metis post secondary education review

8/13/2019 Metis Post Secondary Education Review

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Qmglh ib @iethets

Fetriau`tfie.............................................................................................................................................. .1

Khtciailidy...............................................................................................................................................1

. !hthrkfemets i" Hau`mtfieml #ttmfekhet "ir Ktfs îst-shìeamry Hau`mtfie...............................$

f) Ktfs ipulmtfie....................................................................................................................... .........2

ff) Ktfs Hkpliykhet Wmths............................................................................................................ ......3

fff) Ktfs Feìkh Lhvhls........................................................................................................................3

fv) Ktfs Hau`mtfieml Mttmfekhet............... ......... ......... ......... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ...... ..... ..... .=>

%. &fstiry i" Ktfs fe Hau`mtfie............................................................................................................. 1

'. Lfthrmturh Whvfhw ie Ktfs îst-sh ieamry Hau`mtfieml Pysthks ............................................. .... (

0.= f!ùkstme`hs "i! Ktfs îst#shìeam!y Hau`mtfie Festftutfies ...................................................=3

Mpp!im`$ = Ktfs %hl"#&hth!kfemtfie' iet!il mea (u!fsaf`tfie.................................................... >

Mpp!im`$ Ktfs M`mahkf` %uppi!t.............................................................................................

Mpp!im`$ 0 Ktfs ultu!ml Whvftmlf*mtfie............................................................................. ......... 0

Mpp!im`$ + Ktfs ,feme`fml mpm ftfhs.......................................................................................... +

1. Lii)fed #chma: Whìkkheamtfies "ir "uturh driwtc mea ahvhli*khet mea rhs*iesfvhehss ti Ktfs lhmrehrs.........................................................................................................%(

Whìkkheamtfie =- Ktfs %hl"#ahth!kfemtfie Hau`mtfieml iet!il mea (u!fsaf`tfieml Fssuhs............ /

Whìkkheamtfie - M`mahkf` &hvhlipkhet.......................................................................................0>

Whìkkheamtfie 0- ultu!ml Whvftmlf*mtfie.........................................................................................0

Whìkkheamtfie +- ,feme`fml mpm`ftfhs' M`ìuetm flftfhs mea &hlfvh!y............................................00

+ie`lusfie................................................................................................................................................'1

#^^H,!F #: Lfst i" Ktfs ist-shìeamry Hau`mtfie Whsiur hs........................................ ............'$

Heaeiths...................................................................................................................................................'$


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Fetriau`tfie

$h 7imls mea i h`tfvhs i" t$h M i!f7feml Lhm!efe7 1ei8lha7h het!h m!h ti p!ivfah m

ìllm i!mtfvh emtfieml "i!uk ti suppi!t t$h ahvhlipkhet i" h""h`tfvh silutfies "i! t$h `$mllhe7hs

"m`ha y ,f!st mtfies' Ktfs mea Feuft lhm!eh!s. H4mkfefe7 $i8 pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie

systhks m""h`t Ktfs lhm!eh!s fs ieh 8my i" sh!vfe7 t$fs i h`tfvh. $h h4ph!fhe`hs i" Ktfs

lhm!eh!s mea fahetf"yfe7 hst p!m`tf`hs p!ivfah ippi!tueftfhs ti fkp!ivh t$h umlfty i" ah`fsfies

fahetf"yfe7 8$h!h `$me7hs kmy h ehhaha ti he$me`h Ktfs pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie ahlfvh!y

mea ultfkmthly he$me`h 7!i8t$' ahvhlipkhet mea !hspiesfvhehss ti Ktfs lhm!eh!s. $fs pmph!

mfks ti p!ivfah m lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8 ie t$h ù!!het stmth i" 6ei8lha7h i" Ktfs pist#shìeam!y

hau`mtfie systhks mea ti fahetf"y p!ikfsfe7 p!m`tf`hs mea sikh p!fe`fplhs t$mt ìula h "u!t$h!

h4pli!ha i! eh8 af!h`tfies "i! pilf`y ahvhlipkhets 8$flh !h"lh`tfe7 Ktfs ùltu!ml t!maftfies meaìetfeufty.

Khtciailidy

$fs pmph! "iùshs ie t$h ph!sph`tfvhs i" Ktfs lhm!eh!s mea m !hvfh8 i" h4fstfe7 Ktfs pist#

shìeam!y festftutfies. $fs lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8 fs ìkplh4 fe fts h4mkfemtfie i" t$h Ktfs sph`f"f`

aiùkhets mvmflm lh mlt$iu7$ ft fs lfkftha y $mvfe7 m vh!y s$i!t tfkh"!mkh ti ìeau`t t$h

!hvfh8. ikputh! shm!`$hs 8h!h ueah!tm6he ie M i!f7feml pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie' Ktfs pist#shìeam!y mea Ktfs hau`mtfie fe vm!fius khtm shm!`$ he7fehs mea sph`fmlf*ha su h`t

shm!`$ he7fehs. $mllhe7hs m!ish 8$he 7heh!ml th!ks su`$ ms M i!f7feml mea hau`mtfie p!ivfaha

kmssfvh mkiuets i" kmth!fml 8$flh Ktfs sph`f"f` shm!`$hs !hsultha fe m spm!sh !htu!e. Fe 6hhpfe7

8ft$ t$h 7imls i" t$h p!i h`t' aiùkhets 8h!h s`meeha "i! !hlhvme`h ti Ktfs sph`f"f` fssuhs ie

pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie fssuhs.

:y "iùsfe7 ie Ktfs sph`f"f` fssuhs' t$fs pmph! aihs eit mssukh t$mt "feafe7s "!ik it$h! stuafhs

i! festftutfies m!h eit !hlhvmet. Festhma' m semps$it i" shlh`t eie#Ktfs sph`f"f` lhm!efe7

festftutfies t$mt p!ivfah "i!' !h`!uft' mea p!ikith t$h fe`lusfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh' p!ivfah m

"!mkh8i!6 "i! t$h pmph!s memlysfs. $h "iùs' $i8hvh!' !hkmfes ie t$h ph!sph`tfvhs i" Ktfs

lhm!eh!s mea m`ì!afe7ly' t$h vfh8s mea memlysfs i" Ktfs phiplhs $mvh hhe !hlfha ie ms ku`$ ms

pissf lh. $h i h`tfvhs i" t$fs lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8 m!h-


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m) i ìeau t m `!iss#ìuet!y s`me lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8 ie Ktfs pist#shìeam!y

hau`mtfieml systhks

) i syet$hsf*h fe"i!kmtfie "iuea fe t$h lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8 sph`f"f ti t$h Ktfs

`) i h4pli!h ù!!het p!ikfsfe7 p!m`tf hs m`!iss Ktfs pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfieml

systhks

a) i p!ivfah !hìkkheamtfies "i! ìesfah!mtfie "i! "utu!h 7!i8t$ mea ahvhlipkhet

mea !hspiesfvhehss ti Ktfs lhm!eh!s.

M "ueamkhetml p!hkfsh i" t$fs pmph! fs t$h `het!ml !ilh t$mt pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie $ms plmyha

mea ìetfeuhs ti m""h`t t$h lfvhs i" Ktfs phiplh. ?ht' t$h !ilh i" hau`mtfie mea fts lie7 th!k

fkpm`ts $mvh eit hhe !hst!f tha ti t$h lfvhs i" Ktfs phiplh. Hau`mtfieml pilf`fhs' ìesh uhe`hs

mea ìe`h!es h4thea "m! hyiea t$h lfvhs i" feafvfaumls ti mll memafme si`fhty. Hau`mtfiesysthks t$mt ai eit sh!vh t$h ehhas i" Ktfs lhm!eh!s $mvh lmstfe7 fkpm`t ie si`fi#hìeikf`

ahvhlipkhets i" mll i" memam. Hkpliykhet !mths' !h`!uftkhet mea !hthetfie feftfmtfvhs'

ìkkuefty fssuhs i" hfe7 mt !fs6 i! fe `!fsfs' suf`fah !mths' pivh!ty' $hmlt$ mea ustf`h m!h ust m

"h8 i" t$h fssuhs feth!t8feha 8ft$ hau`mtfie ahvhlipkhet. $fs fs 8$y stmtfstf`s ie t$h 8hll#

hfe7 i" Ktfs phiplh fe memam m!h kmef"hstmtfies i" Ktfs h4ph!fhe`hs fe pist#shìeam!y

hau`mtfie.


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iutlfeh "iu! `!fth!fm- Ktfs khmes m ph!sie 8$i shl"#fahetf"fhs ms Ktfs fs i" $fsti!f` Ktfs

mtfie Me`hst!y fs afstfe`t "!ik it$h! M i!f7feml phiplhs' mea fs m``hptha y t$h Ktfs emtfie .fv

$h Lm !mai! Ktfs emtfie hlfhvhs t$mt t$h ìestftutfieml ah"feftfie i" Ktfs fe`luah t$h

ahs`heamets i" Hu!iphme khe mea p!fkm!fly Feuft 8ikhe 8$i m!h 7hi7!mp$f`mlly ìe"feha ti t$h

Lm !mai! th!!fti!y. v $h ie"hah!m`y i" ivm %ìtfm Ktfs mea Lm mtfie Ktfs mu 9u h`

ah"feh t$hf! Ktfs ms phiplh 8ft$ kf4ha M i!f7feml mea eie#M i!f7feml m`67!iuea t$mt !hsfah fe

t$hf! p!ivfe`h. vf

Fe W. v. îwlhy 'vff t$h %up!hkh iu!t i" memam hstm lfs$ha "i! t$h "f!st tfkh m lh7ml ah"feftfie i"

8$i t$h Ktfs m!h t$!iu7$ fts ìesfah!mtfie i" m $uetfe7 `msh fe 5etm!fi. $hy 8h!h ms6ha ti

p!ivfah m ah"feftfie i" Ktfs `ftf*hes$fp' fahetfty mea khk h!s$fp. Mlt$iu7$ Ktfs m!h fe`luaha

8ft$fe s. 0N i" t$h @iestftutfie M`t, =637 ' t$h!h 8ms afsm7!hhkhet ie 8$f`$ Ktfs 8h!h fe`luaha

mea t$h sìph i" t$h ìestftutfiemlly p!ith`tha !f7$ts. $h iu!t fe s$mpfe7 t$h=> pm!t thst fe

ahth!kfefe7 Ktfs !f7$ts ueah! s. 0N' stmtha !f7$ts hm!fe7 Ktfs !h uf!ha khk h!s$fp fe t$h

ìethkpi!m!y Ktfs ìkkuefty. Fe ahth!kfefe7 t$fs' t$h!h kust h me i h`tfvh vh!f"fm lh

p!i`hss ti fahetf"y khk h!s i" t$h ìkkuefty msha ie !hmsiem lh p!fe`fplhs mea $fsti!f`ml "m`t

t$mt `me h aiùkhetha. $h iu!t afa eit sht iut m ìkp!h$hesfvh ah"feftfie i" Ktfs "i! mll

pu!pishs $i8hvh!' ft sht iut t$!hh ìkpiehets ti 7ufah t$h fahetf"f`mtfie i" Ktfs !f7$ts#

$ilah!s-

=) &hkiest!mth me me`hst!ml ìeeh`tfie ti t$h $fsti!f` Ktfs ìkkuefty

) %hl"# fahetf"f`mtfie ms Ktfs mea'

0) M!h m``hptha y t$h Ktfs ikkuefty.

