Memorial To Wayne Everett Hall1920-1986

S. WARREN HOBBSU.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225

The geological profession lost one of its most versatile and accomplished members with the death of Wayne E. Hall on May 20,1986, in Taos, New Mexico, at the age of 66. Bom in Bellingham, Washington in 1920, Wayne was reared in the Northwest where his love of the outdoors was nurtured by many summers spent at a family cabin on Puget Sound. An interest in geology was a natural outgrowth of these early experiences. Summer work at mining camps in Alaska and northwestern Washington, where he worked as a surveyor in an assay office and as assistant mill hand, whetted his interest in the mining industry and ore deposits. The origin of these deposits became his life’s work. During Wayne’s career, his many projects and administrative duties took him to all parts of the country, but his family roots remained in the Northwest and led him to make frequent visits to Seattle where his parents,Samuel and Clara Hall, still reside. In addition to his parents, he is survived by his wife, Dorothy Radbruch-Hall of Taos (El Prado), New Mexico, a son Philip, a daughter Barbara, and one grandson. His first wife, Thea, the mother of his children, died in 1967.

Wayne’s college education, from its beginning, was focused on mineral deposits. A Bachelor of Science degree in Mining Engineering from the University of Washington was followed by postgraduate work in mining geology and petrology at Harvard University. His career never wavered from this basic interest; his many publications document and substantiate new and controversial ideas on the origin of numerous enigmatic ore deposits and open new avenues for research concerning the source, mode of transport, and deposition of metallic elements that form ore bodies.

Wayne’s long association with the U.S. Geological Survey started in 1942 as a member of its wartime Strategic Minerals Program. He was first assigned to a group that was investigating the pegmatite deposits in the Black Hills of South Dakota, under the general direction of Line Page and Walter Stoll. There he was involved in the mapping and exploration for occurrences of mica, lithium minerals, and beryl. Wayne was a principal coauthor of the major product of the Black Hills work: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 247. This was followed in 1943 and 1944 by geologic investigation and evaluation of high-alumina clay deposits near Troy in western Idaho, and at several localities in western Washington and Oregon, under the direction of Vernon Sheid and R. L. Nichols. In late 1944, Wayne enlisted in the U.S. Navy and served as an officer in the Pacific Theater of Operations. At the close of the war he returned to Harvard where he earned a Master of Arts degree in Mining Geology and Petrology in 1948. Additional studies at Harvard, combined with work for the U.S. Geological Survey on the Pala pegmatite in the Rincon and Mesa Grande districts in southern California, provided material for a doctoral dissertation that led to a Ph.D. degree in 1958.

In 1949, Wayne joined A. R. Kinkel, Jr. and John P. Albers on a major study of the massive sulphide deposits of the West Shasta copper-zinc district, Shasta County, California. His detailed pétrographie study of the spilitic country-rock suite and of the ores, together with descriptions of the stratigraphy, are the bases for major sections of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 285, an outstanding factual report on a district-wide study of a classic massive sulfide deposit. The following seven years were spent largely in a comprehensive study of the geology and ore deposits of the Darwin and Panamint Butte quadrangles, Inyo County, California. His careful work on the lead, zinc, and silver deposits of the Darwin and nearby mining districts revealed the presence of substantial amounts of selenium in the ore, both in solid solution in galena and in the previously unrecognized mineral

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clausthalite. Wayne also showed that the silver occurs in a metastable form as a solid solution of galena and matildite. These discoveries made it possible to mine selectively and to reduce costs significantly.

