methods and methodology
DESCRIPTION
Methods and methodologyTRANSCRIPT
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Research Inquiry
– Methodology
and methods
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Ove
rvie
w Methodology - Types
of Research
Methods – research tools
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Meth
odolo
gy How can you describe
your research?How can you distinguish between different types of research?
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3 t
ypes
of
cate
gori
zati
ons:
Exploratory, Descriptive
and Explanatory research
categories
Applied and basic research categories Quantitative and
qualitative research categories
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Dis
tinguis
hin
g b
y G
OA
LS: Research is categorised by means
of its goal as eitherExploratory ORDescriptive ORExplanatory
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Exp
lora
tory
Stu
die
s:
Aim to investigate the
unknown
Researcher has no idea what he/she will
find
No previous research
at all
Open and flexible designs
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Desc
ripti
ve
Stu
die
s
Aim to accurately describe a particular
phenomenon Narrative description
(e.g. development of
medical services in Dubai)
Classifications (e.g. documenting the different types of hospitals in Dubai)
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Desc
ripti
ve
Stu
die
s c
onti
nued Relationships (e.g.
documenting the relationship between
number of healthcare
facilities in Dubai to the
incidence and prevalence of disease)
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Exp
lanato
ry
Stu
die
s
Aim to provide CAUSAL explanations
for something Prove that X causes Y Commonly use experimental or quasi-
experimental research
designs
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Know
your
GO
AL
Affects your research
design:
Exploratory – open flexible design. Focus
on detailing how you
plan to collect data and
where you will look for
the data
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Know
your
GO
AL
conti
nued
Affects your research
design continued: Descriptive – focus on
reliability and validity of
your design and representativeness of
your sample
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Know
your
GO
AL
conti
nued
Affects your research
design continued: Explanatory – focus on
eliminating alternative
explanations of causality (confounding
variables)
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Dis
tinguis
hin
g b
y U
SE
Research is categorised by means
of its USE as eitherApplied
ORBasic
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Basi
c Rese
arc
h
Results are used to add to the existing body of knowledge Existing theories are
either supported or refuted
No practical application
of results
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Applie
d
Rese
arc
h:
Results have highly practical applications Contribute towards problem solving Contribute towards
decision making Contribute towards policy analysis and development
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Know
your
USE
Affects your research
design because of required level of Generalization:
Basic research: Generalisable to large
variety of contexts Applied research : Generalisable to highly
specific context
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Requir
ed L
eve
l of
Genera
lizati
on:
Affects:
Sampling size Sampling technique Observation method Measurement and
analysis methods
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Dis
tinguis
hin
g b
y TYPE O
F D
ATA
Research is categorised by means
of the type of data collection and analysis
as either
Qualitative ORQuantitative
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Qualit
ati
ve
rese
arc
h
Non-numerical data collection and analysis Written or spoken
language
Identifying and categorizing themes E.g. in-depth case study
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Quanti
tati
ve
Rese
arc
h: Numerical data
collection and analysis Statistical data analysis E.g. Surveys and questionnaires
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Know
your
DATA
TYPE
Affects your research
design in terms of : Sampling techniques Sample size
Method of data collection
Method of data analysis
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Note
:
Some studies use both
qualitative and qualititative data collection and analysis
techniques
These are classified according to the predominant technique
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Exa
mple
fo
rmula
tion: This study is a basic,
exploratory study which will make use of
qualitative methods of
data collection and analysis.
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Meth
ods
of
Inquir
y
Survey Research Archival Research Correlational Research Experimental Research Naturalistic Observational Research Case Study Research
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Surv
ey
Rese
arc
h: Research design which
aims to gather standardized information from a
large group of people
on a single occasion
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Chara
cteri
stic
s
Fixed Design
Preplanned execution of
research
Small amount of data
collected in standardized form E.g. questionnaire
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Chara
cteri
stic
s co
nti
nued
Large representative
sample from specific
population
Usually Quantitative
data collection and analysis
Seldom repeat measuring
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Tools
Questionnaires Observation E.g. Sitting in waiting
room documenting pre-
determined variablesDiaries
E.g. note time and date of
headaches to test side-
effects of new drug
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Adva
nta
ges
Surveys are scientific Proper sampling technique
Proper questionnaire
design
Utility and versatility Can be used for almost
any type of research
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Adva
nta
ges
conti
nued
Demonstrate relationship between
variables
Positive or negative correlation
Causal relationships (difficult)
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Dis
adva
nta
ges
Internal Validity Ambiguity of questionnaireSecuring high degree of
involvementReliability Especially in face-to-face
method
Generalisability Incorrect sampling technique
or sample size
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HO
WEV
ER
:
Careful planning of a
survey study can avoid most of the disadvantages
Pilot studies are NB for
ensuring validity and
reliability
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Appro
ach
es:
Self- completion Little effort for researcher
Low level of involvementFace-to-Face interview High level of participant
involvement High researcher effort
Beware of reliability
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Appro
ach
es
conti
nued :
Telephonic interview Useful if participants are
spread across wide geographical area Higher level of
involvement than posting
or self-completion Shortest amount of time
for data collection
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Quest
ionnair
e
issu
e:
Beware of lengthBeware of complexity Especially with self-
completion approachForced choice questions for quantitative analysis
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Quest
ionnair
e
issu
e co
nti
nued:
Open ended for qualitative analysis It is best to use the face-
to-face approach if your
quest6ionnaire contains
open-ended questions Internal ValidityReliability
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Arc
hiv
al
Rese
arc
h Archive = recordResearch design in which existing data is
collected and analyzed
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Chara
cteri
stic
s
Makes use of existing
data E.g. patient recordsData collected by
someone other than
the researcher E.g. nurse
Data collected for purpose other than the
research E.g. patient records
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Chara
cteri
stic
s co
nti
nued
Fixed research design Variables of Analysis are
predeterminedSpecific population and sample Expressed in terms of
data rather than peopleData is collected from
large sampleQuantitative or
qualitative
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Adva
nta
ges:
Extensive data setsLarge representative
samples
Electronic data
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Dis
adva
nta
ges
Inappropriate or incomplete data Information overloadConfidential or private
records (access)
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Corr
ela
tional
rese
arc
h: Designs looking for an
association between
two or more variablesNot suited if you are
looking for the direction of causality
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Exp
eri
menta
l Rese
arc
h
Independent variable
is manipulated to observe the effect of
this change on the dependent variable while confounding variables are controlled for.
Used to establish direction of causality
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Natu
ralis
tic
Obse
rvati
on
Research in which a naturally occurring phenomenon is observed and documented accurately
Usually a Qualitative
research design
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Case
Stu
dy
Collecting in-depth, intensive information
from one individual or
a small group of individuals
Useful if phenomenon
under investigation is
very rare
Combines qualitative
and quantitative methods