$h iu!t mlsi !hì7ef*ha t$mt t$h!h kf7$t h it$h!s 8$i lh7ftfkmthly `lmfk Ktfs stmtus ut ai

eit $mvh m 7hehmli7f`ml ìeeh`tfie ti t$h $fsti!f` Ktfs ìkkuefty. vfff

f Ktfs i*ulmtfie

Fe t$h >>2 hesus 03 '/3N phiplh fahetf"fha t$hkshlvhs ms Ktfs. Mlt$iu7$ t$fs fs m = ph! `het

fe`!hmsh fe 7!i8t$ "!ik t$h lmst hesus fe = 2' f4 kmey i" t$h Ktfs i!7mef*mtfies su kft t$fs fs

ìesh!vmtfvh. 4 :msha ie t$hf! i8e ìkkueml ueah!stmeafe7s i" khk h!s$fps' t$h pipulmtfie fs

smfa ti h ku`$ lm!7h! 4f mlt$iu7$ t$h Ktfs emtfie i" 5etm!fi "iuea t$h %tmtfstf`s memam

pipulmtfie ms hfe7 ìesfsthet 8ft$ t$hf! i8e !hì!aha pipulmtfie i" /0' 2>N ms !h"lh`tha y t$h


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Ktfs mtfie i" 5etm!fi Wh7fst!y i" Ktfs ftf*hes. 4ff ,!ik %tmtfstf`s memam amtm' Ktfs

pipulmtfie m`ìuets "i! ki!h t$me ieh#t$f!a ;0+G) i" t$h M i!f7feml pipulmtfie 4fff mea m!h

7heh!mlly yiue7 8ft$ t$h pipulmtfie ìe`het!mtha fe t$h 8hst. 4fv $m!t =' fahetf"fhs t$h m7h

afst!f utfie mea $m!t fahetf"fhs t$h li`mtfie i" t$h Ktfs fe memam.

+cmrt : $h M7h i" t$h Ktfs-

+cmrt % s$i8s 8$h!h t$h Ktfs m!h lfvfe7-

@$h!h Ktfs m!h lfvfe7 kmy mlsi m""h`t pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfieml mttmfekhet ms ivh! t8i#t$f!as

i" Ktfs lfvh fe me u! me m!hm ;2 ph! `het) mea t$h km i!fty i" t$ish lfvh fe m `het!ml


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kht!ipilftme m!hm4v ;N ph! `het) 8ft$ t$h lm!7hst pipulmtfie fe @feefph7' Hakietie' Ameìuvh!'

ml7m!y' %ms6mtiie mea 5ttm8m# mtfehmu.4vf $h ìe`het!mtfie i" pipulmtfie fe t$h lm!7h! `ftfhs

su77hst t$mt !hli`mtfie "i! pist#shìeam!y stuafhs kmy eit h ms p!i lhkmtf` "i! t$h Ktfs

ìkpm!ha ti ,f!st mtfie i! Feuft t$mt m!h ki!h lf6hly "!ik !u!ml li`mtfies. 4vff

ff Ktfs Hk*liykhet Wmths

:ht8hhe >>= mea >>2' t$h hkpliykhet !mths "i! Ktfs m7ha N ti N+ yhm!s fe`!hmsha y + ph!

`het ti mpp!i4fkmthly /N ph! `het ut ìesfsthetly !hkmfe li8h! t$me t$mt i" t$h eie#M i!f7feml

pipulmtfie mt mpp!i4fkmthly 3 ph! `het. $h af""h!he`hs 8h!h 8fahst fe h8 :!ues8f`6 ;=3

ph!`hetm7h pifets) 8ft$ it$ ^!fe`h Ha8m!a Fslmea mea %ms6mt`$h8me mt =+ ph!`hetm7h pifets.

Ktfs khe 8h!h hkpliyha mt m $f7$h! !mth t$me 8ikhe y mpp!i4fkmthly => ph! `het' 4vfff

mlt$iu7$ 8ikhe 8h!h ki!h lf6hly ti h hkpliyha fe pm!ts i" t$h ìuet!y 8ft$ skmll Ktfs pipulmtfies su`$ ms h8"iuealmea' h8 :!ues8f`6' t$h ?u6ie mea uemvut .4f4

mtfieml uehkpliykhet !mths i" phiplh 8$i m!h lii6fe7 "i! 8i!6 s$i8ha t$mt t$h

uehkpliykhet !mths i" Ktfs maults 8h!h $f7$h! t$me t$ish fe t$h eie#M i!f7feml pipulmtfie

!fsfe7 "!ik N. ph!`het ti 3.+ ph!`het fe >>2. 44 $h uehkpliykhet !mth "i! Ktfs 8ikhe 8ms

ìkpm!m lh ti t$mt "i! Ktfs khe' mt 3. G ìkpm!ha 8ft$ 3.2G fe >>2. 44f $fs' $i8hvh!' fs me

ivh!mll ah`!hmsh sph`f"f` ti t$h Ktfs 8$he lii6fe7 mt t$h 7heh!ml t!hea ht8hhe >>= mea >>2

8ft$ t$h uehkpliykhet !mths "i! Ktfs ah`!hmsfe7 y + ph!`het "!ik = .N ph!`het ti 3.+

ph!`het. 44ff

fff Ktfs Feìkh Lhvhls

Fe >>N' t$h khafme feìkh i" t$h Ktfs fe memam 8ms li8h! t$me t$mt i" t$h eie#M i!f7feml

pipulmtfie y mpp!i4fkmthly B 2'>>> . $h khafme feìkh i" Ktfs fe`!hmsha y m iut B '2>>

ivh! m "fvh#yhm! ph!fia' 8$f`$ 8ms ivh! t$!hh tfkhs "msth! t$me t$h lhss t$me B='>>> fe`!hmsh "i!

t$h eie#M i!f7feml pipulmtfie. $h khafme feìkh ht8hhe t$h Ktfs mea t$h eie#M i!f7feml

pipulmtfie 8ms 8fahst fe Ml h!tm 8ft$ mpp!i4fkmthly B2'>>> lhss t$me eie#M i!f7feml pipulmtfie

feìkh i" mpp!i4fkmthly B0>'>>>. $h th!!fti!fhs $ma me hvhe lm!7h! 7mp fe khafme feìkh

ht8hhe t$h Ktfs mea eie#M i!f7feml pipulmtfie. Fe kist !h7fies' t$h khafme feìkh i" Ktfs

8ikhe 8ms mpp!i4fkmthly B '>>> lhss t$me t$mt i" Ktfs khe ;B 2'+22). Mt t$h !h7fieml lhvhl'

t$h 7mp 8ms 8fahst fe Ml h!tm mea ivm %ìtfm. Ktfs 8ikhe fe Ml h!tm kmah m iut B=+'>>>


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lhss t$me Ktfs khe ;B0='32 ) 8$flh Ktfs 8ikhe fe ivm %ìtfm kmah m iut B=>' >> lhss t$me

t$hf! kmlh ìueth!pm!ts ;B N'0 ) .44fff

+cmrt ' s$i8s mvh!m7h feìkh lhvhls y 8i!6 m`tfvfty "i! Ktfs

+cmrt 1 s$i8s t$h p!hvmlhe`h i" Ktfs 8ft$ li8 feìkhs fe p!fvmth $iush$ilas-


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fv Ktfs Hau`mtfieml #ttmfekhet

$h "illi8fe7 sht i" `$m!ts fllust!mths m ìkplhth pf`tu!h i" t$h stmtus i" Ktfs hau`mtfieml

mttmfekhet 7lhmeha "!ik t$h >>2 %tmtfstf`s memam Whpi!t. $m!t N hli8 s$i8s t$mt Ktfs

phiplh stfll "mll h$fea eie#M i!f7feml phiplh fe mttmfefe7 pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie fe t$mt N>G

i" mll Ktfs phiplh $mvh ìkplhtha sikh typh i" pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie 8$h!hms 2=G i" eie#

M i!f7feml phiplh $mvh mlsi ìkplhtha sikh typh i" pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie. Maaftfiemlly'

Ktfs 8ikhe m!h slf7$tly m$hma i" Ktfs khe fe mttmfefe7 hau`mtfie.

+cmrt $: +/LLH>H H!=+#7F/, /0 KH7FP #!=L7P #>H %$ 7/ 18 %22

Ktfs ie#M i!f7feml @ikhe Khe

ikplhth pistsh`. Hau`mtfie N>G 2=G N=G +3G

&fplikm =G NG =/G

!mah =2G = G =G

&h7!hh G 0G =>G 3G

%iu!`h pm7h 2 memafme %i`fml !heas %tmtfstf`s memam D mt. i. ==#>>3

+cmrt : $h "illi8fe7 `$m!t s$i8s t$h p!ipi!tfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh m7ha ND2+ 8$i$mvh ìkplhtha m uefvh!sfty p!i7!mk fe >>2. ith t$mt fe ìkpm!fsie ti t$h eie#M i!f7feml

pipulmtfie' Ktfs phiplh stmtfstf`s m!h vh!y li8' ut m!h ìkpm!m lh ti t$h ,f!st mtfie' i""!hsh!vh pipulmtfie stmtfstf`s-

%iu!`h- %tmtfstf s memam' hesus i" ipulmtfie >>2. mtmli7uh i. /#N2># C : >>2>0=


10/38

+cmrt (: $fs `$m!t s$i8s t$h p!ipi!tfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh m7ha ND2+ 8$i $mvhìkplhtha m uefvh!sfty p!i7!mk' y 7heah!-

%iu!`h- %tmtfstf`s memam' hesus i" îpulmtfie >>2. mtmli7uh i. /#N2>#C : >>2>0=

+cmrt 4: $fs `$m!t s$i8s t$h p!ipi!tfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh m7ha ND2+ 8$i $mvhìkplhtha m uefvh!sfty p!i7!mk' y m7h fe >>2-



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+cmrt 3: $fs `$m!t s$i8s t$h p!ipi!tfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh m7ha ND2+ 8$i $mvh`ikplhtha m uefvh!sfty p!i7!mk' y m!hm i" !hsfahe`h.


+cmrt 2: $fs `$m!t s$i8s t$h p!ipi!tfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh m7ha ND2+ 8$i $mvh

`ikplhtha m uefvh!sfty p!i7!mk fe >>= mea >>2-



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+cmrt ': $fs s$i8s t$h p!ipi!tfie i" M i!f7feml phiplh m7ha ND2+ 8$i $mvh ìkplhtha

m t!mah afplikm i! `h!tf"f`mth' m`ì!afe7 ti %tmtfstf`s memam s hesus.

M`!iss t$h ìuet!y mea ivh! t$h yhm!s' Ktfs phiplh $mvh hhe km6fe7 fe!imas fe fe`!hmsfe7 t$hf!

pipulmtfie' hkpliykhet !mths mea khafme feìkh lhvhls. $hsh stmtfstf`s m!h ìesfsthet 8ft$ t$h

fe`!hmsha pipulmtfie i" Ktfs 8$i $mvh ìkplhtha m pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie ms N>G i" mll

Ktfs phiplh $mvh ìkplhtha sikh typh i" pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie. ikpm!ha 8ft$ t$h 2=G i"

eie#M i!f7feml phiplh 8$i $mvh mlsi ìkplhtha sikh typh i" pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie' t$hsh

stmtfstf`s "i! t$h Ktfs !hkmfe li8. %ph`f"f`mlly' fe uefvh!sfty hau`mtfie fe ìkpm!fsie ti t$h

eie#M i!f7feml pipulmtfie' Ktfs phiplh stmtfstf`s m!h vh!y li8' ut m!h ìkpm!m lh ti t$h ,f!st

mtfie' i"" !hsh!vh pipulmtfie stmtfstf`s' sfkflm!ly si "i! uefvh!sfty hau`mtha Ktfs 8ikhe mea

,f!st mtfies 8ikhe i"" !hsh!vh. $h amtm mlsi s$i8s t$mt yiue7 Ktfs m7h N ti 0+ m!h

ìkplhtfe7 uefvh!sfty mea i"the lfvh fe u! me `het!hs. Ktfs lhma fe ìkplhtha ìllh7h afplikms

i! `h!tf"f`mth mt =.= 8$h!hms memafme pipulmtfie fs iely >.0 D t$h stmtfstf`s m!h sfkflm! "i!

t!mah afplikms. Hvhe 8ft$ t$hsh skmll ut fkpi!tmet pisftfvh kivhkhets fe t$h 8hll hfe7 i"

Ktfs phiplh' t$h!h !hkmfe lm!7h 7mps !hlmtfieml ti it$h! phiplhs i" memam fe t$h ivh!mll

`mth7i!fhs i" hau`mtfie' hkpliykhet mea feìkh.

