C.Inflation rates D.Reduction rates

QUESTION: In circumstances of incremental change, strategic change is likely to be more successful if:

A. It is imposedB. It is owned by the senior managerC. It is internalized and owned by those who will implement itD. It is facilitated by management consultants

VU RTKz

QUESTION: 'Logical instrumentalism' can be described as:

A.Careful design and planningB. EmergentC.Cautious resource allocationD.Top management rational analysis

QUESTION: Organizations that are good at developing relevant capabilities to respond to a changing context are known as:

Knowing organizationsStretch organizationsLearning organizationsNone of the given options

QUESTION: Theorists have identified two main styles of leadership. These are transformational leadership and:

Transgression leadershipB. Transactional leadershipC.Transparent leadershipD. Transcendental leadership

QUESTION: Which of the following theories of change posit that individuals and organizations exist in a pluralistic world filled with conflicting interests, ideas, and values?Life cycleTeleologicalDialecticalEvolutionary

Which of the following is a dimension of organization structure?DepartmentalizationSpan of controlHierarchy layerAll of the given options

VU RTKzQUESTION: Which of the following is Not included in McKinsey 7 S framework?A.StrategyB.StructureC.SystemD. SafetyQUESTION: Which of the following areas is Not one of the four key areas that strategic change seeks to influence?PeopleB. TechnologyC. Formal organization structuresD. Informal organization structures

QUESTION: According to Pettigrew the important aspects of the outer context include:a. The extent of regulation in the industry in which an organization is locatedb. The presence of other influential stakeholder’s c. Both (a) and (b)d. None of the given options

QUESTION: Which of the following are characteristics of transformational change? a. systemic and revolutionary b. triggered by environmental disruptions c. driven by all employees d. Both (a) and (b)

QUESTION: Among the most common andinfluential forces of organizational change are the emergence of newcompetitors and –––––––––––. a. Innovations in technologyb. new company leadershipc evolving attitudes towards workd.All the given options.

QUESTION: Organizational learning interventions emphasize which of the following?a. social processes

VU RTKzb. organizational structure c. shared knowledge d . Both (b) and (c)

QUESTION: Motivating change , Managing the transition and Shaping the political dynamics of change are prerequisites for installing a change in an organization recommended by ––––––––a. Alex millerb.Nadlerc. Simond. Snow Charles

CHANGE MANAGEMENT MGMT625

VU RTKz

MIDTERM EXAMINATION MGMT625- Change Management (Alt. code=HRM625)

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one “Learning that creates stability and culture is different from the learning that enables organizations to innovate as they encounter changing conditions in both their external and internal environment.” Which of the following experts gave above mentioned concept? ► Schein ► Charles ► Toffler ► Schon Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is a process of setting objectives, or goals, and formulating policies, strategies, and procedures to meet them? ► Planning ► Organizing ► Leading ► Controlling Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

VU RTKz

McDonalds is a U.S. based firm but it also sells its products in Pakistan. This is an example of which of the following? ► Localization ► Internationalization ► Globalization ► Glocalization Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneToyota, a Japanese firm, but is manufacturing cars in Kentucky. This is an example of which of the following? ► Internationalization ► Globalization ► Localization ► GLocalization Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Sony introduces hundreds of new products (including improved products) every year. This continuous change is the most effective organizational environment for which of the following? ► Refreezing ► Unfreezing ► Negotiations ► Resistance Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is NOT a stage in Kurt Lewin's famous three-stage prescriptive model of change that was developed in the 1950s? ► Refreezing attitudes ► Melting resistance ► Unfreezing current attitudes ► moving to a new level Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is an organizational culture in which people have clearly delegated authorities within a highly defined structure? ► Power culture ► Role culture ► Task culture

VU RTKz ► Person culture Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is an organizational culture in which teams are formed to solve particular problems? ► Power culture ► Role culture ► Task culture ► Person culture Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following refers to birth of an organization according to Baird & Meshoulam? ► Organization initiation ► Functional growth ► Controlled growth ► Strategic integration Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one The belief of an organization that its policies are superior to that of any other organization. This refers to which of the following? ► Polycentricism ► Geocentricism ► Regiocentricism ► Ethnocentricism Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following theories operate on a single entity? ► Life cycle and teleological theories ► Teleological and dialectical theories ► Dialectical and evolutionary theories ► Evolutionary and life cycle theories Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one According to which of the following “dialectics means the process of change, logic and a method”? ► Aristotle ► Hegel

VU RTKz ► Marx ► Plato Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one In which of the following approach assumptions behind the plan are not shared with organizational members?

► Expert system approach ► Devil’s advocate approach ► Dialectical inquiry approach ► External analysis approach Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is NOT a weakness of devil’s advocacy approach? ► It gives no solution ► It demoralizes managers ► It makes managers’ behavior destructive ► It focuses on what is going wrong

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which one of the following theories explains 'Change' as a recurrent, cumulative, and probabilistic progression of variation, selection, and retention among entities in a designated population? ► Life cycle theories ► Teleological theories ► Dialectical theories ► Evolutionary theories Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Identify an approach in which traits can be acquired within a generation through learning and imitation. ► Darwinian approach ► Lamarckian approach ► Managerial approach ► Biological approach

VU RTKz Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one According to Greiner, in his five phases of growth model, what type of crisis follows phase 4 (growth through coordination)? ► Control crisis ► Autonomy crisis ► Leadership crisis ► Red tape crisis Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one When there is a lack of confidence and trust between line and staff, which of the following crisis is created? ► Control crisis ► Autonomy crisis ► Leadership crisis ► Red tape crisis Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is an internal source of structural inertia? ► Sunk cost ► New technology ► Government regulations ► Social legitimacy

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Internal politics for vested interests amongst organizational members refers to:Structural ► inertiaNatural ► selectionAdaptation ► Variation ► Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one "Cause and effect" refers to: Concept of ► causalityConcept of ► change

VU RTKzConcept of ► adaptabilityConcept of ► selection Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one According to Hannan and Freeman, which of the following is Not an attribute in determining organizational specie? ► Normative orderFormal ► structurePatterns of ► activityEnvironmental ► forces Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Identify a phase, which emphasizes on spontaneity in managerial actions through teams and the skillful confrontation of interpersonal differences. ► CollaborationFormalization ► Renewal ► Delegation ►

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which one of the following strategies refers to revolutionary type of change, in terms of strategic management? ► Internal developmentExternal ► developmentIncremental ► developmentGradual ► development Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Mergers and acquisitions are examples of which of the following developments?

