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02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 1

METAPHORLecture Material

Master Program in LiteratureDepartment of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities

University of Indonesia

by Tommy Christomy([email protected])

mailto:[email protected]


Semiotic and Metaphor

• Figurative signs• Arbitrariness

• Iconicity• Conventionality

• Motivation• (Noth, h. 129)


The Concept of Metaphor

• The traditional Concept of Metaphor• Narrow sense• Broad sense


The Concept of Metaphor

• Narrow sense: particular trope among other (i.e metonimi, synecdoche, hyperbole, etc)

• Broad sense: all figures of speech


Definitional Criteria of Metaphor

• Transfer (Replacement Substitution, Translation) Metaphor in broad sense

• Similarity (Likeness, Comparison, Analogy) Metaphor in the narrow sense


Definitional Criteria of Metaphor

• Transfer (Replacement Substitution, Translation) Metaphor in broad sense

Metaphora transfer “carrying from one place to another”

Tenor-vehicleMetaphoric triangle Expression, proper

sense, tenor (E, E1, E2)


Theories of Metaphor• Substitution• Comparison• Interaction (Black 1962, dalam

Noth 1995)

• Paradigmatic point of view

• Syntagamtic


• Dualistic • Double reference of metaphor, literal expression is not completely deleted but instead remains as a semantic background for the figurative meaning and creaters a semantic conflict with it.


• Dualistic • Comparison theory


Semantic to Syntax and Pragmatic

• Conventionaly• Codified• Unique • poetic

• iconicity


• monistic • Process of complete deletion of the literal sense in favor of the figurative one (c.f. feature deletion in semantic componential analysis) (Noth, 1995:129)


On the Conventionality of the Metaphoric Sign

• Arbitrariness and motivation• Conventionality


Metaphors in Text and in the Language System (noth 131)

• Speech act• Above the level of the word


On the Iconicity of Metaphor

• Similarity• Classical similarity• Criticism of Similarity


Peirce Metaphor• Linguistic metaphors are not directly

metaphor because they initianlly signify their literal meaning symbolically (i.e. as arbitrary sigs)

• In second semantic relation, the metaphor functions ironically in representing the similarity of two objects or situations.

• Indirect icon…not shown …describe


Peirce’s theory• Metaphors exhibited a sort of the third level of

iconicity• The First, signs which represent their objects by

means of similarity is occupied by pictures (images)

• The Second, diagram, a structural similarity between the relations of their elements and those of their objects

• The Third, metaphors are defined as “signs which represent the representativ character pf a representamen by representing a parallelism in somethin else” (p. 133)


Peirce-Icon

• “Anything whatever […] is an icon of anything, in so far as it is like that thing and used as a sign of it”


• Semantic to Syntax and Pragmatic• On the Conventionality of the Metaphoric

Sign• Metaphors in Text and in the Language

System (noth 131)• On the Iconicity of Metaphor• Peirce Metaphor


Danessi and Perron

• Metaphor = verbal ornamentation• Metaphor = substance of abstract

thingking• Unique signifying power• metaphrology


• Metaphor (meta “beyond” + pherein “to carry”)

“Professor Snake”Professor (primary referent) topic/tenorSnake (vehicle of the metaphor)New meaning (ground)


focus

• Cognition• Communication


What is metaphor• stilistikorator• Figure of speech• Penggunaan kata atau frase yang menunjuk pada suatu

(satu) gagasan atau objek dengan menggunakan kata atau frase yang berbeda dengan tujuan menghasilkan kemiripan diantara kedua kata/frasa tersebut

• Semiotics: two referents, not one, which related to each other (p. 164) (1) Professor (2) snake

• How the mind probably produces abstract concepts (p. 164)


linguistics

• Cognitive –”..how the mind probably produces abstract concepts.” (p. 164)

• Producing knowledge


• Metaphor =primary referent, second referent ground (culture-based characteristic)


• {[A1=B1]=[A2=B2]}• Professor [A1=B1]• Snake [A2=B2]• …to think certain referent in terms of

others• Similarities among mong dissimilar thins,

interconnecting them within mind-space. P. 165


Conceptual Metaphor• George Lakoff and Mark Jonson (1980:3)

Metaphors We Live By• Literalmetaphor• Concretemetaphorical reasoningAbstract

concept (Conceptual Metaphor)• Formula (target domain, source domain)• Conceptual metaphor structures the actions

(argument is war)


• Conceptual metaphorizing to image schemats• Sensory experience of locations, movements, shapes,

etc.• Inferent, deduction• Schema = maps• Image schema theory= source domain is not arbitrary

but derived from experience of events=the result of an experiential induction

• Image schema is not replica =mental icon of an experience

• Schema can be associative, fictitious, or narrative• Image schema =picturable mental icons of experiences

and iconic of any sensory modality


• Sensory (auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, kinesic, emotional quality)

• IS =automatic=hardly ever aware of their control over coneptualization (h. 168)

• Conscousness vs conscious• How far up do you feel?• Are you ok?• IS = abstractive seeing (Susanne Langer 1948)


Types o fimage schemas

• Orientation• Ontological thinking• Elaboration (of other two)structural

metaphors that extend orientational and ontological concepts “time is a resources”

• Image schema tidak ditemukan lagi di dalam structural metaphor


Cultural Models• Cultural groupthink is built on conceptual

metaphors• A system of abstract thinking hold together the

entire network of associated meaning in the culture (h. 171)

• Higher order metaphorizing• A great domains are associated with many kinds

of source domain (orientational, ontological, structural)

• Cultural or cognitive models


Cultural model of ideas

• The constant juxtaposition of such conceptual metaphors in common discourse produce, cumulatively, ac cultural model of ideas that has a specific Gestalt structure


Metonymy and irony• A part or a domain to present the whole

domain (metonymic concept-Formation)• Synecdoche• Concetpual metonym• Irony = highliting srategy base don the use

of words to convey a menaing contrary to their literal sense

• Statements to criticise


Metaphor and grammar

• Grammar category and concept-formation processes (since, from..etc)

• See p. 180


• Signs referential domains for humans to reflect upon, utilize, and store as knowledge

• Metaphorthe form of thought humans use to inter connect such domains into increasingly layered order of meaning

• Human thinkingthe fluid application of existing metaphorical concepts to new situations

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