%. &fstiry i" Ktfs fe Hau`mtfie

Hu!i# memafme ìliefml ìe`hpts fe hau`mtfie ìetfeuh ti plmy me fkpi!tmet !ilh fe ah"fefe7 mea

km6fe7 mssukptfies ie lhm!efe7' vmluhs mea !hlmtfies. $h ìliefml hau`mtfie systhk 8ms ieh


14/38

km!6ha y lh7mlly sme`tfieha !m`fmlf*ha sth!hityphs usha "i! t$h h4p!hss pu!pish i" h4`luafe7

t$h Ktfs "!ik m``hssfe7 p!ivfe`fml hau`mtfie systhks. Ms t$h lh7ml sme`tfies vm!fha' si afa t$h

hau`mtfie systhks mpp!im`$ vm!y 8$h!h y shlh`tha stuahets 8h!h plm`ha fe !hsfahetfml s`$iils

m`!iss memam.44v Fe ìet!mst' t!maftfieml Ktfs hau`mtfie 8ms 7!iueaha 8ft$fe !hlmtfieml

ìkkueml p!fi!ftfhs. Kmey Ktfs `$fla!he fe t$h hm!ly amys 8h!h hau`mtha fe su!vfvml s6flls

!mt$h! t$me t$!iu7$ !f`6s mea ki!tm! s`$iils. %u!vfvml s6flls fe`luaha t!mafe7' $uetfe7' t!mppfe7'

"fs$fe7' mea 7mt$h!fe7 s6flls. Khe !mfsha t$hf! sies ti h u""mli $ueth!s 8$flh 8ikhe !mfsha

t$hf! amu7$th!s ti $ieh s6flls fe sh8fe7' hma mea ufll 8i!6' $hmlfe7 m!ts mea meyt$fe7 t$mt 8ms

hsshetfml ti mssfst t$h kit$h!s 8ft$ m lm!7h "mkfly. 44vf $h m !fhl &ukiet Festftuth eiths-

Fe t!maftfieml Ktfs si`fhty' hau`mtfie 8ms fe"i!kml mea 8ms pmssha ai8e tiyiut$ "!ik t$h Hlah!s i! t$h J5la ^hiplhO. $fs "i!k i" hau`mtfie `het!ha ie!hsiu!`h h4t!m`tfie mea $i8 ti km6h m lfvfe7 i"" i" t$h lmea. %fe`h fsie 8h!h mtt$h `het!h i" t$h Ktfs hìeiky au!fe7 t$h 7ilahe m7h i" t$h Ktfs mtfie ;=3=2#=32 )' t$fs $m!ay mefkml fs m "fttfe7 syk il i" t!maftfieml Ktfs hau`mtfie. Ktfsyiut$ 8iula $mvh lhm!eha "!ik t$hf! Hlah!s t$h kmey ush"ul mea lf"hsmvfe7mpplf`mtfies' 8$f`$ t$fs ieh mefkml p!ivfaha ti t$hf! hetf!h si`fhty. 44vff

Qch Whpirt i tch Wiy!l @ikkfssfie ie M"irf#fe!l ^hiplhs mlsi ìkkhetha ie hm!ly Ktfshau`mtfie-

,!ik hm!ly ìetm`t' hau`mtfie "i! Ktfs phiplh hkp$msf*ha !hlf7fius stuafhs' 8ft$sikh msf` m!ft$khtf` mea 8!ftfe7. Ktfs phiplh fe sikh m!hms mttheaha !hsfahetfmls`$iils' mea fe t$h ei!t$8hst' t$h sies i" m""luhet Ktfs !h`hfvha t$h "i!kmlhau`mtfie i" t$h p!fvflh7ha' i"the hfe7 shet ti hmsth!e memam i! He7lmea "i!$f7$h! hau`mtfie. Kfssfiem!fhs p!ivfaha lfkftha fest!u`tfie ti t$h `$fla!he i"Ktfs phiplh 8$i "illi8ha t$h kf7!mtfie i" t$h u""mli. 44vfff

F" pm!hets 8metha t$hf! `$fla!he ti h tmu7$t fe m s`$iil ;ti fe`!hmsh t$hf! hkpliykhet

ippi!tueftfhs)' t$hy shet t$hk ti m kfssfie' im!afe7 i! m amy s`$iil. 44f4 i8hvh!' t$h `$fla!he

8$i lfvha fe i! ehm! t$h "u! t!mafe7 ìkkueftfhs 8h!h hau`mtha fe y t$h kfssfiem!fhs fe t$h

kfssfie s`$iils. 5e`h t$h euk h!ha t!hmtfhs 8h!h sf7eha mea "illi8fe7 t$h :mttlh i" :mti`$h fe=33N'444 "i!kml hau`mtfie "i! Ktfs `$fla!he h`mkh af""fùlt fe t$mt ehft$h! t$h "hah!ml ei!

p!ivfe`fml 7ivh!ekhets `lmfkha !hspiesf flfty "i! t$h hau`mtfie i" Ktfs `$fla!he. $hsh

`$fla!he 8h!h `mu7$t fe m u!fsaf`tfieml vifa. 444f itfe7 t$fs vifa' fe =3/ ' mut$i! mea pilftf`fme'

f`$ilms ,liia &mvfe uesu``hss"ully mavi`mtha "i! t$h fe`lusfie i" t$h Ktfs fe "hah!ml s`$iils

fe $fs JWhpi!t ie Feaust!fml %`$iils "i! Feafmes mea ml"# !hhas.O :y = =>' t$h "hah!ml


15/38

7ivh!ekhet h4`luaha Ktfs mea eie#stmtus Feafme `$fla!he "!ik t$hf! s`$iils mea lfkftha t$hf!

!hspiesf flfty ti t$h hau`mtfie i" stmtus Feafmes. $h p!ivfe`fml 7ivh!ekhet mlsi !h"usha ti

m``hpt !hspiesf flfty "i! t$hf! hau`mtfie. Qch Whpirt i tch Wiy!l @ikkfssfie i M"irf#fe!l

^hiplhs eiths t$mt fe Ml h!tm-

Fe`!hmsfe7 fkkf7!mtfie mea ahvhlipkhet ìesukha t$hf! $fsti!f`ml lmeas mt mafst!hssfe7 !mth. Fe`!hmsfe7ly !hst!f`tfvh $uetfe7 lm8s' 8ft$ 8$f`$ t$hy 8h!h!h uf!ha ti ìkply ahspfth t$hf! M i!f7feml $h!ftm7h' kmah ft ki!h mea ki!haf""fùlt ti "illi8 t!maftfieml pu!sufts. @$flh t$hy 8h!h ehvh! 8hll i""' Feafme

phiplh mt lhmst $ma t$hf! !hsh!vhs mea heh"ftha "!ik vm!fius si`fml sh!vf`hs p!ivfaha y t$h 7ivh!ekhet i" memam. it si t$h Ktfs. Fe t$h hm!ly t8hetfht$`hetu!y' t$h `f!ùkstme`hs i" t$h Ml h!tm Ktfs 8h!h hsph`fmlly 7!fk fe t$h`het!ml mea ei!t$#`het!ml !h7fiesE. mkh 8ms s`m!`h' p!i$f ftfvhly h4phesfvh"fs$fe7 lf`he`hs 8h!h !h uf!ha' mea 8$fth shttlhkhet 8ms sp!hmafe7 !hki!shlhssly.$h km i!fty i" t$h Ktfs 8h!h !hau`ha ti s umttfe7 ie t$h "!fe7hs i" Feafme

!hsh!vhs mea 8$fth shttlhkhets mea ie !ima mlli8me`hs . $h feahpheahet iehs'8$i $ma hhe t$h afplikmts mea !i6h!s i" t$h hetf!h ei!t$8hst 8h!h ei8 hfe7!h"h!!ha ti ms t$h !ima mlli8me`h phiplh . 444ff

Fe !hmlfty' "i! Ml h!tmIs Ktfs' t$h `$fla!he fe !u!ml mea ei!t$h!e m!hms $ma lfttlh m``hss ti ki!h

t$me p!fkm!y s`$iil uetfl t$h = N>s. Fe = 0+' m Wiyml ikkfssfie' 6ei8e ms t$h H8fe7

ikkfssfie' 8ms hstm lfs$ha fe Ml h!tm ti h4mkfeh t$h ìeaftfies i" t$h Ktfs phiplh i"

Ml h!tm. M`ì!afe7 ti t$h Whpi!t' 3> ph! `het i" Ktfs `$fla!he fe t$h p!ivfe`h $ma ei s`$iilfe7

mt mll.444fff

%fkflm!ly' fe %ms6mt`$h8me mey hau`mtfie "i! Ktfs `$fla!he 8ms spi!maf` mea fe sikh li`mtfies

fe ei!t$h!e %ms6mt`$h8me ft 8ms vf!tumlly eie#h4fsthet. 444fv Mlt$iu7$ eit lh7fslmtha' sikh

!hsfahetfml s`$iils afa plm`h kmey Ktfs `$fla!he fe t$hf! s`$iil systhks 444v ti p!ikith

mssfkflmtfie 7imls i" $fsti!f` hau`mtfie pilf`fhs ti8m!a M i!f7feml phiplhs.

Fe t$h mtthkpt ti ìlief*h ,f!st mtfie phiplhs' !hsfahetfml s`$iils mssukha ìkplhth ìet!il

ivh! t$h hau`mtfie i" Feafme `$fla!he. %tm!vmtfie' afshmsh' p$ysf`ml' khetml mea sh4uml m ushs

8h!h !mkpmet fe t$h !hsfahetfml s`$iils .444vf $h lie7#th!k h""h`ts i" t$h !hsfahetfml s`$iil

h4ph!fhe`h ie M i!f7feml phiplhs $mvh hhe ahvmstmtfe7. M i!f7feml phiplhs 8h!h shvh!ha "!ik

t!maftfieml p!m`tf`hs' fe`luafe7 khaf`feml p!m`tf`hs' ms 8hll ms t$h `m!fe7 mea eu!tu!fe7

hevf!iekhet i" h4theaha "mkflfhs .444vff Mlt$iu7$ 7heh!mlly `mllha Feafme Whsfahetfml %`$iils' eit


16/38

iely 8h!h Ktfs `$fla!he fe`luaha fe t$h s`$hkh ut m sfkflm! mpp!im`$ 8ms usha fe t$h kfa# > t$

hetu!y 8ft$ Feuft `$fla!he fe t$h i!t$. 444vfff

^!fi! ti t$h kmss afsplm`hkhet i" `$fla!he feti !hsfahetfml s`$iils' fe = 03' ft 8ms hstfkmtha t$mt

kmey M i!f7feml `$fla!he 8h!h uem lh ti mtthea s`$iil. $h Ktfs 8h!h !h"usha m``hss tihau`mtfie h`mush t$h p!ivfe`hs mea "hah!ml 7ivh!ekhet 8iula eit m7!hh ie Ktfs hau`mtfie

u!fsaf`tfieml fssuhs. $h = 0 Whfa !hpi!t ie hau`mtfie fe ei!t$h!e %ms6mt`$h8me mea t$h = ++

^fh!`y !hpi!t pmfetha m 7!fk pf`tu!h i" Ktfs hau`mtfie. Mut$i! mea emtfvh stuafhs p!i"hssi!