While carrying on these and later studies of manganese-rich lead ores, Wayne recognized that newly developing techniques in geochemistry, appropriately applied, could provide valuable information about the origin of ore deposits. This interest in new approaches to the study of ore deposits, especially in the realm of stable isotopes, lead to his collaboration with an interdisciplinary group that was established in 1959 by Donald E. White of the U.S. Geological Survey to study all aspects of the Mississippi Valley type of ore deposits and to investigate their possible relation to modified deep-basin brines. Working closely with Irving Friedman, Allen Heyl, Ed Roedder, and many others, Wayne mastered the known procedures of fluid inclusion studies and isotope analysis and did much to refine the methods of analysis. Most importantly, he found the opportunity to apply his innovative ideas and basic intuitions regarding the possible application of trace element distribution, fluid inclusions in minerals, stable isotopes, and other geochemical concepts to the origin of mineral deposits. He mastered methods for determining the composition and distribution of stable isotopes and developed ways to recover and analyze milligram quantities of fluid inclusions in ore minerals. In a pioneering application of these concepts and techniques, he obtained the first quantitative data on the composition of ore solutions throughout the deposition of a sequence of ore minerals in a single ore body. This provided, for the first time, the basic qualitative and quantitative data for an understanding of the origin of ore solutions, their evolution, and their relation to a paragenetic sequence of minerals deposited from them. His work confirmed the hypothesis that hot oil-field brines had been the main ore solutions foT the midcontinent lead-zinc-fluorite deposits. More than 20 publications, written by Wayne and his colleagues, document various aspects of this pioneering research.

In 1967, Wayne began a long-range study on the genesis of heavy metal deposits, with emphasis on the close coordination of regional geologic setting and detailed local field relations with modern laboratory investigations. Although the main focus of this effort was the Wood River mining district and adjacent areas in Idaho, he also studied other mining districts—Tintic, Utah; Climax, Colorado; and Darwin, California—areas that provided a variety of environments in which to test the application of new concepts. Extensive detailed and reconnaissance mapping of the Wood River and adjacent areas resulted in drastic revision of the Paleozoic stratigraphy and refinement of the complex structure of an extensive area in central Idaho that extends from the Wood River district northward more than 90 miles. The area includes related stratigraphy and structure in the Pioneer, Boulder, and White Cloud mountains and the Bayhorse district in east central Custer County. The complex and difficult problems of the great variety of ore deposits of the Wood River and adjacent mining districts in south central Idaho were unraveled by laborious regional mapping of large areas of rugged terrain, careful investigation of numerous mines and prospects, and the application of refined laboratory techniques, chemical analyses, and stable-isotope investigations.

The results of this work (much of which, unfortunately, was not completed before Wayne’s death) include the publication of six quadrangle maps of the Wood River region, a series of topical papers—many co-written with his associates—on the structure and stratigraphy of various parts of east-central Idaho, and major contributions to the mineral evaluation of the Challis 1° x 2° quadrangle, which overlapped Wayne’s study area. By far the most tangible and significant aspect of the Wood River study was the clear documentation that the high-grade lead-silver vein deposits of this region were mobilized from syngenetic sulfides in the widespread black shale terranes, and that the shales locally may host syngenetic deposits of economic grade (Hall, 1986).

All of Wayne’s research accomplishments and extensive field mapping were interspersed with extended periods of administrative duties and committee assignments, both within the Survey and without. He was a wise and extremely capable administrator of scientific programs for more than seven years, but during these periods of service he found time to pursue scientific objectives of his own

MEMORIAL TO WAYNE EVERETT HALL 3

as well as to contribute to those of others. In 1961, Wayne served as Chief, Geochemical Census Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey, and from 1962 to 1967 he served as Assistant Chief Geologist, Office of Experimental Geology. Following the Alaska earthquake of 1964, an ad hoc panel, appointed by the science advisor to President Johnson and chaired by Frank Press, made recommendations for long-range research on earthquake prediction, which led to the founding of the National Center for Earthquake Research, the core organization within the Survey for implementing research on earthquake prediction and related problems of national concern. Wayne, in his position with the Office of Experimental Geology and as a member of several committees on earthquake research and solid-earth sciences, played a major role in this effort. Between 1974 and 1977, Wayne served as Chief of the Branch of Field Geochemistry and Petrology, while continuing to carry on significant parts of his own field and laboratory research. Under his direction, the Survey’s broad program of interdisciplinary research in geology—including geochemistry, geophysics, volcanology, petrology, and mineralogy—was greatly enhanced.

