metal ion in medicine

04/13/2023 By Mohd Anzar Sakharkar 1

Metal Ions In Medicine

SAKHARKAR MOHD ANZARMSC-ISEM-II

INORGANIC CHEMISTRYRamniranjan Jhunhunwala college


Metal Ions in MedicineMetals in medicine are used in

organic systems for diagnostic and treatment purposes.

Inorganic elements are also essential for organic life as cofactors in enzymes called Metalloproteins.

When metals are scarce or high quantities, equilibrium is set out of balance and must be returned to its natural state.


Metals in diagnosis Metal ions are often used for diagnostic

medical imaging. Metal complexes can be used either for

radioisotope imaging (from their emitted radiation), for example, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Structure of Bleomycin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleomycin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bleomycin.png


Examples of metals used for diagnosis:Technetium: Tc is the most commonly used

radioisotope agent for imaging purposes. It has a short half-life, emits only γ ray photons, and does

not emit β or α particles and thus is particularly suitable as an imaging radioisotope.

Gadolinium(III), Iron(III), Manganese(II): For MRI imaging paramagnetic metals are needed for contrast imaging. Gd(III), Fe(III), and Mn(II) are all paramagnetic metals that are able to alter the tissue relaxation times and produce a contrast image.

Cobalt(III): Co(III) is used with the compound bleomycin, which is an antibiotic, to be selectively be taken up by tumor cells. The use of Co results in the best blood-to-tumor distribution ratio, but its half-life is too long to be conducive for imaging purposes


Metals in treatmentMetals have been used in treatments since ancient

times.Sodium vanadate has been used since the early 20th

century to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Recently metals have been used to treat cancer, by

specifically attacking cancer cells and interacting directly with DNA. The positive charge on most metals can interact with the negative charge of the phosphate backbone of DNA.

Some drugs developed that include metals interact directly with other metals already present in protein active sites, while other drugs can use metals to interact with amino acids with the highest reduction potential.

Cisplatin, a platinum coordination complex.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cisplatin-stereo.svg


Examples of Metals used in treatment

Platinum: Platinum based compounds have been shown to specifically effect head and neck tumors.

Gold: Gold salt complexes have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Zinc: Zinc can be used topically to heal wounds. Zn2+ can be used to treat the herpes virus.

Silver: Silver has been used to prevent infection at the burn site for burn wound patients.

Tungsten: Tungsten polyoxoanions can be used to treat AIDS.

Platinum, Titanium, Vandium, Iron: cis DDP (cis-diaminedichoroplatinum), titanium, vanadium, and iron have been shown to react with DNA specifically in tumor cells to treat patients with cancer.

Gold, Silver, Copper: Phosphine ligand compounds containing gold, silver, and copper have anti-cancer properties.


CisplatinCisplatin, cisplatinum, or cis-

diamminedichloroplatinum(II)

(CDDP) is a chemotherapy drug. It was the first member of a class of platinum-containing anti-cancer drugs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cisplatin-stereo.svg


Cisplatin is administered intravenously as short-term infusion in normal saline for treatment of solid malignancies.

It is used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e.g. small cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer), lymphomas, and germ cell tumors.

Cisplatin is particularly effective against testicular cancer; the cure rate was improved from 10% to 85%


Mechanism of actionFollowing administration, one of the chloride

ligands is slowly displaced by water in a process termed aquation.

The aqua ligand in the resulting [PtCl(H2O)(NH3)2]+ is itself easily displaced, allowing the platinum atom to bind to bases.

Of the bases on DNA, guanine is preferred.Subsequent to formation of [PtCl(guanine-DNA)

(NH3)2]+, cross-linking can occur via displacement of the other chloride ligand, typically by another guanine.

The damaged DNA elicits DNA repair mechanisms, which in turn activate apoptosis when repair proves impossible.


DNA binding Cisplatin binds to DNA and

causes a critical structural change in the DNA – a bend of 45 degrees.


Cisplatin resistanceCisplatin combination chemotherapy is the

cornerstone of treatment of many cancers. Initial platinum responsiveness is high but the

majority of cancer patients will eventually relapse with cisplatin-resistant disease.

Oxaliplatin is active in highly cisplatin-resistant cancer cells in the laboratory; however, there is little evidence for its activity in the clinical treatment of patients with cisplatin-resistant cancer

The drug paclitaxel may be useful in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancer; the mechanism for this activity is unknown.


CarboplatinCarboplatin, or cis-

Diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer (mainly ovarian carcinoma, lung, head and neck cancers)


Related compound


Side effectsNephrotoxicity (kidney damage) is a

major concern. The dose is reduced when the patient's creatinine clearance (a measure of renal function) is reduced.

Myelotoxicity: This agent can also cause profound bone marrow suppression.[15]

Hemolytic anemia can be developed after several courses of cisplatin. It is suggested that an antibody reacting with a cisplatin-red-cell membrane is responsible for hemolysis.[16]


Neurotoxicity (nerve damage) can be anticipated by performing nerve conduction studies before and after treatment.

Nausea and vomiting: cisplatin is one of the most emetogenic chemotherapy agents.

Ototoxicity (hearing loss): there is at present no effective treatment to prevent this side effect, which may be severe.

Electrolyte disturbance: Cisplatin can cause hypomagnesaemia, hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia. The hypocalcaemia seems to occur in those with low serum magnesium secondary to cisplatin, so it is not primarily due to the Cisplatin.


BIBILIOGRAPHYhttp://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/

cronin/teaching.phpDabrowiak, James C. “Metals in

Medicine.” Inorganic Chemica Acta. (2012)

metal ion in medicine

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