Lmu!fh :m!!ieIs h4mkfemtfie i" t$h , mea ahvhlipkhet i" Ktfs ìliefhs ìkkhets-

Mt t$h kist "ueamkhetml lhvhl' !m`fsk iph!mtha ms m st!u`tu!ml m!!fh! E i8$h!h8ms t$fs ki!h hvfahet t$me fe t$h systhkmtf` ah m!khet i" Ktfs `$fla!he "!ik

li`ml s`$iils. %uph!fetheahetsI !hpi!ts 8h!h !hplhth 8ft$ !h"h!he`hs ti t$h "m`tt$mt Ktfs phiplh 8h!h eit 8hlìkh mea t$mt mtfvh pm!hets $ma hhe afsìu!m7ha"!ik sheafe7 t$hf! `$fla!he ti s`$iils. $h h4ùsh ìkkiely `ftha 8ms t$mt

mtfvh `$fla!he !hp!hshetha m $hmlt$ $m*m!a' m "m`t ueah!#sì!ha fe m = +0 s`$iil!hpi!t-

$hsh `$fla!he m!h eit 8metha fe fpph!m!y %`$iil' 1helfs %`$iil mea ^$hmsmet^lmfes %`$iil. %ikh pm!hets hvhe t$!hmthe ti tm6h t$hf! $fla!he iut i" s`$iil f"ki!h i" t$h Ktfs mtthea. E

Fe !hmlfty' t$h $hmlt$ fssuh 8ms lfttlh ki!h t$me m ski6h#s`!hhe "i! !m`fml mea

`lmss p!h uaf`h. E mea t$mt f" t$h &hpm!tkhet i" Hau`mtfie mlli8ha t$hk ti!hkmfe fe s`$iil t$h it$h! `$fla!he 8iula 8ml6 iut. 444f4

Ft 8ms eit uetfl = ++ t$mt Ktfs `$fla!he 8h!h mlli8ha ti mtthea p!ivfe`fml s`$iils. $h ah`mahs

i" pivh!ty mea eh7lh`t 8h!h af""fùlt ti ivh!ìkh mea $fsti!f`mlly ft 8ms iely m vh!y "h8 Ktfs

t$mt 7!maumtha "!ik $f7$ s`$iil' mttheaha uefvh!sfty' i! pm!tf`fpmtha fe it$h! pist#shìeam!y

t!mfefe7.4l :y = /+' iely t8i s`$iils fe ei!t$h!e %ms6mt`$h8me i""h!ha !mah = . @$flh

ei!t$h!e Ktfs $mvh shhe me fe`!hmsh fe hau`mtfieml mutieiky' Ktfs lfvfe7 fe `het!ml mea

siut$h!e %ms6mt`$h8me pm!tf`fpmth fe t$h p!ivfe`fml systhk 8ft$ sli8ly fe`!hmsfe7 su``hss .4lf

'. Lfthrmturh Whvfhw ie Ktfs ist-shìeamry Hau`mtfieml Pysthks

M iay i" lfth!mtu!h fs 7!i8fe7 ie t$h $fsti!f`ml ìeth4t i" hau`mtfie mea fts fkpm`t ie

M i!f7feml phiplhs. Ku`$ i" ft p!ivfahs !hì7eftfie i" t$h $fsti!y i" $m!k i" t$h !hsfahetfml


17/38

s`$iil systhks. Ms 8hll' !hshm!`$ $ms hhe 7!i8fe7 ie M i!f7feml lhm!efe7 mea festftutfieml hst

p!m`tf`hs ms m "!mkh8i!6 "i! shttfe7 iut p!fe`fplhs mea pissf lh kiahls "i! ahvhlipfe7 "utu!h

pilf`fhs. Kist fkpi!tmetly' t$h lfth!mtu!h h4mkfeha i""h!s m ìeth4t t$mt `me "iùs h""i!ts fe

heìu!m7fe7 mea uflafe7 upie pisftfvh mpp!im`$hs' t$h!h y !hau`fe7 t$h p!hssu!hs t$mt pus$ "m!

tii kmey M i!f7feml lhm!eh!s m8my "!ik pu!sufe7 pist#shìeam!y stuafhs. i8hvh!' t$h!h

!hkmfes m lm!7h 7mp fe t$h !hshm!`$ i" sph`f"f` Ktfs stuafhs "i! pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie

feftfmtfvhs. 5" ìu!sh' m !hvfh8 i" t$fs emtu!h ìetfeumlly ahvhlips. Ki!h phiplh mea m7he`fhs

m!h tm6fe7 pisftfvh sthps hvh!y amy ti8m!a t!mes"i!kfe7 t$h ila hau`mtfieml 8mys ti h ki!h

!h`hptfvh mea 8hlìkfe7 ti M i!f7feml lhm!eh!s.

'. +frùkstme`hs "ir Ktfs ist-shìeamry Hau`mtfie Festftutfies

%thps ti8m!a ahìlief*mtfie $hlp mll M i!f7feml lhm!eh!s !hsfst "m`ti!s t$mt t!f77h! hau`mtfieml

`!fsfs mea 8ft$a!m8mls. @$he hau`mtfieml `!fsfs m!fsh ;mt !h`!uftkhet i! !hthetfie stm7hs)' t$h

!hspiesh kust h "!mkha y me ueah!stmeafe7 i" t$h Ktfs lhm!efe7 ìeth4t- t$h ùltu!h' t$h

$fsti!y' ìlief*mtfie' t$h emtfie$iia i" t$h phiplh' mea $i8 t$hf! 8mys $mvh hhe

kfsfeth!p!htha. îlf`y mea ah`fsfie km6h!s ehha ti ueah!stmea t$fs ìeth4t f" t$hy $iph ti 8i!6

ti7ht$h! ti ahvhlip feftfmtfvhs t$mt 8fll m`tumlly st!he7t$he Ktfs pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie

systhks.

iliefmlfsk fs m p!i`hss i" aikfemtfie t$mt $ms p!ivhe ahst!u`tfvh ti t$h kmey ìlief*ha phiplh

i" t$h 8i!la. ,i! M i!f7feml phiplhs fe memam' t$h h""h`t 8ms m ìliefml !h7fkh mpplyfe7

p!hssu!h m7mfest t$hf! ùltu!hs' p!m`tf`hs mea t!maftfies. Fe emkfe7 ìliefmlfsk ms m km i! mea

`het!ml siu!`h i" $m!k' ft fs eit fetheaha ti feafvfaumlf*h t$h lmkh#aih! ut !mt$h!' ft fs `!ftf`ml

ti ueah!stmea ft fs t$h systhkf` st!u`tu!hs i" ìliefmlfsk' p!h uaf`h mea !m`fsk t$mt iph!mth fe

8mys t$mt m!h metft$htf`ml ti M i!f7feml 6ei8lha7h' thm`$fe7s mea 8mys i" lf"h mea m!h afskfssfvh

i" mey it$h! ùltu!ml lhm!efe7 ìeth4ts. :y !hì7ef*fe7 mea emkfe7 ìliefmlfsk ms iph!mtfe7

8ft$fe t$h pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfieml systhks' ft `!hmths ippi!tueftfhs ti kivh ti8m!a

ahìlief*mtfie kht$iaili7fhs mea st!mth7fhs. $h ù!!het !hmlftfhs t$mt Ktfs lhm!eh!s "m`h

`meeit h mpp!ip!fmthly ueah!stiia' ku`$ lhss ìest!u`tfvhly maa!hssha' uelhss t$hsh !iit `mushs

fe ìliefmlfsk m!h emkha. 5u! pu!pish fe stmtfe7 t$h "ull h4thet i" $m!k t$mt ìliefmlfsk $ms

`musha' t$h!h"i!h' fs eit ti 8fahe t$h 7mp ht8hhe phiplhs 8i!6fe7 ti8m!a !hkhayfe7 t$hsh


18/38


19/38

1ei8lha7h het!h' mea ,f!st mtfies' Feuft mea Ktfs i!7mef*mtfies $mvh ìllm i!mtha fe

m!tfùlmtfe7 mea `!hmtfe7 $ilfstf` kiahls "i! lf"hlie7 lhm!efe7 t$mt `mptu!hs t$h vfsfies mea fìef`

emtu!h i" t$h lhm!efe7 p!i`hss 8ft$fe m ùltu!ml ìeth4t. $fs feftfmtfvh $ms lha ti "u!t$h!

fevhstf7mtfie feti t$h tiils mea m "!mkh8i!6 t$mt khmsu!hs lhm!efe7 p!i7!hss t$!iu7$ t$h t$!hh

ilfstf` Lf"hlie7 Lhm!efe7 Kiahls "i! ,f!st mtfies' Ktfs mea Feuft phiplhs. $hsh kiahls m!h

ìesfah!ha stm!tfe7 pifets t$mt `me h mamptha "i! t$h hst ush fe t$h ìkkueftfhs. $h Ktfs

Kiahl heìkpmsshs m Jstylf*ha 7!mp$f` ti ìevhy t$h ayemkf` p!i`hsshs mea !hlmtfies$fps t$mt

`$m!m`th!f*h Ktfs ìkkueftfhs. $h fkm7h mtthsts ti t$h `y`lf`ml' !h7heh!mtfvh pi8h! i" $ilfstf`

lf"hlie7 lhm!efe7 mea fts !hlmtfies$fp ti ìkkuefty 8hll# hfe7.O 4lv $h Ktfs Kiahl fllust!mths

t$h !hlmtfies$fps i" lhm!efe7 8ft$fe m ùltu!ml mea hìli7f`ml ìeth4t' usfe7 t$h `y`lf`ml mea

emtu!ml p!i`hsshs i" 7!i8t$ i" m t!hh ti fllust!mth t$h ìkplh4 lfvfe7 hetftfhs D !h uf!fe7 `h!tmfe

ìeaftfies mea eut!fhets "i! iptfkml 7!i8t$ mea t$us ultfkmth 8hll hfe7 i" Ktfs phiplhs. $h!h7heh!mtfvh emtu!ml `y`lh i" t$h t!hh fs ìkpm!ha 8ft$ t$h `y`lhs i" Ktfs lhm!efe7 ìkpm!fe7

t$h $hmlt$ i" t$h !iit systhk 8ft$ t$h "i!hst i" Ktfs lhm!eh!s. Afh8fe7 t$h lhm!efe7 p!i`hsshs fe

t$fs 8my "iùshs ie t$h feth!ìeeh`tehss i" mll !hlmtfies$fps' t$h!h y sustmfefe7 mea kmfetmfefe7

mlme`h mea $m!kiey. 4lvf

$h lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8ha su77hst "iu! km i! mpp!im`$hs m!h ehhaha ti s$mph pist#shìeam!y

hau`mtfieml feftfmtfvhs. Mlt$iu7$ t$hy m!h eit h4`lusfvh ti hm`$ it$h!' mea m!h' fe "m`t'

feth!t8feha 8ft$fe hm`$ it$h!' "i! t$fs pmph!Is pu!pish' t$h `mth7i!fhs $hlp !h"feh t$h "feafe7s.,i! festme`h' sikh i" t$h !hshm!`$ fahetf"fhs Ktfs shl"#ahth!kfemtfie' hau`mtfieml ìet!il mea

u!fsaf`tfieml fssuhs ms kist p!hssfe7. 5t$h! mut$i!s "iùs ie p!m7kmtf` fssuhs tfha ti m`mahkf`

ahvhlipkhet mea it$h!s ufla upie ùltu!ml !hvftmlf*mtfie fe p!hs`!f fe7 pilf`y af!h`tfies. $h

lmst mpp!im`$ "iùshs ie "feme`fml `mpm`ftfhs' m`ìuetm flftfhs mea ahlfvh!y.

#**rim`c Ktfs Phl"-!hthrkfemtfie8 +ietril mea 6urfsaf tfie

Fe !h`het yhm!s' t$h Ktfs pilftf`ml i!7mef*mtfies mt t$h li`ml' !h7fieml' p!ivfe`fml mea emtfieml

lhvhl $mvh hhe 8i!6fe7 ti p!ikith Ktfs hau`mtfie feftfmtfvhs. Mt t$h emtfieml lhvhl fe >> '

t$h Ktfs mtfieml iue`fl !hpi!t ie Ktfs Hau`mtfie "iuea t$h kist p!hssfe7 fssuh "i! Ktfs

hau`mtfie fs u!fsaf`tfie. Ft $ms hhe t$h sfe7lh kist fkpi!tmet fkphafkhet ti Jp!i7!hss fe

ahvhlipfe7 m kiah!e sht i" festftutfies' p!i7!mks mea sh!vf`hs ti khht t$h ehhas i" t$h

Ktfs.O4lvff $h Ktfs "f!kly hlfhvh t$mt t$h "hah!ml 7ivh!ekhet $ms u!fsaf`tfie ivh! t$h Ktfs


20/38

mea 8ft$ t$fs u!fsaf`tfie ìkhs me i lf7mtfie ti m`t mea fe pm!tfùlm! ti m`t fe kmtth!s i"

hau`mtfie. 4lvfff

Fe !h"h!he`h ti Ktfs ìet!illha festftutfies' t$h Ktfs mtfieml iue`fl mavme`hs `!fth!fm ehhaha

ti $hlp hstm lfs$ h""h`tfvh silutfies ti fe`!hmsfe7 hau`mtfieml lhvhls fe t$hf! ìkkuefty. Ms

su`$' m "iueamtfieml p!fe`fplh fs t$h fe`!hmsha `mpm`fty ti "m`flftmth t$h sph`f"f` hau`mtfieml ehhas

i" Ktfs pist#shìeam!y stuahets. $hy hlfhvh t$mt t$h fkkhafmth ahvhlipkhet i" m emtfieml

st!mth7y ti maa!hss t$h ù!!het 7mps fe Ktfs hau`mtfie fs m `!ftf`ml mea p!hssfe7 sthp .4lf4 Fe`luaha

fe t$fs plme kust h m) mah umth mea khmefe7"ul ìesultmtfies ie hau`mtfieml feftfmtfvhs )

