metrology for lng · metrology: the science of measurement vsl - beyond all doubt 2 a measurement...
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Metrology for LNG
custody transfer and transport fuel applications
Metrology for LNG workshop 2017
Gerard Nieuwenkamp
Noordwijk aan Zee,
4th April 2017
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Metrology: The science of measurement
VSL - Beyond all doubt 2
A measurement is a comparison between the quantity (unit) you want to know or to determine, with the one you think to know (the standard) (wikipedia)
Keywords are: Traceability, comparability, uncertainty Trust , reliability
Measurements are seen as the cornerstones of trade, science and technology
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Metrological traceability
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Traceability pyramid (mass)
Grand K
National PtIr
Reference standards NMI
Working standards NMI
Accredited laboratories
Industry
internationally accepted SI units
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Many activities between source and the point of use
Bunkering/Fuelling stations
Ships Trucks
Receiving terminal
Small ship Road tanker
Buses
Ocean tanker
Pipeline gas
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Energy content of LNG (=money!)
Energy ≈ Volume x Density x Gross Calorific Value
Source: GIGGNL Custody transfer handbook, 3rd edition
Traceability based on a Metrological infrastructure did not exist!! (2009 -)
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Metrology for LNG roadmap (2009)
What about finance / funding?
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EMRP / EMPIR
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-23 participating European Countries -Individual national research funding collected by EU and doubled! -Collaborative project proposals in several themes:
-environment - energy - industry - health - etc
-Per call 8-10 projects funded (>60 ideas) -Budget 2-3 M€ per project -REGs / RMGs (Research Grants) -unfunded partners from industry/university etc. -in EMPIR: funded partners from industry/university
European Metrology Research Program (2009-2016) European Metrology Program for Innovation and Research (2014-2021)
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VSL - Beyond all doubt 8 Based on the succesful EMRP results, the new 8 years EMPIR program has started
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EMRP / EMPIR: call for energy
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LNG (2010-2013) - Primary LNG mass flow standard (25 m3/hr) - Density literature study and experiments for new EoS
LNG II (2014-2017) - MidScale calibration facility at the Rotterdam Maasvlakte (400 m3/hr) - Methane number algorithm and experiments - Flow (USM, coriolis, LDV), density and composition measurements - Thermodynamic properties, density equation of state LNG III (2017-2020) - Study flow disturbance effects on measurement uncertainty - Design and build liquefier for LNG composition reference standards - In-line (sensor) measurements for composition, density, MN, MS and particles
(Worldwide) Industrial support
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Partners / sponsors
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coordinator
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Highlight of first EMRP project: LNG I:Primary LNG mass flow standard, 25 m3/h
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Flow meter to be calibrated
Reference for calibrations
Weighing tank
Supplying tank
Pump
Uncertainty sources in primary flow standard
Fixed connection causing non-constant forces on scale
Partly undefined direction of flow during switch over
Uncertainty in mass collected between MUT and Reference
Realized with uncertainty of 0.08% (0.12% for meter under test)
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Examples of actual EMRP projects: LNG II: Unique calibration facilities on “de Maasvlakte”
Designing, building and validating a mid-scale LNG mass and volume flow calibration facility
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Plans in EMPIR project: LNG III: full uncertainty budget for flow meters (400m3/hr)
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Test parameters: • Presence of upstream disturbances (bends, fittings and other obstructions).
