memory organization
DESCRIPTION
Memory Organization. Microprocessor and Interfacing 261313. CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit 1M RAM. CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit 8M RAM. Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit 16M RAM. Pentium MMX 200 MHz 32 Bit 48M RAM. Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit 128M RAM. Pentium M 1.6 GHz 32 Bit - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Memory Organization
Microprocessor and Interfacing261313
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CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit1M RAM
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CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit8M RAM
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Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit16M RAM
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Pentium MMX
200 MHz 32 Bit48M RAM
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Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit128M RAM
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Pentium M 1.6 GHz 32 Bit512M RAM
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Core2 Duo 2.0 GHz 32/64 Bit4G RAM
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
CPU MHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bits
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
RAM (Mbytes)
MHz RAM
CPU Bits
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What does “Bits” mean?
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How many bits Is this PIC CPU?
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ระบบ 32 Bit กำ��ลั�งเจอท�งตั�น?
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RAM ใหญ่�ท��สุ�ดท��ระบบ 32 bit มองเห�นม�ค่��เป็�นเท��ใด?
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Memory Limit of 32bit Machines
= 4 Giga Bytes
322
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How to support bigger memory?
1.Upgrade to 64-bit systems
64-bit OS64-bit CPU
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Limitation of moving to 64-bit systems
Need 64-bitHardware Drivers
Applicationsneed to be re-compiledwith a 64-bit compiler
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How to support bigger memory?
2. Expand existing bits
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วิ ธี�แกำ#ป็$ญ่ห�ของ Intel
Physical Address Extension (PAE)
4 bits 32 bits
362 = 64 GB
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PAE Support
CPU with PAE(Since P-Pro)
PAE Aware OS
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Benefits of PAE
Backward Compatible
Limitations
Taking advantage of the added memorystill requires changes in the software
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Memory Limit of 64 Bit Machines?
?264
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How big can we get?
1 kilobyte 1 megabyte 1 gigabyte 1 terabyte 1 petabyte 1 exabyte 1 zettabyte 1 yottabyte 1 xonabyte 1 wekabyte 1 vundabyte
1,024 1,048,576
1,073,741,824 1,099,511,627,776
1,125,899,906,842,624 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376
1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024
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สองเรื่��องน่ารื่� �เกี่��ยวกี่�บหน่วยความจำ�าของPIC Microcontroller
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1. When Memory Grows Beyond Anticipation (เม��อหน่วยความจำ�าขยายโตเกี่�น่คาด)
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1.1 กี่ารื่อ�างอ�งต�าแหน่งใน่ Flash Memory
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K = 11 bitMaximum memory = 2^11 = 2K Bytes
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PIC 16F877 has 8K Flash Memory: How do we access all of it?
PCLATH (F# 0x0A)
Bit 3-4 in PCLATH are usedfor memory access
07
Total Memory becomes 2^13 = 8K Bytes
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Creating a 13 bit memory address
PCLATH
07
01012
CALL or GOTO k (Literal)
0101113
13 Bit Memory Address
OPCODE
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PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to
4 Pages of 2KBytes
2K2K2K2K
01012
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0x500 ค�าส��ง0x501 CALL 0x900
… …
0x900 ค�าส��งถั�ดไป
Fix this program
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Address 0x900 exceeds 11 bits
0 1 0 101012
0x900 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
0x1000x01
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0x4FF BCF PCLATH, 4
0x500 BSF PCLATH, 3
0x501 CALL 0x100
… …
0x900 ค�าส��งถั�ดไป
0 1 0 101012
0x900 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
0x1000x01