!hsiu!`hs ti p!ivfah suppi!t mea !hsiu!`hs ti ufla `mpm`fty `) h me m`tfvh pm!tf`fpmet fe pilf`y

km6fe7' p!i7!mk ahvhlipkhet mea ahlfvh!y a) mah umth khmes i" m`ìuetm flfty Jti mes8h! ti

t$h m yskml !hsults "i! Ktfs] m`$fhvha y kmfest!hmk systhks. M`ìuetm flfty ti t$h Ktfs

ìkkuefty fs me fkpi!tmet msph`t i" mey pilf`y a]f!h`tfie.O l

i m`$fhvh su``hss"ul mea sustmfem lh ahvhlipkhets fe pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie systhks' t$h!h

kust h pisftfvh !hlmtfies$fps ht8hhe mll fevilvha fe t$h feftfmtfvhs mea Ktfs lhmah!s ti

hlfkfemth u!fsaf`tfieml m!!fh!s. $h ehha "i! Ktfs pm!tf`fpmtfie fe pist#shìeam!y festftutfie

ahvhlipkhets `me eit h ivh! hkp$msf*ha. Ms mut$i! 1mt$y ia7sie#%kft$ $f7$lf7$ts' fe >>='

t$h!h 8h!h h4t!hkhly $f7$ !mths i" feìkplhth shìeam!y s`$iilfe7 i" Ktfs mea m`ì!afe7ly-

$h Ktfs mtfie fs `lhm!ly "m`fe7 sf7ef"f`met `$mllhe7hs fe u! me mea !u!mlmemam fe maa!hssfe7 t$h 7mp ht8hhe Ktfs mea eie#M i!f7feml memafmes. $hKtfs mtfie $ms m uef uh mea sph`fml $fsti!y fe memam' ieh t$mt fs tfha tiei!t$h!e mea !hkith m!hms ut ieh t$mt fs mlsi tfha ti t$h u! me shttlhkhet. E@ft$fe t$fs u! me ìeth4t' shl"#7ivh!ekhet hìkhs sf7ef"f`metly ki!h af""fùlt

ut h umlly ki!h fkpi!tmet. lf

$h hau`mti!s i" t$h Ktfs mtfie !h uf!h s8hhpfe7 `$me7hs ti t$h pilf`fhs i" pist#shìeam!y

hau`mtfie systhks t$mt m!h msha ie m p!fe`fplha mpp!im`$-

$h Ktfs mtfie 8mets ti hesu!h t$mt mll p!i`hsshs mea pilf`fhs lfe6ha ti lf"hlie7 lhm!efe7 mea hau`mtfie "i! h4fstfe7 mea "utu!h 7heh!mtfies p!ikith t$h p!hsh!vmtfie i" t$h Ktfs mtfie. $fs fs t$h "iueamtfie "i! t$h su``hss i" t$hKtfs phiplh fe mll ìeth4ts i" lf"h' fe`luafe7 t$h "ull ìetfeuuk i" lf"h lie7lhm!efe7 "!ik `!malh ti 7!mvh. lff


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$h fe`lusfie i" t$h Ktfs mtfie fe p!i`hsshs mea hau`mtfie ahvhlipkhets 8ft$ t$h "hah!ml mea

p!ivfe`fml 7ivh!ekhets m!h fe vm!fius Ktfs mtfie m7!hhkhets mea afsùssha fe hau`mtfie

7mt$h!fe7s. %ph`f"f`mlly' t$h Ktfs mtfie su kfts t$mt-

$h Ktfs mtfie kust ahvhlip t$h `mpm`ftyPmut$i!ftfhs ti 7ivh!e t$hshhau`mtfiemlPit$h! festftutfies mea ti shù!h t$h eh`hssm!y !hlmtfies$fps i" heh"ftti t$h Ktfs mtfie.

$h !f7$t i" t$h Ktfs mtfie ti shl"#ahth!kfemtfie mea ti 7ivh!e ftshl" mea hesu!ht$mt "utu!h pilf`yPp!i`hsshs maa!hss fssuhs i" !m`fsk mea mssfkflmtfie kust h

p!ith`tha.

(u!fsaf`tfieml 8!me7lfe7 ìetfeuhs ti h m ì!h fssuh fe "feafe7 silutfies ti t$h p!i lhks i" Ktfs hau`mtfie. $h fkpisftfie i" p!ivfe`fml iueam!fhs ivh! t$ht!maftfieml th!!fti!fhs i" t$h Ktfs mtfie khmes me ue!h7ulmtha mea f!!h7ulm!

"!mkh8i!6 "i! t$hsh mea it$h! fssuhs. $h Ktfs shh6 !hsilutfie ti t$h uhstfiei" u!fsaf`tfieml !hspiesf flfty. lfff

#**rim`c % Ktfs #`mahkf` Pu**irt

Mut$i!s &i!fie mea ?me7 ìkkhetha t$mt Ktfs sph`f"f` pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie s$iula h

ìkkuefty msha mea t$mt t$hf! festftutfies s$iula h shl" 7ivh!eha mea i8eha y t$h Ktfs

ìkkuefty. $h Ktfs festftutfies s$iula h 7ivh!eha y m Ktfs hau`mtfie im!a t$!iu7$

sph`f"f` lh7fslmtfie ; Ktfs $%u`!tfie M`t ). $hy kust p!ikith 7iia ìkkuef`mtfie 8ft$ t$hf!

Ktfs ìestftuhets mea t$h pm!hets mea Hlah!s. lfv $h hau`mtfie t$mt Ktfs !h`hfvh kust h i" t$h

$f7$hst umlfty mea ie pm! 8ft$ kmfest!hmk hau`mtfieml systhk fe m`mahkf` stmeam!as Ktfs

stuafhs kust h fe`luaha fe t$h ù!!fùluk i!fhetmtfie mea p!hpm!mti!y t!mfefe7 s$iula h

fe`luaha ms 8hll ms t$h m""flfmtfie i" Ktfs sph`f"f` festftutfies s$iula h h4pli!ha. lv

&i!fie mea ?iue7 hlfhvh t$h mpp!ip!fmth mpp!im`$ "i! ku`$ i" t$h Ktfs hau`mtfie s$iula h

"iùsha ie vi`mtfies 8ft$ me memlysfs i" t$h lm iu! km!6ht aieh fe ìllm i!mtfie. $fs mpp!im`$

"iùshs mtthetfie ie pm!teh!s$fps 8ft$ feaust!fhs mea Ktfs hkpliykhet ehhas s$iula lii6 ti ii!fhetha hau`mtfie p!i7!mks 8ft$ ì#iph!mtfvh hau`mtfie. ^h!sieml mea `m!hh! ìueshllfe7 fs

fkpi!tmet mlie7 8ft$ t!mfefe7 mea hau`mtfie fe !ima m!hms t$mt s$i8 m `$me7fe7 hìeiky. lvf


22/38

#**rim`c ' Ktfs +ulturml Whvftmlf mtfie

$h Ktfs mtfie fs ù!!hetly fevilvha fe pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie t$!iu7$ t$h h4fsthe`h i"

Ktfs#sph`f"f` festftutfieml ahvhlipkhet' su`$ ms t$h m !fhl &ukiet Festftuth fe %ms6mt`$h8me

mea t$!iu7$ t$h Liufs Wfhl Festftuth fe Kmefti m. $h su``hss i" t$hsh t8i festftutfies `meeit h

kmt`$ha y mey it$h! festftutfie fe memam' fe th!ks i" maa!hssfe7 Ktfs#sph`f"f` hau`mtfieml

fssuhs. lvff

Fe Kmefti m' t$h Kmefti m Ktfs ,hah!mtfie $ms stmtha t$mt t$h feth!hsts i" Ktfs stuahets $mvh

eit hhe sh!vha y t$h ù!!het pu f` s`$iil systhk ms t$h Ktfs lm7 h$fea fe th!ks i"

hau`mtfieml m`$fhvhkhet' ùltu!ml m8m!hehss' mea hìeikf` ahvhlipkhet. $hy stmth t$mt J ]y

tm6fe7 7!hmth! feth!hsts mea ìet!il i" iu! hau`mtfieml mea ùltu!ml feth!hsts' 8h $iph ti ai

sikht$fe7 ìest!u`tfvh m iut iu! phiplh s ù!!het ìe`h!es mea `f!ùkstme`hs.O lvfff Fe shh6fe7 ti

m`$fhvh t$hsh 7imls' t$h Liufs Wfhl Festftuth 8ms feì!pi!mtha fe = 33 mea li`mtha fe @feefph7

Kmefti m. Ft $ms hstm lfs$ha fts i8e Ktfs sph`f"f` feth!eml st!u`tu!h ti 7ivh!e t$h Festftuth.

$h Kfssfie %tmthkhets suks t$hf! pisftfie-

$h festftuth hlfhvhs fe t$h uef uh fahetfty i" Ktfs phiplh mea 8i!6s ti sh!vhKtfs phiplh fe i!ah! ti p!ikith t$h mavme`hkhet i" t$h Ktfs mtfie. lf4

$h i h`tfvhs i" t$h Liufs Wfhl Festftuth m!h ti Jp!ikith t$h !heh8ml mea ahvhlipkhet i" Ktfsùltu!h l4 t$!iu7$ !hshm!`$' kmth!fml ahvhlipkhet mea afsshkfemtfie i" ùltu!ml kmth!fml' ti

ahsf7e' ahvhlip mea ahlfvh! umlfty hau`mtfieml mea ùltu!ml p!i7!mks mea sh!vf`hs mea ti

p!ivfah hau`mtfieml ippi!tueftfhs t$mt m!h uef uhly suftha ti t$h mspf!mtfies i" t$h Ktfs

phiplh.Ol4f

$h m !fhl &ukiet Festftuth ; &F) fs m Ktfs#iph!mtha pist#shìeam!y festftutfie t$mt 8ms

feì!pi!mtha fe = 3> ms m eie#p!i"ft ì!pi!mtfie 8ft$ t$h pu!pish i" sh!vfe7 t$h hau`mtfieml meaùltu!ml ehhas i" t$h %ms6mt`$h8me Ktfs mea eie#stmtus Feafme ìkkuefty. &F i""h!s m vm!fhty

i" m``!haftha hau`mtfieml' vi`mtfieml mea s6flls t!mfefe7 ippi!tueftfhs "i! t$h p!ivfe`h s Ktfs fe

pm!teh!s$fp 8ft$ t$h


23/38

&F $ms hhe Jfest!ukhetml fe t$h ahvhlipkhet i" th`$ef`ml fe"!mst!u`tu!h mea t$h hau`mtfie i"

p!i"hssfieml ph!sieehl "i! t$h Ktfs mtfieO l4fff $h festftuth $ms hstm lfs$ha m "iu!#yhm! thm`$h!

hau`mtfie p!i7!mk. $h "f!st mea' ph!$mps t$h hst 6ei8e i" t$hsh h""i!ts' 8ms t$h %ms6mt`$h8me

t!mfefe7 mea hau`mtfie p!i7!mks fe Ktfs ìkkueftfhs t$!iu7$iut %ms6mt`$h8me. :usfehss

makfefst!mtfie' lm8 he"i!`hkhet' $ukme ustf`h' $hmlt$ `m!h' !hsiu!`h th`$eili7y mea

kmem7hkhet' !h`!hmtfie mea hm!ly `$fla$iia hau`mtfie' mea $iusfe7 makfefst!mtfie m!h sikh i"

t$h p!i7!mks.l4v

Hvmlumtfies $mvh s$i8e t$mt Jfestftuth p!i7!mks 7!hmtly he$me`h t$hhkpliym flfty mea feìkh i" Ktfs stuahetsO l4vf