Internal ► developmentExternal ► development ► Incremental developmentGradual ► development

VU RTKz Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one In terms of strategy development, logical incrementalism refers to:

► The deliberate development of strategy by experimentation and learning from partial commitments

The ► utilization by top managers of a mixture of formal and informal social and political processes to draw together an emerging pattern of strategies from these subsystems

Systematized, ► step-by-step, chronological procedures to develop or coordinate an organization’s strategy

Experimentation ► with side bet ventures and allowing developments to emerge from subsystems Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Whenever any new program is introduced in an organization in order to enhance its productivity level, problem of acceptance arises which comes primarily from three sources: interpersonal, organizational and environmental. Identify which of the following is its environmental source.

Competitive ► pressure ► Budgetary allocationsLearning new ► terminologyAltering ► superior-subordinate relationships Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 ) Briefly describe dialectical approach in context of organization.

Answer : It can be defined in congestion with the definition of the organization as a system may be called dialectical if it examines a condition completely and logically from two different points of view. Further this approach begins by identifying the prevailing or recommended plan and the data which were used to derive it.

VU RTKzQuestion No: 30 ( Marks: 3 ) What do you know about vital rates?

Vital rates means DEATH RATES and founding rates. This is not only true for the study of large organizations but also of entrepreneurship and small businesses. Following to be learn:

1. Role of government 2. Role of competition3. Institutional constraints

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one“Learning that creates stability and culture is different from the learning that enables organizations to innovate as they encounter changing conditions in both their external and internal environment.” Which of the following experts gave above mentioned concept?► Schein ► Charles ► Toffler► Schon

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneA systematic approach to deal with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level is called:► Change management ► Management► Conflict management► Crisis management

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIn McKinsey 7-S framework for business success, how the employees think and behave is termed as:► Staff ► Strategy► Structure► Style

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Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is NOT a stage in Kurt Lewin's famous three-stage prescriptive model of change that was developed in the 1950s? ► Refreezing attitudes► Melting resistance► Unfreezing current attitudes► Moving to a new level

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following statement describes logical instrumentalism in terms of strategy development?► The deliberate development of strategy by experimentation and learning from partial commitments ► The utilization by top managers of a mixture of formal and informal social and political processes► Systematized, step-by-step, chronological procedures to develop or coordinate an organization’s strategy► Experimentation with side bet ventures and allowing developments to emerge from subsystems

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneTransactional leadership has which of the following characteristics?► Seeks to pick up the mood of the audience► Takes the view that rewards and punishment motivate staff ► Seeks to involve staff in the decision making process ► Believes success arises from leaders and staff working together

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is an organizational culture in which people have clearly delegated authorities within a highly defined structure?► Power culture► Role culture► Task culture ► Person culture

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is an organizational culture in which all individuals believe themselves superioR to the organization?

VU RTKz► Power culture► Role culture ► Task culture ► Person culture

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following theories follows prescribed modality? ► Dialectical theories ► Life cycle theories► Teleological theories► Management theories

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIntroduction of new training program in an organization in order to enhance productivity level refers to which of the following?► Missionary phase► Modification phase ► Maturity phase► Declining phase

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following theories establishes that “Goal is considered as a final cause for guiding movement of an entity”?

► Life cycle theory► Teleological theory► Dialectical theory► Evolutionary theory Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich one of the following theories states that “Every phenomenon contains a contradiction within it”? ► Life cycle theory► Teleological theory► Dialectical theory ► Evolutionary theory

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following occurs in an organization principally through the competition of scarce resources?

VU RTKz► Variation► Selection ► Retention► Deviation

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhat does the acronym TQM stand for?► Total Quality Manufacturing► Total Quality Measurement► Total Quality Management ► Total Quantitative Method

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIdentify a theory according to which environmenT plays decisive role in the selection of forms, processes and practices in organization.► Life cycle theory► Teleological theory ► Dialectical theory► Evolutionary theory

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is a major benefit of quality management movement?► It is based on discontinuous processes► It forces organizations to continue the evolution ► It focuses on drastic changes► It discourages innovation

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneAccording to Levinthal, an incremental change in an organizational routine in response to feedback about outcome refers to:► Learning► Adaptation ► Selection► Retention

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is an internal source of structural inertia?► Sunk cost

VU RTKz► New technology► Government regulations► Social legitimacy

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneActions which can be seen as spreading from one organization to another are known as:Learning ► Contagion ► Adaptation ► Flexibility ►

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhen the organization has become too large and complex to be managed through formal programs and rigid systems, which of the following crisis is created?Control crisis ► Autonomy crisis ► Leadership crisis ► Red tape crisis

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of the period of direction phase?Incentives, budgets and work standards are ► adoptedAccounting systems for inventory and purchase are ► introducedCommunication is frequent and informal within ► organization Communication becomes more formal and ► impersonal

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one"Same organizational practices are not maintained throughout a long time span". This refers to which of the following dimensions of Greiner’s model?Age of organization Growth rate of ► the industrySize of the organization ► Structure of the ► organization

