Metabolism of the whole organism

• Metabolic profiles of organs• Metabolic conditions• Blood glucose levels: 90 mg/dL • Fuel reserves • glucose • triacylglycerols • proteins

Metabolic homeostasis

Metabolic profiles

Brain

• Nervous system: maintain membrane potentials

• uses glucose (120g/day) • 60% of all glucose • blood levels of 84.7 = 1mM in brain • starvation use ketone bodies • Heart : uses fatty acids or ketone bodies

Muscle

• contraction • store glycogen • resting use fatty acid

oxidation • active use glucose • starvation muscle

broken down to alanine for gluconeogenesis

Adipose Tissue

• uses fatty acids for energy

• exports fatty acids • glycerol exported out

to the liver

Liver & Kidney

• Liver: provides fuel to other organs

• gluconeogenesis, maintain blood glucose

• store glycogen • export ketone bodies • uses keto acids for fuel • Kidney: needs energy for

active transport • uses FA, KB, glucose,

amino acids, • gluneogenic tissue

Metabolic conditions

• Controlled by hormones

• insulin • glucagon • epinephrine • Normal regulation of

blood glucose

Insulin secretion

Hormonal control

Hormones

Exercise

• fuels during different levels of exercise • ATP production

Starvation/Fasting

• Fuel mobilization • after 3 day changes • long term shifts • hormonal changes

Starvation profiles

Fuel Modifications

Liver modifications

Diabetes

• types of diabetes • changes in fuels • problems

Insulin deficiency