$h su``hss i" M i!f7feml lhm!eh!s 8$he p!ivfaha 8ft$ ippi!tueftfhs ti lhm!e fe vfm lh'

sustmfem lh mea pisftfvh lie7 th!k hau`mtfie feftfmtfvhs 7!iueaha 8ft$fe t$hf! i8e ùltu!ml

8fsaik `meeit h ivh!st!hssha. Ms $f7$lf7$tha y heah!sie' :mttfsth mea Ktfs s`$ilm! Wftm

:iuvfh! fe t$h Whspiesfvh &h!refe# Pysthks fe M"irf#fe!l &h!refe#' M Pyetchsfs ^!phr -

@$he Feaf7heius 6ei8lha7h 8ms systhkf`mlly mea $ilfstf`mlly fe`luaha feti

s`$iils ; ma8mllmah! >>+) mea ù!!fùluk' p!m`tf`hs' mea p!i7!mks ;^mttefm6'>>N) stuahet m`$fhvhkhet fkp!ivha. E 8$he t$h ù!!fùluk !h"lh`ts it$Hu!i`het!f` mea Feaf7heius 6ei8lha7h su``hss "i! mll stuahets fs fkp!ivha.Hau`mtfie systhks ehha ti afs`m!a t$h ah"f`ft kiahl i" Feaf7heius hau`mtfie' fe8$f`$ Feaf7heius stuahets mea ìkkueftfhs m!h i"the lmkha "i! hau`mtfieml"mflu!h.l4vff

#**rim`c 1 Ktfs 0feme`fml +m*m`ftfhs

$h Ktfs shh6 7!hmth! `mpm`fty fe pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfieml systhks t$mt fe`luah h uftm lh

"ueafe7 !hsiu!`hs ti $hlp ahvhlip mpp!ip!fmth ùltu!mlly#!hlhvmet' Ktfs sph`f"f`

p!i7!mkkfe7 l4vfff t$h he$me`hkhet i" hstm lfs$ha s`$ilm!s$fp mea u!sm!y heai8khets 8fll h

su!h ti "m`flftmth 7!hmth! pist#shìeam!y m``hss mea ìkplhtfie. l4f4 :h`mush i" t$h $f7$ tuftfie

ìsts mea t$h "m`t t$mt 7heh!mlly t$h feìkh lhvhl i" kist Ktfs fs li8h! t$me t$mt i" it$h! eie#

M i!f7feml memafmes' t$h Ktfs $mvh li8h! su``hss !mths fe ìkplhtfe7 pist#shìeam!y


24/38

hau`mtfie. $h lm`6 i" vfm lh mea sustmfem lh m``hss ti pist#shìeam!y "ueafe7 ìk feha 8ft$

ieh!ius "ueafe7 !h uf!hkhets 8ft$ memam %tuahets Limes p!i7!mk mea it$h! "feme`fml

festftutfies `!hmth me fe$ispftm lh hevf!iekhet "i! kmey pithetfml Ktfs pist#shìeam!y lhm!eh!s.

$h af!h ehha "i! "feme`fml suppi!t "i! Ktfs lhm!eh!s fs h`$iha y mut$i! 1mt$y ia7sie#

%kft$s-

:hyiea s6flls t!mfefe7 "ueafe7' t$h!h fs ei pist#shìeam!y "ueafe7 "i! hau`mtfiemlippi!tueftfhs i! "i! p!i7!mk suppi!t hyiea N 8hh6s. $h Ktfs lhm!eh! fs!h uf!ha ti i!!i8 "!ik stuahet lime p!i7!mks' mssukfe7 t$hy ai eit $mvh Jpii!Oi! Jm shetO `!haft !mtfe7s' ahsf7eha ms supplhkhetm!y limes. $h mssukptfie t$mtt$h stuahet' t$!iu7$ t$hf! "mkflfhs' !fe7s "feme`fml ìet!f utfies i" up ti 00G i"t$hf! meeuml ìst i" lfvfe7' tuftfie mea ii6s ti t$hf! hau`mtfie p!i7!mk' fs memssukptfie 8$f`$ fs `lhm!ly eit !h"lh`tfvh i" t$h hìeikf` p!i"flh i" t$h Ktfs.,u!t$h!' t$h li8 feìkh su sfafhs 8$f`$ usha ti i""sht stuahet ìsts af!h`tly "i!sfe7lh pm!het kit$h!s mea li8 feìkh stuahets $mvh ei8 hhe aieh m8my 8ft$ fe!hplm`hkhet y t$h Kfllheefuk %`$ilm!s$fp p!i`hss. $h!h fs ei feaf`mtfie i" t$heuk h! i" Ktfs stuahets 8$i $mvh m``hssha t$fs "uea' lhmvfe7 lfe7h!fe7uhstfies E $h fevhstkhet fe uefvh!sfty hau`mtfie mea $f7$h! s6flls mea6ei8lha7h m!hms' E ahkmea m ìet!f utfie ti8m!a pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfieìsts "i! t$h Ktfs stuahet. l44

Mefs$hem h s`$ilm!' h`fl 1fe7 fe $fs !hshm!`$ stuay iutlfehs "feme`fml $m!as$fps t$mt Ktfsstuahets "m`ha fe = =-

$h hvfahe`h s$i8s t$mt t$h Ktfs ph!sie 8$i 7!maumths ms m thm`$h! fe%ms6mt`$h8me fe = = 8fll h lhss 8hll i"" hìeikf`mlly t$me f" t$hy $ma stmyhaie 8hl"m!h.EE t$h h4pheaftu!hs i" t$h 7!maumth thm`$h! 8iula h4`hha t$h thm`$h!Is feìkh8$flh t$h h4pheshs mea feìkh i" t$h 8hl"m!h !h`fpfhet mea t$h ph!sie iekfefkuk 8m7h h uml iut. Feìkh lhvhls mea h4pheaftu!hs i" t$h 7!maumth Ktfsthm`$h! ai eit h umlf*h uetfl t$h sf4t$ yhm! i" thm`$fe7 m`ì!afe7 ti t$h Festftuth s&F] `mlùlmtfies. $fs fs fe ìet!mst ti me Feafme thm`$h! 7!maumtfe7 mt t$h smkh

tfkh' 8$i h`mush i" spiesi!s$fp fs ehvh! fe m ah"f`ft pisftfie au!fe7 s`$iilfe7mea hìkhs m shl"#su""f`fhet ìet!f utfe7 p!i"hssfieml fe t$h "f!st yhm! i"thm`$fe7.l44f

$h "m`t t$mt t$h Ktfs stuahet kust feù! lm!7h ah ts $ms ah flftmtfe7 h""h`ts ie m``hss ti

hau`mtfie mt m pist#shìeam!y festftuth mea kmey m!h p!hvhetha "!ik 7ife7 ie ti lie7h! p!i7!mks

su`$ ms he7fehh!fe7' khaf`feh' i! pist7!maumth h`mush i" t$h p!i$f ftfvh ìsts.


25/38

Ktfs phiplh $mvh hhe `mu7$t up fe m u!fsaf`tfieml vifa ht8hhe t$h "hah!ml 7ivh!ekhet mea

p!ivfe`fml 7ivh!ekhets t$mt $ms ueaiu thaly $fsti!f`mlly "mflha Ktfs phiplh. h`fl 1fe7

ìkkhets ie t$h 7ivh!ekhet um7kf!h t$mt Ktfs stuahets "m`h-

Am!fius lhvhls i" 7ivh!ekhet ìkplf`mth t$h ah t fssuh h`mush !ulhs m!hsht y t$h "hah!ml 7ivh!ekhet "i! memam %tuahet Limes 8$f`$ fkpm`t ieKtfs stuahets 8$flh mt t$h smkh tfkh pilf`fhs mea !h7ulmtfies m!h sht mt t$h

p!ivfe`fml lhvhl 8$f`$ m!h lmyh!ha ie tip i" t$h "hah!ml "!mkh8i!6. Ktfsfevilvhkhet fe ah`fsfie#km6fe7 mt it$ t$hsh makfefst!mtfvh lhvhls fs kfefkml.^!i7!mks' 8$f`$ ie t$h su!"m`h m!h khmet ti p!ivfah hmsfh! m``hss ti Ktfsstuahets' $mvh hìkh si ìkplh4 t$mt t$hy ei8 m!h m afsfe`hetfvh ti m``hss tihau`mtfie. l44ff

Ktfs stuahets !h`hfvh lfttlh "ueafe7 "i! pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie 8$f`$ fs m sf7ef"f`met

hìeikf` m!!fh! sfe`h kist stuahets m!h i"the lh"t 8ft$ m B0>'>>> ti BN>'>>> stuahet lime ah t

upie ìkplhtfie i" m "iu!#yhm! ah7!hh. l44fff $hsh limes m!h p!i$f ftfvh "i! kmey f" eit kist Ktfs

stuahets. Fe tiamyIs si`fhty' Ktfs uefvh!sfty stuahets t$mt i tmfe uefvh!sfty ah7!hhs `me h4ft t$h

systhk 8ft$ h4t!hkh ah t limas mea "feme`fml !hpmykhet u!ahes i" B/N> i! ki!h ph! kiet$ "i!

=> yhm!s. $fs $ms m `$fllfe7 h""h`t ie it$h! khk h!s i" t$hf! ìkkuefty "!ik "illi8fe7 t$h

smkh hau`mtfieml pmt$8my.

%ikh !hì7eftfie i" t$h "feme`fml fssuhs $ms hhe !hì7ef*ha t$!iu7$ t$h ahvhlipkhet i"

p!i7!mks' m8m!as mea u!sm!fhs. ,i! h4mkplh' sfe`h >>N t$h Ktfs ukme Whsiu!`hs

&hvhlipkhet M7!hhkhets fe memam $mvh af""h!ha slf7$tly "!ik t$ish i" it$h! M W&M $ilah!s'

t$!iu7$ t$h ush i" me m7!hhkhet thkplmth sph`f"f` ti Ktfs. $h 6hy af""h!he`h fs t$h maaftfie i"

m `lmush p!ivfafe7 suppi!t "i! hlf7f lh `lfhets ;eit "ull#tfkh stuahets) "i! pist#shìeam!y

hau`mtfie' mea t$h pissf flfty i" ìet!f utfe7 ti me heai8khet "uea "i! u!sm!fhs "i! pist#

shìeam!y p!i7!mks i" m lhe7t$ i" up ti 2+ 8hh6s mt i! hli8 t$h ueah!7!maumth lhvhl. l44fv

%fe`h = 3N t$h mtfieml M i!f7feml M`$fhvhkhet ,iueamtfie' t$!iu7$ fts hau`mtfie p!i7!mk $ms

m8m!aha ki!h t$me B0 kfllfie fe s`$ilm!s$fps mea u!sm!fhs ti ki!h t$me 3+>> ,f!st mtfies'Feuft mea Ktfs stuahets emtfie8fah. l44v Ki!h !h`hetly' t$h mtfieml M i!f7feml M`$fhvhkhet

,iueamtfie m8m!aha me uep!h`hahetha B= kfllfie t$!iu7$ m sph`fml Ktfs $hmlt$ `m!hh! u!sm!y

ti ivh! =/> Ktfs stuahets. l44vf Fe >>/' hmlt$ memam meeiue`ha => kfllfie aillm!s fe "ueafe7

ti fe`!hmsh t$h euk h! i" Ktfs stuahets fe $hmlt$ `m!hh!s. $fs "iu!#yhm! emtfieml feftfmtfvh

"ueaha y hmlt$ memam fs fetheaha ti suppi!t mea fe`!hmsh t$h euk h! i" Ktfs $hmlt$ `m!h


26/38

p!i"hssfiemls m`!iss t$h ìuet!y. l44vff i8hvh!' hvhe 8ft$ t$hsh fkpi!tmet feftfmtfvhs ' l44vfff t$h!h

!hkmfe "m! tii kmey Ktfs stuahets !hlyfe7 ie stuahet limes i! ph!sieml `!haft lfehs D f" mvmflm lh

ti t$hk. Ms eitha fe t$h >> Ktfs Hau`mtfie Whpi!t-

$h!h m!h m euk h! i" sf7ef"f`met "m`ti!s fe"luhe`fe7 t$h lm`6 i" fevilvhkhet i"Ktfs phiplh fe uefvh!sfty hau`mtfie mea t$ish lhvhls i" s6fll ahvhlipkhet shtiut fe memamIs 1ei8lha7h mea %6flls m7heam. Lm`6 i" m``hss ti pist#shìeam!y "ueafe7' mea ìe"lf`tfe7 i! lm`6 i" "ueafe7 m!!me7hkhets meaueah!lyfe7 mssukptfies i" t$h memam %tuahets Limes p!i7!mk m!h t8i ì!hfssuhs. l44f4

1. Lii)fed #chma: Whìkkheamtfies "ir "uturh driwtc mea ahvhli*khet mearhs*iesfvhehss ti Ktfs lhmrehrs

Whìkkheamtfies "i! ahvhlipkhet i" pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie kiahls !h uf!h' mt "f!st 7lme`h'

m "u!t$h! fe uf!y feti Ktfs fahetfty mea fts mpplf`mtfies fe pist#shìeam!y ìeth4ts ti $hlp

ahvhlip Ktfs sph`f"f` pilf fhs mea feftfmtfvhs. H4mkfemtfies ie p!i`hsshs mea `!fth!fm

!h uf!hkhets i" eit iely pist#shìeam!y festftutfies ut mlsi "ueafe7 iafhs fe`luafe7 mtfieml

M i!f7feml M`$fhvhkhet ,iueamtfie mea it$h!s ìula p!ivfah m "!mkh8i!6 "i! pist#shìeam!y

festftutfies. lhm!ly' h4mkfemtfies i" t$fs emtu!h kust h 7!iueaha 8ft$fe m ahìlief*mtfie

"!mkh8i!6 t$mt p!ikiths mea he$me`hs Ktfs ùltu!h mea 6ei8lha7h. ,!ik t$fs "!mkh8i!6' t$h

"illi8fe7 !hìkkheamtfies $mvh hhe 7lhmeha "!ik t$h lfth!mtu!h.