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Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneApplication of standard operating procedures refers to:

Rule following ► Problem ► solvingDecision making ► Learning ► process

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIdentify the term which describes “the ways of organizing that are defined as right and proper by both members and relevant sectors of the environment”.Normative Order ► Formal ► structure Patterns of activity ► Span of ► control

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich one of the following strategies refers to slow, gradual and incremental type of change in terms of strategic management?Internal ► developmentExternal development ► Revolutionary ► development Radical development ►

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneKurt Lewin's three-step model for successful change in organizations includes:Refreeze, move and ► unfreezeUnfreeze, move and freeze ► Unfreeze, change and ► refreeze Change, refreeze and unfreeze ►

VU RTKzQuestion No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIn terms of strategy development, logical instrumentalism refers to:The deliberate development of ► strategy by experimentation and learning from partial commitments The utilization by top managers of a mixture of formal and ► informal social and political processes to draw together an emerging pattern of strategies from these subsystemsSystematized, step-by-step, ► chronological procedures to develop or coordinate an organization’s strategyExperimentation with side bet ventures and allowing ► developments to emerge from subsystems

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 ) How did a scholar, Winter, relate quality management movement (QMM) to evolutionary theory of change?

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 ) List down some of the features of 'Coordination phase'.

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 ) How can you distinguish between devil’s advocacy and dialectical inquiry process?

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 ) Explain competency multiplier with the help of an example.

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MGMT 625 (Change Management)

1. One of the advantages of a narrow span of control is that:a. Employees can take more Holidays b. A manager can more easily communicate with employeesc. Feed back is no longer required from employeesd. Fewer appraisals need to be written each year.

VU RTKz2. A tall organization has:a. A small number of managers with wide span of controlb. A small number of managers with narrow span of controlc. A large number of managers with wide span of controld. A large number of managers with narrow spans of control

3. Which of the following would you not expect to find at an organization that possesses a very strong culture? a. The company has a profound slogan that is proudly displayed throughout the organization. b. The organization provides an extensive training program for newly hired employees. c. The organization uses an in-depth selection process for all potential job candidates. d. The organization only engages newspaper advertisements to fill vacant job positions.

4. Of the forces that shape the ethics of an organization's managers, which one would be comprised of government regulations, special interest groups, and global market forces? a. Organizational culture b. Personal ethics c. External stakeholders d. Organizational systems

5. Organizational restructuring is an example of ________ change. a. strategic b. transformational c. structural d. incremental

6- “Changes should not be considered only in terms of the process but should also be considered from historical, cultural and political features.” Above statement is given by:

a) Andrew M Pettigrewb) Instane Berg c) Philips Kotlerd) None of the above

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7-Outer context refers to all the given options except:

a) Economic environment b) Competitive environmentc) Political environmentd) Corporate environment

8-The process of change refers to ————,————and ———— from the various interested parties.

a) Thinking, implementing and modifyingb) Action, reaction and interactionc) Modernization, articulation and appreciationd) Efforts, emotions and prayers

9-The process in the organization in turn depends upon the following except:

a) Change managementb) Pattern through time c) Formulation /implementation processd) Political and cultural views of the firms

10-SOC is the abbreviation of:

a) Strategic and operational clientb) Strategic organizational changec) Structural and operational controld) Sources of change

11-This is stated to be the requirement of ISO certification that that each and every member should know what their mission, vision, and values are:

a) ISO 9000 series standardsb) ISO 14000 series standardsc) Both (a) and (b) d) Malcon baldrige Awards

12-In recruitment the following policy (ies) is:

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a) Whether to hire from withinb) Hire from marketc) Both (a) and (b)d) None of the Above

13- ————— are objects, events, acts or people which express more than their intrinsic context.

a) Habitsb) Valuesc) Symbolsd) All of the above

14- Interview procedure that shows a mechanistic and hierarchical organization is:

a) Formal interviewb) Informal interviewc) Longitudinal interviewd) One that is conducted with great care an didn’t depict anything

15-More specific tactics of change which might be employed to facilitate change process are:a) 4b) 7c) 3d) 6

16- Three crucial determinants to make the change plan and strategy effective are environmental, structural and —————.

a) Managerial styleb) managerial constraintsc) Management orientationd) Infrastructure feasibility

17-Change in environment will be coupled with all except;

VU RTKza) Change in servicesb) Target the customer at some other market placec) Change in stakeholdersd) Development of a new product.

18-If organization production strategy is based on quality production then it should not go for ———— type of strategy.

a) Differentiation Specialtyb) cost leadership c) cost volumed) none of the above

19-prerequisities for organizational change according to ———— are motivating change, managing the transition and shaping the political dynamics of change:

a) Nalderb) Robert Waterman c) Thomas Peters d) Bullock and Batten

20-The organization dealing in many business, estimates growth potential and losses for its business will go for ———— in those which are in loss.

a) Market penetrationb) Divestment c) Restructuringd) none of the above

21-———— strategy assists business strategies.

a) Operational b) Functionalc) Production d) Process

22- The four most common leadership styles include all except:

VU RTKza) Authoritarian Styleb) Consensus oriented Stylec) Aggressive styled) Democratic Style

23- One of the techniques to promote cross-functionalism is of————.

a) Greater interactionb) Job specificationc) Job rotationd) All of the above

24- Managing —————are critical to successfully leading organizational change:

a) Values and cultural artifactsb) Socio cultural aspects c) Cultural and demographyd) All the above

25- Strategic performance is a derivative of the other ————‘S’s

a) 4b) 7c) 3d) 6

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6. What does QMM stand for?

VU RTKzA. Quality Marketing Management B. Quality Management Marketing C. Quality Movement Management D. Quality Management Movement

26. Identify a theory according to which environment plays decisive role in the selection of forms, processes and practices in organization.