• Presence of 2nd phase (Nitrogen is proposed as a second phase for LNG and air for water)
• Different Coriolis meter and ECT inclinations
• Testing with and without insulation jacket under cryogenic conditions
• Tests for Coriolis response time, thermal stability and non-nonlinearity
• Feasibility study for a piston prover as a primary standard and for an upscaling of the facility to 1000 m3/hr
Total uncertainty is not only based on ideal conditions:
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LNG composition measurement
Aims:
Produce an accurate, lab-based
sampling and analysis reference
method to test and calibrate
commercially available sampling/ composition
measurement systems
Develop methods to sample and vaporize LNG
in a representative and homogeneous fashion
Validate Raman spectroscopy methods for
composition analysis and compare the results
obtained to those from GC methods
Study the effects of long-term storage on LNG
composition
Sampling point New sampler
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Sampler & Vaporizer
Reference Liquefier
LNG calibration gas
LNG reference gas (known composition)
Measurement 1 (Reference)
Measurement 2 (Result)
Developed within the project
LNG Composition reference standard
Supercritical vaporizing
Laboratory tests:
Reference Result
Quantity
(unit)
Raman Probe
LNG reference gas in
Liquefier/ measurement cell
Insulation shield
Liquefier and Raman measurement cell
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Single-Sinker Densimeter for cryogenic liquid mixtures at Ruhr-University Bochum
Specifications
• T-range: 90 K to 300 K
• p-range: 0.05 MPa to 12 MPa
• Homogeneous + saturated liquid (incl. vapor pressure), hom. gas
• Δρ/ρ < 0.05 % (incl. mix. unc.)
LNG density measurements
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Novelty!
MSC: first
time operated
at cryogenic
temperatures
Single-Sinker Densimeter
for Cryogenic Liquid Mixtures
of Richter, Kleinrahm,
Lentner and Span (2015)
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Improved Equation of State implemented in new release of GIIGNL handbook
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.cfacs.
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90
95
100
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
MN
(NP
L)
MN (MWM)
Methane Number (MN) Algorithm
with uncertainty!
• Ranking of knocking resistance of gases
(expressed in MN/ like octane number for
petrol)
• Developed MN algorithm based on
experimental data from detailed study by AVL
• Includes correction for nitrogen and higher
hydrocarbons
• Algorithm shows good agreement with other
popular methods (e.g. DGC, MWM)
50
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100
Emirates Norway Libya Oman Alaska
Me
than
e N
um
be
r
MN-algorithm
DGC
MWM
DGC - Danish Gas Company MWM - Motorenwerke Mannheim
LNG origin sources 20 VSL - Beyond all doubt
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Selected mixtures for MN study
• Selected mixtures represent
commercially available mixtures and
their variations in composition well
• Resulting MNs cover a very broad
range allowing for sufficient feedback
for the algorithm
Components Mol fractions
(% mol/mol)
Nitrogen 0.15 - 1.5
Methane 78.5 - 99.7
Ethane 0.1 - 14
Propane 0.03 - 4
iso-Butane 0.01 – 1.1
n-Butane 0.01 – 0.9
iso-Pentane 0.005 – 0.15
n-Pentane 0.005 – 0.15 50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Me
than
e N
um
be
r
Selected mixtures
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MN algorithm calculations
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Determination of knocking resistance:
• Ignition delay time measurements
– Using Rapid Compression Machine (RCM)
– 3 stoichiometries
– 5 temperatures between 500K and 900K
– Pressures 20 – 80 bar
• Spark-Ignition (SI) engine measurements
– Test with 2 types of engines
– Test with reference gas (CH4 + H2)
– Test with all selected mixtures
– Test with different engine speeds, intake cam position, and center of
combustion
RCM and SI engine tests
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Algorithm and validation results will be communicated with standardization communities
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LNGIII : Development and validation of “in-line” sensor techniques
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Engine measurements for: Composition Methane Number Methane Slip Particles (LNG and LBG)
simultaneously measuring
speed-of-sound and density
(91 < (T/K) < 110)
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Contribution to the LNG business
Reduced flow measurement uncertainty, well-defined properties and knowledge about the behavior of LNG will contribute to the market acceptance and the sustainability of the LNG business
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VSL
PO Box 654
2600 AR Delft
The Netherlands
T
F
E
I
+31 15 269 15 00
+31 15 261 29 71
www.vsl.nl
www.LNGmetrology.com [email protected]
Thanks to all who contributed so far and looking forward to continue in future projects. Are there any questions?