$h lfth!mtu!h su77hsts m p!fe`fplha mpp!im`$ ti Ktfs pist#shìeam!y feftfmtfvhs 8$f`$ fe`luahs

t$h "illi8fe7-

Ktfs ehha ti ah"feh t$hf! i8e th!kfeili7y 8$f`$ `mptu!hs t$hf! suf #hehrfs ùltu!ml

ph!sph`tfvhs mea ueah!stmeafe7s

Feftfmtfvhs kust h ìesfsthet mea suppi!tfvh ti8m!a Ktfs fe$h!het !f7$t ti shl"#

ahth!kfemtfie

Whìkkheamtfie : Ktfs Phl"-ahthrkfemtfie? Hau`mtfieml +ietril mea6urfsaf`tfieml Fssuhs


27/38

Kutuml !hsph`t kust tm6h feti m`ìuet af""h!het feth!hsts' ph!sph`tfvhs' ùltu!hs'

ueah!stmeafe7s' mea ìe`h!es i" hau`mtfieml stm6h$ilah!s

Mll p!i`hsshs ìesfah!ha s$iula h fe`lusfvh' 7heah! shesftfvh' mea lfe6ha ti Ktfs

ùltu!h mea t!maftfies ;Hesu!h m mlme`ha mpp!im`$ fs he7m7ha 8$f`$ !h"lh`ts 7heah!

stm flfty)

iesfah!mtfie i" t$h mlme`fe7 i" hau`mtfieml feafvfauml mea ìllh`tfvh !f7$ts t$mt m!h

ìesfsthet 8ft$ Ktfs lm8s mea memafme lm8s

Ktfs sph`f"f` p!i`hsshs s$iula h ahvhlipha t$mt p!ivfah "i! ìkkuefty lhmah!s$fp'

feput' mpplf`mtfie' mea me mpphml p!i`hsshs ;t$fs kmy vm!y ahpheafe7 upie t$h

`$m!m`th!f*mtfie mea !ilhs)

Mll p!i`hsshs mea p!i`hau!hs m!h ti h 7!iueaha 8ft$fe p!fe`fplhs i" ipheehss mea

t!mespm!he`y

^!fi!fty fs ti h 7fvhe "i! mah umth mea khmefe7"ul ìesultmtfie p!i`hsshs 8ft$ Ktfs

feafvfaumlly mea ìllh`tfvhly mea 8$h!h mpp!ip!fmth' m`ìkkiamth ìkkuefty mshaPlha

feftfmtfvhs mea Ft fs fkpi!tmet t$mt mah umth mea khmefe7"ul ìkkuef`mtfies h fkplhkhetha si t$mt

hvh!yieh fs m8m!h i" 8$mt fs 7ife7 ie fe t$hf! ìkkuefty. M ìkkuef`mtfies st!mth7y fs

fkpi!tmet. îsftfvh !hlmtfies$fps ht8hhe mll fevilvha fe t$h feftfmtfvhs mea 8ft$ Ktfs

lhmah!s ti hlfkfemth u!fsaf`tfieml m!!fh!s.

$h!h s$iula h me fkkhafmth ahvhlipkhet i" m emtfieml st!mth7y ti maa!hss t$h ù!!het 7mps fe

Ktfs hau`mtfie ms m `!ftf`ml mea p!hssfe7 sthp. Fe`luaha fe t$fs plme kust h m) mah umth mea

khmefe7"ul ìesultmtfies ie hau`mtfieml feftfmtfvhs ) !hsiu!`hs ti p!ivfah suppi!t mea

!hsiu!`hs ti ufla `mpm`fty `) t$h Ktfs ms m`tfvh pm!tf`fpmets fe pilf`y km6fe7' p!i7!mk

ahvhlipkhet mea ahlfvh!y mea' a) mah umth khmes i" m`ìuetm flfty ti t$h Ktfs ikkuefty.

Hau`mtfieml +ietril - Hedmdfed tch +fr`lh ^ri`hss < 7ch +fr`lh Kiahl

$h me`fhet feaf7heius kiahl i" m f!`lh i""h!s m uef uh ph!sph`tfvh "i! fe`lusfvhehss mkie7

afvh!sh 7!iups mea t$h ki!h afvh!7het t$h vfh8s' t$h 7!hmth! t$h pissf flftfhs m!h "i! t!uly

feeivmtfvh mea uep!h`hahetha iutìkhs. M f!`lh fs eit m iut mkplf"yfe7 smkhehss ut !mt$h! ft

`me i""h! m ah`fsfie km6fe7 mea ahlfvh!y kiahl t$mt p!ivfahs m s$f"t "!ik m ah`fsfie km6fe7


28/38

"!mkh8i!6 i" pi8h! ivh! ti fe`lusfvhehss ;sthppfe7 ti8m!a ahìlief*mtfie). Ft !h"lh`ts t$h

ìkkftkhet ti aife7 t$fe7s fe m af""h!het 8my mea 8i!6fe7 t$!iu7$ `$mllhe7hs t$mt pist#

shìeam!y hau`mtfie festftutfies ìula !hly upie ti ai t$fe7s af""h!hetly fe m $ilfstf` 8my' s$m!h

fe"i!kmtfie' he$me`h `mpm`ftfhs mea h iphe ti t!mes"i!kmtfies.

f!`lhs s$f"t t$h kfeasht i" it$ plmeeh!s ;p!i7!mk ahlfvh!y ph!sieml' m7he`fhs mea

7ivh!ekhets) mea ìkkueftfhs. :y i""h!fe7 m eh8 vfsfie' t$h f!`lh Kiahl fevfths m

p$flisip$f`ml s$f"t fe $i8 plmeeh!s mea ìkkueftfhs `me mpp!im`$ hvh!yamy hau`mtfieml fssuhs.

f!`lhs stfkulmth mea s$mph t$h afsùssfies 8ft$fe t$h ìkkuefty mea mlli8s "i! ìllh`tfvh

ah`fsfies mea m`tfies. Ft $hlps t$h ìkkueftfhs m`$fhvh t$hf! vfsfie "i! t$h ìkkuefty.

;mluhs: 7ch Lfe) 5htwhhe Hau`mtfieml ^lmeefed mea tch +fr`lh Kiahl

Hk haaha fe m p$flisip$y i" f!`lhs fs me hkp$msfs ie vmluhs mea ìkkie ìe`h!es. $fs

hkp$msfs 7ufahs ìkkueftfhs fe ìe`!hth 8mys ti "i!k htth! !hlmtfies$fps mea ti fkp!ivh

ph!"i!kme`hs fe hau`mtfieml plmeefe7 mea ahmlfe7 8ft$ fssuhs. $h f!`lh Kiahl vmluh# msha

mpp!im`$ $hlps-

i m``hss st!he7t$s fe pm!tf`fpmets ti !hsilvh vh!y af""fùlt p!i lhks

i !fa7h af""h!he`hs ht8hhe ùltu!hs' m7hs' 7heah!s' 7hi7!mp$fhs' stmtus' ht`.' sfe`h

t$h ì!h vmluhs i" t$h f!`lh m!h 8fahly ueah!stiia mea s$m!ha m`!iss t$hsh

af""h!he`hs

i he7m7h phiplh ie spf!ftuml i! khmefe7"ul lhvhls ms 8hll ms ie khetml' p$ysf`ml

mea hkitfieml lhvhls

i p!ikith `!hmtfvfty

i !hfe"i!`h $hmlt$y !hlmtfies$fps

i ufla ìkkuefty ti p!hvhet kfsueah!stmeafe7s mea afspuths

i heh!7f*h m ìkkftkhet ti t$h s$m!ha vfsfie i" t$h p!i h`t

i p!ivfah m 8my ti 7ufah mea msshss ph!"i!kme`h 8ft$iut hìkfe7 p!hs`!fptfvh

i "i!k m uef"yfe7 "i!`h m`!iss afs`fplfehs mea `f!ùkstme`hs mea

i mlli8 li`ml mutieiky 8$flh $ilafe7 m ìkkie vfsfie.


29/38

iamy' kist pist#shìeam!y festftutfies !hì7ef*h t$h ehha "i! he7m7fe7 t$h pu lf`' pm!tfùlm!ly

fe hau`mtfieml plmeefe7 "i! M i!f7feml phiplhs. $fs t!hea $ms hhe uflafe7 ivh! ah`mahs. $h

f!`lh Kiahl fs m !hì7ef*ha iay i" th`$ef`ml mea pilftf`ml 6ei8lha7h. $h f!`lh Kiahl i""h!s

t$h ìkkueftfhs mea p!i"hssfie m eh8 tiil "i! he7m7fe7 fe ìevh!smtfies. Ft fs eit m ieh#8my

p!i`hss fe hft$h! af!h`tfie. Festhma' f!`lhs `!hmth sm"h mea h uml ippi!tueftfhs "i! hvh!yieh ti

pm!tf`fpmth. Hvh!yieh fe t$h f!`lh s$m!hs !hspiesf flfty "i! t$h afmli7uh mea "i! uflafe7

st!mth7fhs "i! `$me7h. f!`lhs `me h usha hft$h! ms ieh#tfkh' stmea#mlieh hvhets i! fe ìe`h!t

8ft$ it$h! st!mth7fhs "i! he7m7fe7 8$he fe `!fsfs i! mt#!fs6. h!tmfely' 8$hehvh! t$h!h fs m ehha ti

ahvhlip !hlmtfies$fps mea ufla ueah!stmeafe7' m f!`lh fs m 7iia `$if`h.

Puddhstha Khtciailidy

Km6h ìetm`t 8ft$ lhmah!s i" t$h ìkkuefty mea hau`mtfie ìkkftthh' afsùss 8$mthau`mtfieml p!i`hsshs m!h ml!hmay fe plm`h t$mt ìula h uflt upie.

Lii6 mt ft ms m p!i`hss' eit m sfe7ulm! hvhet mea t$h pm!tf`fpmets kmy 8met ti ush ieh

lm!7h `f!`lh i! m sh!fhs i" skmllh! `f!`lhs.

Lii6 mt t$h pu!pish i" t$h `f!`lh D fs ft 7ife7 ti h usha ti maa!hss ìkkuefty

hau`mtfieml fssuhsD ai yiu 8met m lm!7h pu lf` `f!`lh' m sh!fhs i" p!fvmth `f!`lhs "illi8ha y m

lm!7h `f!`lhQ

Ms eitha m ivh' t$h ì!h vmluhs mea t$h p!fe`fplhs !hkmfe ue`$me7ha "i! t$h f!`lhKiahl. $h p!i`hss `me h mamptha ti t$h `$me7fe7 `f!ùkstme`hs i" t$h hvhet;s) mea `$me7ha

8$flh t$h p!i`hss fs i`ù!!fe7 ti mampt ti eh8 fssuhs ms t$hy m!h !hvhmlha.