A. Life cycle theory B. Teleological theory C. Dialectical theory D. Evolutionary theory

27. What does the acronym TQM stand for? A. Total Quality Manufacturing B. Total Quality Measurement C. Total Quality Management D. Total Quantitative Method

28. In terms of organizational change, “maintenance of the status quo” represents:

A. Stability B. Opposition C. Instability D. Contradiction

29. Identify the correct order of dialectical cycle. A. Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis B. Synthesis-Antithesis-Thesis C. Thesis-Synthesis-Antithesis D. Antithesis-Synthesis-Thesis

30. Which of the following theories operate on a multiple entity? A. Life cycle and teleological theories B. Teleological and dialectical theories C. Dialectical and evolutionary theories D. Evolutionary and life cycle theories

VU RTKz31. An approach in which an external consultant recommends a solution

to organizational problems according to technical view point, is known as:

A. Expert system approach B. Devil’s advocate approach C. Dialectical inquiry approach D. External analysis approach

32. Which of the following is considered as best decision making approach?

A. Expert system approach B. Devil’s advocate approach C. Dialectical inquiry approach D. External analysis approach

33. How many stages of biological evolution are there? A. Five B. Four C. Three D. Two

34. Which of the following defines “the creation of novel forms of organizations are often viewed to emerge by blind or random chance”?

A. Variation B. Selection C. Retention D. Collection

35. Which of the following strategies refers to slow, gradual or incremental type of change in terms of strategic management?

A. Internal development B. External development C. Revolutionary development D. Radical development

36. Joint venture is an example of which of the following? A. Internal development B. External development

VU RTKzC. Revolutionary development D. Radical development

37. Which of the following is one of the dimensions of Greiner’s Model? A. Growth rate of the company B. Growth rate of the market C. Growth rate of the economy D. Growth rate of the industry

38. Which of the following is a characteristic of the period of delegation phase?

A. Long hours of work are rewarded by modest salaries B. Incentives, budgets, and work standards are adopted C. Accounting systems for inventory and purchasing are introduced D. Profit centers and bonuses are used to stimulate motivation

39. According to Greiner, in his five phases of growth model, what type of crisis follows phase 1 (growth through creativity)?

A. Crisis of control B. Crisis of autonomy C. Crisis of leadership D. Crisis of growth

40. When procedures take precedence over problem solving and innovation is dampened, which of the following crisis is created?

A. Control crisis B. Autonomy crisis C. Leadership crisis D. Red tape crisis

41. Identify leading proponents of organization ecology model. A. Hannan and Freeman B. Weber and Taylor C. Schein and Quinn D. Mintzberg and Fayol

42. Which of the following is an internal source of structural inertia? A. Sunk cost B. New technology

VU RTKzC. Government regulations D. Social legitimacy

43. Identify a scholar who defined specie as “a form of organization that exists through generations of individual organizations which are members of the specie".

A. Weber B. Hannan C. McKelvey D. Taylor

44. Organizational birth rates and death rates refer to: A. Vital rates B. Growth rates C. Inflation rates D. Reduction rates

45) In circumstances of incremental change, strategic change is likely to be moresuccessful if:A. It is imposedB. It is owned by the senior managerC. It is internalized and owned by those who will implement itD. It is facilitated by management consultants

46) 'Logical instrumentalism' can be described as:A. Careful design and planningB. EmergentC. Cautious resource allocationD. Top management rational analysis

47) Organizations that are good at developing relevant capabilities to respond to achanging context are known as:A. Knowing organizationsB. Stretch organizationsC. Learning organizationsD. None of the given options

VU RTKz48) Which of the following contexts would most suit a transformational leader?A. An organization that is in troubleB. An organization that is performing wellC. An organization in a stable environmentD. An organization in a mature industry

49) Theorists have identified two main styles of leadership. These aretransformational leadership and:A. Transgression leadershipB. Transactional leadershipC. Transparent leadershipD. Transcendental leadership

50) Which of the following theories of change posit that individuals and organizationsexist in a pluralistic world filled with conflicting interests, ideas, and values?A. Life cycleB. TeleologicalC. DialecticalD. Evolutionary

51 Which of the following is a dimension of organization structure?A. DepartmentalizationB. Span of controlC. Hierarchy layerD. All of the given options52 Which of the following is Not included in McKinsey 7 S framework?A. StrategyB. StructureC. SystemD. Safety

53 Which of the following areas is Not one of the four key areas that strategic changeseeks to influence?

VU RTKzA. PeopleB. TechnologyC. Formal organisation structuresD. Informal organisation structures

54) In psychology the observation that people often do (or believe) things because manyother people do (or believe) the same is called _____________.A. Band wagon effectB. BenchmarkingC. FashionD. Trend

55. According to Pettigrew the important aspects of the outer context include:

a. The extent of regulation in the industry in which an organization is locatedb. The presence of other influential stakeholders c. Both (a) and (b)d. None of the given options

56. Which of the following are characteristics of transformational change?

a. systemic and revolutionary b. triggered by environmental disruptions c. driven by all employees d. Both (a) and (b)

57. Among the most common and influential forces of organizational change are the emergence of new competitors and –––––––––––.

a. Innovations in technologyb. new company leadershipc evolving attitudes towards workd. All the given options.