Wayne Hall’s high standing in his profession was widely recognized by the scientific community, whose members have asked him repeatedly to serve on important policy-making committees. Some of the committees on which Wayne served were: Office of Science and Technology—Interagency Upper Mantle Committee (1964-1967), Ad Hoc Committtee on Earthquake Research (Executive Secretary, 1966-1968), Ad Hoc Interagency Committee on Solid Earth Sciences (1966), National Academy of Sciences Committee on Seismology (1966), Committee on Rock Mechanics (1967), and the Materials Advisory Board (1962-1966).

In 1976, Wayne received the Meritorious Service Award of the Department of the Interior in recognition of his creative research and exceptional leadership of the scientific programs of the Geological Survey. He was further honored in 1981 by the receipt of the Department’s highest honor, the Distinguished Service Award, in recognition of exceptional achievements in research on ore deposits and for outstanding leadership in shaping and directing scientific programs of the Survey. He was a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, and a member of the Society of Economic Geologists, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi. In addition, Wayne was very active in the International Association on Genesis of Ore Deposits (IAGOD) from its beginning, and served as an officer of the association on several occasions.

As a scientist, Wayne was an accomplished geologist of unusual versatility, completely dedicated to his work, to which he devoted seemingly boundless energy. When faced with a difficult problem or question, he had the innate ability to focus on the essential elements, take the available facts at face value and almost never let preconceptions or entrenched doctrines hamper his analysis. If he couldn’t produce an answer, he was generally able to suggest avenues for solving the problem. He had the uncanny habit of being “right.” In all his work, Wayne was always a realist, and had as his ultimate objective the development of logical models for the origin of ore deposits in all their diversity.

As a person, Wayne was very close to his family, loyal to his friends, and always ready to be helpful. Many of his professional associates and assistants remember incidents where he rescued them from a stalled automobile or an untenable hypothesis. His ore deposits laboratory in the Survey’s Menlo Park office, as well as his field areas, were training grounds for numerous students who learned to integrate geologic information obtained through rigorous field work with the chemical and physical properties of specimens subjected to laboratory examination and experimentation.

Wayne was a quiet, reserved person, and it took time to really know and appreciate him for the individual he was. His deceptively serious demeanor camouflaged a lively sense of humor and a diversity of interests and talents that led to a full life. He enjoyed music of all types and regularly attended concerts, ballet, and the opera. Not only was he a listener, but as an amateur participant, he joined his wife in learning to play the recorder. An avid interest in active sports, including tennis, backpacking, skiing, and dancing, was complemented by his ability as a carpenter and mason during the construction of two homes in New Mexico.

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Wayne Hall’s career shows an unusual breadth of capabilities and grasp of principles that distinguished him as a truly unique leader in the geologic community and as an inspirational friend to his close associates.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF W. E. HALL1953 (with Page, L. R., and others) Pegmatite investigations 1942-1945, Black Hills, South

Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 247, 228 p.1956 (with Kinkel, A. R., Jr., and Albers, J. P.) Geology and base-metal deposits of West Shasta

copper-zinc district, Shasta County, California; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 285,156 p.

1957 (with Merriam, C. W.) Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks of the southern Inyo Mountains, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 285, 156 p.

1958 (and MacKevett, E. M.) Economic geology of the Darwin quadrangle, Inyo County, California: California Division of Mines Special Report 51, 73 p.

1961 Unit-cell edges of cobalt- and cobalt-iron-bearing sphalerites: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-B, p. B271-B273.

1962 (and MacKevett, E. M., Jr.) Geology and ore deposits of the Darwin quadrangle, Inyo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 368, 87 p.

1963 (and Stephens, H. G.) Economic geology of the Panamint Butte quadrangle and Modoc district, Inyo County, California: California Division of Mines Special Report 73, 39 p.

------ (and Friedman, 1.1.) Fractionation of O'VO16 between coexisting calcite and dolomite:Journal of Geology, v. 71, no. 2, p. 238-243.

------ (and Friedman, 1.1.) Composition of fluid inclusions, Cave-in-Rock fluorite district, Illinois,and Upper Mississsippi Valley zinc-lead district: Economic Geology, v. 58, no. 6, p. 886-911.