$!iu7$ t$h f!`lh Kiahl ahvhlip pm!teh!s$fps 8ft$ h4fstfe7 ìllh7hs' uefvh!sftfhs'

th`$ef`ml festftuths' 7ivh!ekhets mea ìkkueftfhs.

&hth!kfeh vfsfies mea kfssfie stmthkhets "i! pist#shìeam!y festftutfies.

@$i m!h t$h lhmah!s i" t$h ahvhlipkhetsQ Hesu!h t$mt t$hsh phiplh m!h `mpm lh ti lhma

t$h p!i`hss mea 8fll hesu!h "illi8 up.

Whìkkheamtfie %: #`mahkf` !hvhli*khet


30/38

$h hau`mtfie t$mt Ktfs !h`hfvh kust h i" t$h $f7$hst umlfty fe m`mahkf` stmeam!as mea

fe`luah mpp!im`$hs t$mt m!h khmefe7"ul mea mah umth "i! Ktfs phiplh. Hau`mtfie s$iula

fe`luah lhm!efe7 kiahls t$mt m!h ayemkf` p!i`hsshs mea !hlmtfies$fps t$mt `$m!m`th!f*h Ktfs

ìkkueftfhs. $hy s$iula fe`luah t$h "illi8fe7-

Ktfs stuafhs kust h fe`luaha fe t$h ù!!fùluk i!fhetmtfie mea p!hpm!mti!y t!mfefe7

s$iula h fe`luaha ms 8hll ms t$h m""flfmtfie i" Ktfs sph`f"f` festftutfies s$iula h

h4pli!ha.

Ktfs s`$ilm!s mea 6ei8lha7h $ilah!s m!h ti h vmluha y fe`lusfie fe ahvhlipkhets mea

ù!!fùluk ahlfvh!y.

Ktfs m`mahkf` suppi!t sh!vf`hs ti h p!ivfaha. %ph`fml ehhas i" "mkflfhs kust h

ìesfah!ha.

Ktfs ù!!fùluk fs ti h !hlhvmet' tfkhly' Ktfs "iùsha mea !hsph`t"ul i" ìkkuefty

ehhas.

&hvhlip !hshm!`$ mea kiahls ie Ktfs sph`f"f` lhm!efe7 kiahls mea pham7i7y.

&ilfstf` Lf"hlied Lhmrefed Kiahls

$hsh kiahls m!h ìesfah!ha stm!tfe7 pifets t$mt `me h mamptha "i! t$h hst ush fe t$h

ìkkueftfhs. $h!h fs m stylf*ha 7!mp$f` ti ìevhy t$h ayemkf` p!i`hsshs mea !hlmtfies$fps t$mt

`$m!m`th!f*h Ktfs ìkkueftfhs. $h fkm7h mtthsts ti t$h `y`lf`ml' !h7heh!mtfvh pi8h! i" $ilfstf`

lf"hlie7 lhm!efe7 mea fts !hlmtfies$fp ti ìkkuefty 8hll# hfe7.

$h ahvhlipkhet i" ìllm i!mtfvh !hlmtfies$fps kust i`ù! ti !hspiea ti hau`mtfieml

fssuhs. &haf`mtha $ukme mea "feme`fml !hsiu!`hs m!h !h uf!ha fe i!ah! ti "m`flftmth t$h hau`mtfie'

m8m!hehss mea t$h ahvhlipkhet i" ìkkuefty ìkkuef`mtfie plmes. Whlmtfies$fp uflafe7 kust

h feth7!mtha feti t$h "ueafe7 "i!kulm ms m "ueaha lfeh fthk fe i!ah! ti suppi!t ìllm i!mtfies ht8hhe Ktfs mea pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie festftutfies.

M t!uh pm!teh!s$fp 8i!6s' t$h!h"i!h ie t!mespm!he`y i" t$h pm!tfhs. Ft fs fkpi!tmet t$mt

t$h!h m!h ahsf7emths "!ik hm`$ pm!teh!s$fp t$mt $mvh t$h !h ufsfth 6ei8lha7h ti m`tfvhly

pm!tf`fpmth fe t$h p!i h`t.


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32/38

,i! sikh Ktfs' t$h ush i" ì#iph!mtfvhs $ms p!ivhe su``hss"ul ms m kfa8my pifet

ht8hhe ìkkuefty !ue p!i h`ts mea p!fvmth heth!p!fsh "i! hìeikf` ahvhlipkhet. Fe t$h

ìeth4t i" !hspieafe7 ti hau`mtfieml fssuhs' m ì#iph!mtfvh i" `h!tmfe phiplh 8ft$ t$h mah umth

hau`mtfieml h4ph!tfsh ìula h utflf*ha t$mt ìula h t$h lhmah!s ;usfe7 t$fs kiahl ms m

p!h`hahet).

ultu!ml !hvftmlf*mtfie !hlfhs upie Ktfs thm`$fe7s' Hlah!s' mea ùstiks. %uppi!t "i! mea

ahvhlipkhet i" pilf`fhs mea p!i7!mks t$mt he$me`h Ktfs ùltu!h fs m sthp ti8m!a t!mes"i!kmtfie

i" hau`mtfieml pist#shìeam!y systhks.

Hstm lfs$ ùltu!ml t!mfefe7 "i! it$ Ktfs mea eie#Ktfs hau`mti!s.

Hstm lfs$ ùltu!ml !ilh kiahl p!i7!mks.

:h`mush i" t$h $f7$ tuftfie ìsts mea t$h "m`t t$mt 7heh!mlly t$h feìkh lhvhl i" kist Ktfs fs

li8h! t$me t$mt i" it$h! eie#M i!f7feml memafmes' t$h m``hss t$mt Ktfs $mvh ti hau`mtfieml

ippi!tueftfhs mea t$h `$me`hs i" su``hss"ul ìkplhtfie m!h li8h!. Me iptfie ti $hlp ìueth!m`t

t$hsh fssuhs fs ti ahvhlip m "feme`fmlly m`ìuetm lh' Ktfs ahvhlipha mea 7ivh!eha' `$m!ftm lh

"iueamtfie t$mt `me p!ivfah tm4 !h`hfpts "i! aiemtfies' it$ ì!pi!mth mea feafvfauml. $h pu!pish i" t$h "iueamtfie 8fll h ti m`t ms m `lhm!fe7$iush "i! Ktfs îst# !maumth >/' hmlt$ memam feftfmtfvh

t$mt p!ivfaha => kfllfie aillm!s fe "ueafe7 ti fe`!hmsh t$h euk h! i" Ktfs stuahets fe $hmlt$

`m!hh!s. i amth ivh! = kfllfie aillm!s fe "ueafe7 8ms afst!f utha y t$h mtfieml M i!f7feml

M`$fhvhkhet ,iueamtfie fe t$h "i!k i" u!sm!fhs "i! Ktfs stuahets fe $hmlt$ `m!hh!s. ,i!

ìkkuefty msha hau`mtfieml p!i h`ts t$h "illi8fe7 kht$iaili7y kmy h $hlp"ul.

Whìkkheamtfie 1: 0feme fml +m*m`ftfhs8 #`ìuetm5flftfhs mea !hlfvhry


33/38

Puddhstha Khtciailidy

$h!h m!h shvh!ml typhs i" "ueafe7 t$mt ìula h pu!suha fe mssfstfe7 Ktfs lhm!eh!s su`$

ms ; ut eit lfkftha ti)- "hah!ml 7ivh!ekhet mea p!ivfe`fml 7ivh!ekhet siu!`hs M i!f7feml

i!7mef*mtfies D li`mlly' !h7fiemlly i! emtfiemlly p!fvmth siu!`hs i! feaust!y siu!`hs. !hmtfie i" pist#shìeam!y "ueafe7 siu!`hs ms ahs`!f ha m ivh sph`f"f`mlly ahsf7eha "i! Ktfs pist#

shìeam!y lhm!eh!s 8iula h 8i!t$8$flh mea hesu!fe7 stuahet lime p!i7!mks m!h kmah ki!h

m``hssf lh.

H4pmesfie mea h4mkfemtfie i" Ktfs ukme Whsiu!`hs &hvhlipkhet M7!hhkhets fe

memam "ueafe7 `!fth!fm fe`luafe7 t$h tfkh lfkftmtfie i" 2+ 8hh6s i! lhss.

^!ivfah ahaf`mtha hau`mtfie aillm!s "i! Ktfs pist#shìeam!y lhm!eh!s fe maaftfie ti

s`$ilm!s$fps' u!sm!fhs' limes ht`.

&hvhlip kh`$mefsks mea amtm !hsiu!`hs ti s$m!h hst p!m`tf`hs fe Ktfs sph`f"f` pist#

shìeam!y m`ìuetm flfty mea ahlfvh!y.

,iùs !hshm!`$ ie pithetfml h4pmesfie upie h4fstfe7 hst p!m`tf`hs i" %ms6mt`$h8me

mea Liufs Wfhl Festftuth.

&hvhlip m sph`f"f` Ktfs îst#shìeam!y Whshm!`$ ,iueamtfie

&hvhlip m sph`f"f` Ktfs @ikheIs ^%H Whshm!`$ Festftuth ti h4mkfeh t$h `$mllhe7hs

Ktfs 8ikhe "m`h fe i tmfefe7 pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfie. $fs ìula fe`luah m !hvfh8 i"

"ueafe7 "i! Ktfs 8ikhe' ah t lima h""h`ts' lhm!efe7 mea m`mahkf` ehhas' feìkh mea

hkpliykhet lhvhls mea it$h! "m`hts i" lfvh uef uh ti Ktfs 8ikhe lhm!eh!s.

+ie`lusfie

$fs pmph! $ms h4mkfeha $i8 pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfies systhks $mvh m""h`tha Ktfs lhm!eh!s

t$!iu7$ m lfth!mtu!h !hvfh8 ie t$h ù!!het stmth i" 6ei8lha7h i" Ktfs pist#shìeam!y hau`mtfiesysthks. Ft $ms fahetf"fha p!ikfsfe7 p!m`tf`hs mea sikh p!fe`fplhs ti p!ivfah !hìkkheamtfies

t$mt ìula h "u!t$h! h4pli!ha i! eh8 af!h`tfies "i! pilf`y ahvhlipkhets 8$flh !h"lh`tfe7 Ktfs

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!hha `$fla!he makfttha ti t$h s`$iils. Ms m !hsult' t$ish Ktfs mlli8ha ti heth! t$h s`$iils afa si msi h`ts i" `$m!fty i" t$h `$u!`$hs h`mush "h8 pm!hets 8h!h m lh ti pmy t$h "hhs. %ikh Ktfs 8h!h fe
http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/metis_education.htmlhttp://www.metismuseum.ca/exhibits/resources/http://www.metismuseum.ca/exhibits/resources/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15http://www.metisnation.ca/pdf-0715208/Ka%20tipaymishoyak%20Metis%20Education%20Report%20Feb%2020%202009.pdfhttp://www.metisnation.ca/pdf-0715208/Ka%20tipaymishoyak%20Metis%20Education%20Report%20Feb%2020%202009.pdfhttp://esask.uregina.ca/entry/budd_henry_1812-75.htmlhttp://esask.uregina.ca/entry/budd_henry_1812-75.htmlhttp://esask.uregina.ca/entry/riel_sara_1848-83.htmlhttp://esask.uregina.ca/entry/metis_education.htmlhttp://www.metismuseum.ca/exhibits/resources/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15http://www.metisnation.ca/pdf-0715208/Ka%20tipaymishoyak%20Metis%20Education%20Report%20Feb%2020%202009.pdfhttp://www.metisnation.ca/pdf-0715208/Ka%20tipaymishoyak%20Metis%20Education%20Report%20Feb%2020%202009.pdfhttp://esask.uregina.ca/entry/budd_henry_1812-75.htmlhttp://esask.uregina.ca/entry/riel_sara_1848-83.html


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