VU RTKz58. Organizational learning interventions emphasize which of the following?

a. social processes b. organizational structure c. shared knowledge d . Both (b) and (c)

59. Motivating change , Managing the transition and Shaping the political dynamics of change are prerequisites for installing a change in an organization recommended by ––––––––

a. Alex millerb.Nadlerc. Simond. Snow Charles

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Mark True or False. 5 Marks6) According to “Dialectical theory” human actions are purposive. F7) “Decision making” is a part of planning activity. T8) In an organization, employees are the recipient of change plan.T9) “ISO certification” is a part of teleological approach to change management.T10) Dialectical process is identified as Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis.T

TRUE|FALSE1. Values-based leadership is primarily focused around shared, strongly internalized values and beliefs that are advocated and acted upon by the leader. False

2. The use of expert authority and persuasiveness of data is considered more effective rather than of positional authority or emotionality of charismatic

VU RTKzleadership. True

3. There exists no relationship between quantum change, discontinuous change and radical change. False4. Managing values and cultural artifacts are critical to successfully leading organizational change. True

5. Reinforcing new behaviors by linking formal rewards directly to the desired behaviors is not practiced in OD. False

TRUE / FALSE

1. Mangers can’t focus too much on procedures and due-process of law. False

2. Many organisations that fail to abandon past practices have to either wind-up or compromise to lower levels of growth. True

3. learning attributes in stable environment is same as learning characteristics in dynamic environment. False

4. A single organization can grow indefinitely and still maintain its original form. False

5. Environment selects and decides the validity of organization form, process and practices to become effective and efficient. True

TRUE|FALSE1. Values-based leadership is primarily focused around shared, strongly internalized values and beliefs that are advocated and acted upon by the leader. False

2. The use of expert authority and persuasiveness of data is considered more effective rather than of positional authority or emotionality of charismatic leadership. True

3. There exists no relationship between quantum change, discontinuous change and radical change. False4. Managing values and cultural artifacts are critical to successfully leading organizational change. True

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5. Reinforcing new behaviors by linking formal rewards directly to the desired behaviors is not practiced in OD. False

Mark True or False. 5 Marks6) According to “Dialectical theory” human actions are purposive.F7) “Decision making” is a part of planning activity.T8) In an organization, employees are the recipient of change plan.T9) “ISO certification” is a part of teleological approach to change management.T10) Dialectical process is identified as Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis.T

Mark True or False. 5 Marks6) A change agent is the facilitator of the change.T7) Periods of substantial turmoil in organization life are known as evolutionary phase.F8) Organizational ecology theories are based on Darwinian evolutionary models.T9) Selection refers to organizational efforts to respond to changing environmentalcircumstances.F10) According to Hannan & Freeman “most organizations have structural inertia thathinders adaptation when the environment changes”.T

TRUE\ FASLE1. The outer context can be classified into two variables which are tangibles and intangibles. F

2. Unrealised goals and poor or lack of communication, commitment from the top/seniors may impede the change management process.T

3. Organizational transformation is mainly concerned with qualitatively different ways of perceiving, thinking, and behaving in organizations.T

4. Organizations will only undertake transformational change when business is slow.F

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5. If customer needs and wants change then this should be imperative for an organization to change its products and strategies likewise.T

Fill in the Blanks.6. Large organisations are complex because of Formalizationof process

and reutilization.7. Retention serves to counteract the self-reinforcing loop between

selection and Variation 8. Asiatic style of management and learning is considered

transformational while that of Western is more Transactional9. Quality Management focuses more on production process than

outcomes.10. There are two types of change which are Action level and cognitive.

1. Human actions are purposive; goal is the final cause for guiding movement of an entity is the statement of… Teleological……theory.

VU RTKz

2. Teleological and dialectical motors incorporate a Constructive mode of change and development.

3. “Dialectical theory rests on the assumption that the organisational entity exist in a pluralistic world of colliding events, forces, or contradictory values that compete with each other for domination and control” is the statement of Van de Ven scholar.

4. Famous scholar Karl Marx applied the concept dialectical materialism on history of economics.

5. A system may be said dialectical if it examines a Situation completely and logically from two different points of view.

6. Source of thesis (plan) and Anti-thesis (counter plan) is not clear in the dialectical theory.

7. Primarily Dialectical utilised as a decision making and environmental assessment technique for generating alternative and scenarios.

8. In overall analysis the dialectical design in organisation is introduced to have better Planning

9. Variation refers to the creations of novel forms of organisations are often viewed to emerge by blind or random chance.

10. Evolution explains change as a recurrent, cumulative, and probabilistic progression of variation, selection and retention of organisation entities.

1. 1 Greiner identified five phases of growth.

2. Leading proponents organization ecology school of thought are Glenn and Carroll

VU RTKz3. Hanna and Freeman identified a number of processes that generate Inertial pressures

both from internal structural arrangements and from environmental constraints.

4. Miller and Freisen identified external response to environmental changes as Sluggish adaptation

5. Population ecologists believe that environmental selection Replacesadaptation as the vehicle of change.

6. The larger an organization, the Greaterthe structural inertia and the more control the organization can exercise over the environment.

7. A communication structurein organization like barriers misperception amongst various players at vertical and horizontal levels also facilitates inertial process.

8. Transition is very difficult for those who create and believe on the Formal

methods of report and answers.

9. Lawrence & Lorsch highlighted Red tape crisisstudy as the problem of differentiation and integration.

10. Developmental choice for founder is to choose strong manager and step aside for perpetual growth or select week manager and Compromise

on growth.***************************8Fill in the Blanks.

11. Large organisations are complex because of Formalizationof process and routinization.

12. Retention serves to counteract the self-reinforcing loop between selection and Variation.

13. Asiatic style of management and learning is considered transformational while that of Western is more Transactional.

VU RTKz14. Quality Management focuses more on production process than

outcomes.15. There are two types of change which are Action level and cognitive.

