1. PRESENTED BY : ABDUL JABBAR KHAN METEOROLOGY PRESENTATION LECTURER:CAPT. GEORGE

2. Question :(a) Determining the optimum track by using the following : 1.Monthly Routeing Chart 2.Wave Chart 3.Ice Chart 4.Information on Current 5.Prevailing Wind 6.Ice 7.Other sources of weather information such as Navtex. 3. 1. MONTHLY ROUTEING CHART Routeing Charts published for the North and South Atlantic, Indian, and North and South Pacific Oceans. Each chart has twelve versions, one for each month and assist the navigator to plan an ocean passage for any time of year . The following data is available on a Monthly Routeing Chart : 1. An outline of the surrounding land areas. 2.The position of major ports. 3.The recognized shipping routes between major ports, with distances. 4.Data on wind speed, direction and forces. 4. 1.MONTHLY ROUTEING CHART 5. Incidence of low visibility and Frequency of storms. 6.Data on sea and air temperature, air pressure and ice limit. 7.Data on ocean currents. 8.The limits of Load line zones. 9.The locations of ocean weather ships. 5. C u r r e n t R o s e Determining Current The Current Rose which is Represented on Routeing Chart. High Consistency Moderate Consistency Low Consistency Probable direction when observation count is low 6. LIMITS OF ROUTEING CHART 7. Routeing Charts: North Atlantic Ocean BA5124(1) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--January BA5124(2) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--February BA5124(3) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing ChartMarch BA5124(4) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--April BA5124(5) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--May BA5124(6) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--June BA5124(7) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--July BA5124(8) North Atlantic Ocean Routeing Chart--August 8. 2. WAVE CHART A. Wave analysis chart- These charts show isopleths(line joining all places having the same value) of wave heights, in meters, and their direction , based on actual report. B. Wave prognosis chart-These charts show isopleths of wave heights in meter, predicted for a specified future time. They are made by professional meteorologist and based on a study of weather analysis chart, weather prognosis charts, wave analysis charts etc. 9. A heavy lift cargo ship for instance will use the wave chart during the planning of the passage to avoid areas where the wave height will be above the allowed limit for the vessel safe passage. With the use of the wave chart the vessel can be safely navigated from one part of the ocean to the other. 10. 3. ICE CHART Ice analysis chart-These chart indicated amounts and boundaries of each type of ice , icepacks, ice leads and icebergs based on actual observation Ice prognosis chart-This charts contain the same type of information as ice analysis charts. But predicted for a specified future time and are usually made 12 hours and 24 hours in advance. After studying the situation shown by the ice analysis charts and taking into account various factors such as winds, currents, temperature of air and sea etc. the prognosis charts are made by expert. 11. ICE BERG/ ICE LIMTS ANALYSIS 12. 4. INFORMATION ON CURRENT Ocean currents are the circulations of water caused by various factors. Ocean currents have two different methods of moving water. Surface currents move as a result of blowing winds and are influenced by atmospheric factors. Deep ocean currents move as a result of the density differences that are present in the ocean. The two largest currents on earth are the Kuroshio Current which circulates near Japan, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which circulates around Antarctica. 13. Currents plan an important role in navigation as well. In addition to being able to avoid trash and icebergs, knowledge of currents is essential to the reduction of shipping costs and fuel consumption. Today, shipping companies and even sailing races often use currents to reduce time spent at sea. It is important to understand that ocean circulation is very dynamic, and this following map only shows the average position of these currents. Additionally, this map does not show subsurface and deep ocean circulation, both of which are very important in ocean dynamics. 14. Surface Currents 15. World Surface Currents 16. Oya Siwo: cold current soutward past Asia Kuro Siwo warm current to north East Australian warm current to south West Wind Drift circles Antarctcia Cold Peruvian current brings fish toward shore California current brings cold water south North Pacific Drift brings warm water eastward Some flow into arctic ocean 17. Publication for Ocean Current data Ocean current data can be found in a number of publication such as :- Routeing chart. Admiralty sailing direction. Ocean passage for the world. 18. Routeing Chart 19. Admiralty Sailing Direction 20. Admiralty Ocean Passages For The World NP - 136 21. C u r r e n t R o s e Determining Current The Current Rose which is Represented on Routeing Chart. High Consistency Moderate Consistency Low Consistency Probable direction when observation count is low 22. 5. PREVAILING WIND A wind that blows predominantly from a single general direction. For example the trade winds of the tropics, which blow from the east throughout the year, are prevailing winds. The earth is encircled by several broad prevailing wind belts, which are separated by narrower regions of either subsidence or ascent. The direction and location of these wind belts are determined by solar radiation and the rotation of the earth. The three primary circulation cells are known as the: Hadley cell; Ferrell cell; and Polar cell. The oceans of the world are covered by a set of ships board chart shows the coastline, the approximate strengths and direction of prevailing wind. By using routeing chart we can find the information about prevailing wind. 23. 6. ICE Ice is a solid form of water, or, more generally, any frozen volatile. Sea ice occurs in both the Arctic and Antarctic. In the Northern Hemisphere, it can currently exist as far south as Bohai Bay, China (approximately 38 degrees north latitude), which is actually about 700 kilometers (435 miles) closer to the Equator than it is to the North Pole. In the Southern Hemisphere, sea ice only develops around Antarctica, occurring as far north as 55 degrees south latitude. Sea ice grows during the winter months and melts during the summer months, but some sea ice remains all year in certain regions. About 15 percent of the world's oceans are covered by sea ice during part of the year. 24. 7.OTHER SOURCE OF WEATHER INFORMATION SUCH AS NAVTEX Navtex is a navigational telex service developed by IMO, and broadcasted by means of narrow band direct printing techniques on the frequency 518 kHz, for the promulgation of navigational, meteorological warnings and urgent information to ships. It is incorporated in the GMDSS and is achieved by transmitters allocated to cover a specific Navtex area.. The other components of the total GMDSS are: Radio telephony broadcasts, VHF out to 30 miles, MF to 150 miles, HF worldwide, The International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) Safety NET over the oceans, roughly 65N to 65S., HF radio-facsimile and radio-teletype. 25. THANK YOU