------ (with Roedder, Edwin, and Ingram, Blanche) Studies of fluid inclusions III; Extraction andquantitative analysis of inclusions in the milligram range: Economic Geology, v. 58, p. 353-384.

1968 (and Heyl, A. V.) Distribution of minor elements in ore and host rock, Illinois-Kentucky Fluorite district and Upper Misssissippi Valley Zinc-lead district: Economic Geology, v. 63, p. 655-670.

1969 (and Friedman, 1.1.) Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of ore and host rock of selected Misssissippi Valley deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-C, p. C140-C147.

1971 Geology of the Panamint Butte quadrangle, Inyo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin D99, 67 p.

------ Minor element content of the sulfide minerals, Darwin mine, Inyo County, California:Tokyo, Journal of the Society of Mining Geologists of Japan, Special Issue 2, p. 119-126.

------ (and Rose, H. J., Jr., and Simon, Frederick) Fractionation of minor elements betweengalena and sphalerite, Darwin lead-silver-zinc mine, Inyo County, California, and its significance in geothermometry: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 602-606.

1972 (and Czamanske, G. K.) Mineralogy and trace element content of the Wood River lead- silver deposits, Blaine County, Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 67, no. 3, p. 350-361.

1973 (with others) Silver, in Brobst, D. A., and Pratt, W. P., eds., United States Mineral Resources: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 581-603.

1974 (and Batchelder, John, and Douglass, R. C.) Stratigraphic section of the Wood River Formation, Blaine County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 2, p. 89-96.

MEMORIAL TO WAYNE EVERETT HALL 5------ (with Rye, R. O., and Ohmoto, H.) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotope study of

the Darwin lead-silver-zinc deposits, southern California: Economic Geology, v. 69, p. 468-481.

------ (and Friedman, 1.1., and Nash, J. T.) Fluid inclusion and light-stable isotope study of theClimax molybdenum deposits, Colorado: Economic Geoloogy, v. 60, p. 884-901.

1975 (with Czamanske, G. K.) The Ag-Bi-Pb-Sb-S-Se-Te mineralogy of the Darwin lead-silver- zinc deposit, southern California: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. 1092-1110.

------ (with Skipp, B.) Structure and Paleozoic stratigraphy of a complex of thrust plates in theFish Creek Reservoir area, south-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 3, no. 6, p. 671-689.

____ (with Sandberg, C. A., Batchelder, J. N., and Axelson, Claus) Stratigraphy, conodontdating, and paleotectonic interpretation of Devonian type Milligen Formation, Wood River area, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 3, no. 6, p. 707-720.

1978 (and Rye, R. O., and Doe, B. R.) Wood River mining district, Idaho—intrusion related lead-silver deposits derived from country rock source: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 6, no. 5, p. 579-592.

------ (and Batchelder, J. N., and Tschanz, C. M.) Preliminary geologic map of the Sun Valley7%-minute Quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1058.

1979 (and Batchelder, J. N.) Preliminary geologic map of the Baugh Creek southwest 7^-minute Quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1617.

1980 (with Skipp, B. A.) Upper Paleozoic paleotectonics and paleogeography of Idaho: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Rocky Mountain Paleogeography Symposium I, p. 387-442.

1984 (and Schmidt, E. A., Howe, S. S., and Broch, M. J.) The Thompson Creek, Idaho, porphyry molybdenite deposit—an example of a fluorine-deficient molybdenite- granodiorite system: Proceedings of the 6th Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium, Stuttgart,E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagbuchhandlung, p. 349-359.

1985 Stratigraphy and mineral deposits in middle and upper Paleozoic rocks of the black-shale mineral belt, central Idaho, in Symposium on the geology and mineral deposits of the Challis 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1658-J, p. 117-131.

------ (with Howe, S. S.) Light-stable isotope characteristics of ore systems in central Idaho, inSymposium on the geology and mineral deposits of the Challis 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1658-P, 183-192.

1986 Relations of syngenetic and epigenetic base and precious metal deposits to the regional geology and tectonics of the central Idaho black-shale mineral belt, USA: Terra Cognita, v. 6, p. 497.