TRUE / FALSE

16. Mangers can’t focus too much on procedures and due-process of law. F

Many organisations that fail to abandon past practices have to either wind-up or compromise to lower levels of growth.T

17. learning attributes in stable environment is same as learning characteristics in dynamic environment.F

18. A single organization can grow indefinitely and still maintain its original form. F

19. Environment selects and decides the validity of organization form, process and practices to become effective and efficient. T

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CHANGE MANAGEMENT

Question: What is the balanced scorecard?Answer: The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is widely applicable to organizations regardless of size or type of business. The system, extensively used in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide, provides a method of aligning business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improving internal and external communications, and monitoring organization performance against strategic goals.

Question: What is Kurt Lewin Model?Answer: Twentieth-century psychologist Kurt Lewin developed an influential three-stage model of how organizational change occurs. Lewin’s model was based on his observations of group dynamics and organizational development. This “unfreezing-change-refreeze” model focuses on how people can be motivated to accept organizational change and reject and replace the status quo with a new approach.

VU RTKzQuestion: What is Change Management?Answer: Change management is about the helping people through change. It is the process, tools and techniques for proactively managing the people side of change in order to achieve the desired business results.

Question: What is organizational change management?Answer: Organizational change management is the perspective of business leadership from the top looking down into the organization. The focus is around broad change management practices and skills that will help the organization understand, accept and support the needed business change. The emphasis is on communication, training and the overall culture or value system of the organization.

Question: What is individual change management?Answer: Individual change management is the management of change from the perspective of the employees. They are the ones who ultimately must implement the change. The focus for individual change management is around the tools and techniques to help employees through the transition. Managers and supervisors must provide the coaching required to help individuals understand their role and the decisions they make in the change process.

Question: What is organizational development?Answer: Organizational development (OD) is the process through which an organization develops the internal capacity to be the most effective, it can be in its mission work and to sustain itself over the long term. This definition highlights the explicit connection between organizational development work and the achievement of organizational mission. This connection is the rationale for doing OD work.

Question: What is organizational learning?Answer: Organizational learning is concerned with the development of new knowledge or insights that have the potential to influence behavior. It takes place within the wide institutional context of inter-organizational relationships and refers broadly to an organization’s acquisition of understanding, know-how, techniques and practices of any kind and by any means.

VU RTKzQuestion: What is a difference between single loop learning and double loop learning?Answer: Single loop or adaptive learning is sequential, incremental and focused on issues and opportunities that within the scope of the organization’s activities. Double loop learning occurs when the monitoring process initiates action to redefine the “governing variables” to meet the new situation, which may be imposed by external environment.________________________________________Question: Who is devil’s advocate?Answer: Devil advocate is a manager (internal consultant) in an organization who criticizes the plan of experts (planners) logically and factually and points out weaknesses for accuracy of plan. In this technique of devil’s advocacy, manager does not recommend solutions rather just criticize plan. Managers play destructive role in this technique.________________________________________Question: What is mode of change?Answer: Mode of change is defined as either a prescribed or constructive mode. 1. Prescribed mode channels the development of entities in a pre-specified direction. 2. Constructive mode involves novel often discontinuous and unpredictable departures from past.

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CHANGE MANAGEMENT

Question: What is the balanced scorecard?Answer: The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is widely applicable to organizations regardless of size or type of business. The system, extensively used in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide, provides a method of aligning business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization,

VU RTKzimproving internal and external communications, and monitoring organization performance against strategic goals.

Question: What is Kurt Lewin Model?Answer: Twentieth-century psychologist Kurt Lewin developed an influential three-stage model of how organizational change occurs. Lewin’s model was based on his observations of group dynamics and organizational development. This “unfreezing-change-refreeze” model focuses on how people can be motivated to accept organizational change and reject and replace the status quo with a new approach.

Question: What is Change Management?Answer: Change management is about the helping people through change. It is the process, tools and techniques for proactively managing the people side of change in order to achieve the desired business results.

Question: What is organizational change management?Answer: Organizational change management is the perspective of business leadership from the top looking down into the organization. The focus is around broad change management practices and skills that will help the organization understand, accept and support the needed business change. The emphasis is on communication, training and the overall culture or value system of the organization.

Question: What is individual change management?Answer: Individual change management is the management of change from the perspective of the employees. They are the ones who ultimately must implement the change. The focus for individual change management is around the tools and techniques to help employees through the transition. Managers and supervisors must provide the coaching required to help individuals understand their role and the decisions they make in the change process.

Question: What is organizational development?Answer: Organizational development (OD) is the process through which an organization develops the internal capacity to be the most effective, it can be in its mission work and to sustain itself over the long term. This definition highlights the explicit connection between organizational

VU RTKzdevelopment work and the achievement of organizational mission. This connection is the rationale for doing OD work.

Question: What is organizational learning?Answer: Organizational learning is concerned with the development of new knowledge or insights that have the potential to influence behavior. It takes place within the wide institutional context of inter-organizational relationships and refers broadly to an organization’s acquisition of understanding, know-how, techniques and practices of any kind and by any means.

Question: What is a difference between single loop learning and double loop learning?Answer: Single loop or adaptive learning is sequential, incremental and focused on issues and opportunities that within the scope of the organization’s activities. Double loop learning occurs when the monitoring process initiates action to redefine the “governing variables” to meet the new situation, which may be imposed by external environment.________________________________________Question: Who is devil’s advocate?Answer: Devil advocate is a manager (internal consultant) in an organization who criticizes the plan of experts (planners) logically and factually and points out weaknesses for accuracy of plan. In this technique of devil’s advocacy, manager does not recommend solutions rather just criticize plan. Managers play destructive role in this technique.________________________________________Question: What is mode of change?Answer: Mode of change is defined as either a prescribed or constructive mode. 1. Prescribed mode channels the development of entities in a pre-specified direction. 2. Constructive mode involves novel often discontinuous and unpredictable departures from past.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

uestion: Why do we need knowledge management?Answer: Organizations everywhere have realized that their most valuable asset is the knowledge embedded in staff skills and the knowledge

VU RTKzand experience they generate from processing loans and conducting studies. This knowledge has largely remained uncollected, unorganized and mostly untapped. Moreover, technology is flooding us with more information than we can handle. KM will help us get better access to knowledge by making it easier for us to find knowledge when we need it; introducing knowledge-sharing habits and procedures that will help us tame the information overload; providing venues that will transfer knowledge from tacit (i.e., knowledge that remains in our heads) to implicit (i.e., knowledge that is captured in a form that can be easily shared); and spurring activities to enrich, capture, summarize and disseminate knowledge.________________________________________Question: What are the benefits of Knowledge Management?Answer: Perceived Benefits from Knowledge Management Improved decision making 89% Improved responsiveness to customers 84% Improved efficiency of people and operations 82% Improved innovation 73% Improved products/services 73%

Question: What is knowledge?Answer: Hearing the word "knowledge" many people first think of expertise which is an important but not the only puzzle stone of what knowledge is all about. Knowledge forms a framework out of experiences, expertise (based on skills and abilities), values, rules and context information for judging and integrating new experiences and information. Formation and usage of knowledge takes place in the brain and is therefore bound to individuals. Knowledge is both a process and a stock. Knowledge is drawn one third out of documents and two-thirds get across by personal contacts like formal training or informal talks.

Question: What is the difference between data, information and knowledge?Answer: Knowledge relies to a certain extend on data, codified tokens without interpretation of their meaning. They are the raw material for the creation of information which reaches as a message the receiver for whom the content causes a change (world picture, self-conception) and helps him to get a new insight accepted. The usage of knowledge leads to ability of the person who acts willingly. If one acts correctly in the context one could speak of competence in this knowledge domain which leads to competitiveness in the long run.

VU RTKzQuestion: Is knowledge an object or a process?Answer: Knowledge is the result of a learning process. If it can be codified and stored in a form usable for others, knowledge is an object. If this knowledge pieces are reused by individuals for their purposes, then it is built in the individual context of the user. In this case one could speak of knowledge as a process.

Question: What modes of knowledge are there?Answer: Knowledge may be available in individual form bound basically to a person. Knowledge in collective mode may be found in processes, routines, practices and rules of an organisational unit or working group. Another knowledge mode essential for knowledge management is implicit and explicit knowledge. Implicit knowledge is the individual knowledge base of a person which cannot be easily communicated, whereas explicit knowledge is methodical, systematical, and is available in articulated mode. It may be disseminated with aid of information and communication technology. The root problem of knowledge management is the transition of implicit knowledge to explicit ones. Only explicit knowlegde is at call for the organisation usable for all its members. Knowledge may exist internally or externally at consultants or co-operation partners of the company.________________________________________Question: How far is individual knowledge important to the organisation?Answer: The whole knowledge of an organisation is based on the knowledge of its members. If one member leaves the enterprise, then often a part of the organisational knowledge gets lost as well. With help of systematised knowledge management this problem might be reduced.________________________________________Question: What is an organisational knowledge base?Answer: An organisational knowledge base is the entirety of all data and documents in any form, which are stored within the organisation as well as the business rules, which are reflected in the way the members of the organisation work together.________________________________________Question: What knowledge is of strategical importance?Answer: The knowledge within the key processes of an organization is of strategical importance for the enterprise. During further development of the key processes the key knowledge has to be extended and renewed in order to gain competitive advantage.

VU RTKz________________________________________Question: How to generate new knowledge?Answer: Individuals are generating new knowledge by gathering information and combinding it to their personal experience. Thereby they are able to solve unresolved problems New knowledge in organizations comes into existence through finding new possibilities to design business processes more efficiently or product ideas opening new business branches for the enterprise by targetedly using creativity techniques (e.g. brainstorming, synectic, mind mapping) or methods and tools for knowledge management (e.g. dialogue, story telling, micro article).

Question: How to identify/"forget" outdated knowledge?Answer: Outdated knowledge of the organizational memory can be easier identified if data and documents are marked with their expiration date and/or the frequency of their usage. If the expiration date is exceeded, the data resp. documents might be deleted automatically. If a document is used very rarely the person responsible for the knowledge domain has to decide whether or not to delete it and arrange for the deletion. "Outdated" business processes are not as easy to "unlearn". For this purpose it is necessary realizing that there is a better procedure and to get the staffer to change the procedure. This is managed best by letting the employees reorganize it by themselves and afterwards exercising the new procedure together

COST ACCOUNTING

Question: What is Margin Safety and its ratio?Answer: The margin of safety is the difference between budgeted sales volume and break-even sales volume; it indicates the vulnerability of a business to a fall in demand. It is often expressed as a percentage of budgeted sales Margin of safety = Budgeted sales – Break-even sales Margin safety rario = Budgeted sales – Break-even sales / sales x 100________________________________________Question: Define sale budget and what is the purpose of sales budget?Answer: Sales Budget generally forms the fundamental basis on which all other budgets are built the budget is based on projected sales to be achieved in a budget period. The Sales Manager is directly responsible for the preparation and execution of this budget. The main purpose of sale

VU RTKzbudget is to make a forecast about sales and try to achieve spacified level of budget.________________________________________Question: What is controllable and uncontrolable cost?Answer: We came across the term controllable costs at the beginning of this study text. Controllable costs are items of expenditure which can be directly influenced by a given manger within a given time span. As a general rule, committed fixed costs such as those costs arising form the possession of plant, equipment and buildings (giving rise to deprecation and rent) are largely uncontrollable in the short term because they have been committed by longer-term decisions. Discretionary fixed costs, for example, advertising and research and development costs can be thought of as being controllable because they are incurred as a result of decision made by management and can be raised or lowered at fairly short notice.________________________________________Question: What is deprival value?Answer: The deprival value of an asset represents the amount of money that a company would have to receive if it were deprived of an asset in order to be no worse off than it already is.________________________________________Question: What is the object or the purpose of budget?Answer: Objective of Budget1. Profit maximization.2. Maximization of sales.3. Volume growth.4. To compete with the competitors.5. Development of new areas of operation. 6. Quality of service.7. Work-force efficiency.

Question: What is the purpose of "Production budget"?Answer: This budget provides an estimate of the total volume of production distributed product-wise with the scheduling of operations by days, weeks and months and a forecast of the inventory of finished products. Generally, the production budget is based on the sales -budget. The responsibility for the overall production budget lies with Works Manager and that of departmental production budgets with departmental works

VU RTKzmanagement Production budget may be expressed in physical or financial terms or both in relation to production.________________________________________Question: Define "FLEXIBLE BUDGET"?Answer: When a company's activities can be estimated within close limits, the fixed budget is satisfactory. However, completely predictable situations exist in only a few cases. If business conditions change radically, causing actual operations to differ widely from fixed budget plans, this management tool is not reliable or effective. The fact that costs and expenses are affected by fluctuations in volume limits the use of the fixed budget and leads to the use of the flexible budget.________________________________________Question: What is the importance of "Relevant Costing" in decesion making?Answer: Relevance is one of the key characteristics of good management accounting information. This means that management accounting information produced for each manager must relate to the decisions, which he/she will have to make.Relevant costs are the costs that meet this requirement of good management accounting information. The Chartered Institute of Management Accounting defines relevant costs as:The costs appropriate to a specific management decisionThis definition could be restated as ‘the amount by which costs increase and benefits decrease as a direct result of a specific management decision’. Relevant benefits are ‘the amounts by which costs decrease and benefits increase as a direct result of a specific management decision’.________________________________________Question: What is incremental Cost?Answer: An incremental cost can be defined as a cost which is specifically incurred by following a course of action and which is avoidable if such action is not taken. Incremental costs are, by definition, relevant costs because they are directly affected by the decision (i.e. they will be incurred if the decision goes ahead and they will not incurred if the decision is scrapped). For example, if an enterprise is deciding whether or not to accept a special order for its product, the extra variable costs (i.e. number of units in special order x variable cost per unit) that would be incurred in filling the order are an incremental cost because they would not be incurred if the special order were to be rejected.________________________________________

VU RTKzQuestion: What is budget and what are its various types?Answer: A budget is a plan expressed in quantitative, usually monetary terms, covering a specific period of time, usually one year. In other words, a budget is a systematic plan for the utilization of manpower and material resources. In a business organization a budget represents an estimate of future costs and revenues. Budgets may be divided into two basic classes; Capital Budgets and Operating Budgets, Capital budgets are directed towards proposed expenditures for new projects and often require special financing (this topic is discussed in the next Unit). The operating budgets are directed towards achieving short-term operational goals of the organization, for instance, production or profit goals in a business firm. Operating budgets may be sub-divided into various departmental or functional budgets.

Question: What is the difference between over time and flex time?Answer: Normally an employee is required to work for a set number of hours every week. There may however be occasions where the employer will ask the employee to work for longer hours. Overtime is the time worked over and above the employee's basic working week. Overtime must not be confused with flex-time. In a flex-time system an employee is allowed to work extra hours earlier in the week or month, in return for which he will work fewer hours later on. His overall number of hours worked remains constant.

________________________________________Question: What is product cost?Answer: Product cost is a cost that is incurred in producing goods and services. This cost becomes part of inventory.________________________________________Question: What is Period cost?Answer: The cost is not related to production and is matched against on a time period basis. This cost is considered to be expired during the accounting period and is charged to the profit & loss account.Question: What is Prime cost, Conversion cost and Total factory cost?Answer:Prime Cost: Direct Material + Direct Labor Conversion Cost: Direct Labor + FOH

VU RTKzTotal Factory Cost: Direct Material + Direct Labor + FOH

Question: What is an inventory?Answer: It is the cost held in material & supplies, work in process and finished goods that will provide economic benefits in future, it is also known as stock.Question: What is mean by "Applied FOH"?Answer: Often at the end of the accounting period total FOH cost is not known in actual because of the specified nature of expenses in the list of indirect cost. For this reason, the third element of cost “FOH” is included in the total factory cost based on predetermined FOH cost rate, such cost is known as Applied FOH Cost.Question: What is Cost Accounting?Answer: Procedures used for rationally classifying, recording, and allocating current or predicted costs that relate to a certain product or production process.Question: What is Management Accounting?Answer: Reporting designed to assist management in dcision-making, planning, and control. Also known as Managerial Accounting.

What is Period cost?The cost is not related to production and is matched against on a time period basis. This cost is considered to be expired during the accounting period and is charged to the profit & loss account.Question:Answer:Question: What is the difference between over time and flex time?Answer: Normally an employee is required to work for a set number of hours every week. There may however be occasions where the employer will ask the employee to work for longer hours. Overtime is the time worked over and above the employee's basic working week. Overtime must not be confused with flex-time. In a flex-time system an employee is allowed to work extra hours earlier in the week or month, in return for which he will work fewer hours later on. His overall number of hours worked remains constant.

________________________________________Question: What is product cost?

VU RTKzAnswer: Product cost is a cost that is incurred in producing goods and services. This cost becomes part of inventory.________________________________________Question: What is Prime cost, Conversion cost and Total factory cost?Answer: Prime Cost: Direct Material + Direct Labor Conversion Cost: Direct Labor + FOH Total Factory Cost: Direct Material + Direct Labor + FOH

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