meljun cortes computer_system_history_evolution_of_computer

Presentation made by:Presentation made by:

MELJUN CORTES, BSCS,ACSMELJUN CORTES, BSCS,ACS

COMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPUTER SYSTEM

ORGANISATIONORGANISATION

Index• Evolution of computers

– History of computing

• Basics of computer and its operation:– Functional Components and their

interconnections– Classification of Computers

• Software Concepts:– Types of Software - System Software, Utility

Software and Application Software;

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTEREVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and man's need to quantify.

Let us look at some of the important milestones in the evolution of computers.

ABACUSABACUS

•The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia. •Beads on rods to count and calculate•still widely used in Asia!

Slide Rule 1630based on Napier’s rules for logarithms used until 1970s

PASCAL’S ADDING PASCAL’S ADDING MACHINEMACHINE

In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French mathematician invented a calculating machine named as Adding Machine.

This machine was capable of doing Addition and Subtraction. This device is known as the First Calculator of the world.

LEIBNITZ’S LEIBNITZ’S CALCULATORCALCULATOR

In 1671 AD, Gotfried Leibnitz, a German Mathematician improved the Adding machine and made a new machine capable of performing multiplication and division also.

first stored program - metal cardsfirst computer manufacturingstill in use today!

BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINEBABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE

Charles Babbage was a British mathematician. In 1822, he designed a machine called Difference Engine. It aimed at calculating mathematical tables.

Since the technology was not so advanced at that time this machine could not be made.

BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINEENGINE

In 1833, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical Engine. It had almost all the parts of a modern computer. Unfortunately, this machine could not be built because of lack of technology. His designs remained a concept.

His great designs earned him the title of ‘FATHER OF COMPUTERS‘.

LADY ADALADY ADA

Lord Byron's daughter, Ada, Countess of Lovelace, suggested to Babbage that he use the binary system in his machine.

She wrote programs for his analytical engine in 1840, becoming the world's first computer programmer.

HOLLERITH’S TABULATING HOLLERITH’S TABULATING MACHINEMACHINE

Hollerith, a Mathematician, invented a fast counting machine named Tabulating Machine in 1880.

This machine was used by American Department of Census to complete their 1880 census data.

MARK I MARK I COMPUTERCOMPUTER

Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA joined hands with the company IBM.

He developed a computer named Mark I in 1943.

It could perform mathematical operations very fast.

It could perform one operation per second.

ENIACENIAC

The first electronic computer ENIAC was developed in 1946 by a team lead by Professor Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania in USA.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was very huge and very fast.

It could solve 5000 operations per second.

INTEL 8080 PROCESSORINTEL 8080 PROCESSOR

In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor was introduced - it became the basis for the first personal computers.

Definition of ComputerDefinition of Computer

Electronic Device

Accepts and stores input

Manipulates result

Outputs results

Under direction of stores programs and instructions

Characteristics of ComputerCharacteristics of Computer

Speed

Accuracy

Diligence : not afflicted to tiredness, monotony, lack of concentration like human beings.

Reliability

Versatility : can work with different types of data like sound, graphics, audio.

Memory

What is Data and InformationWhat is Data and Information

Data is raw factsex: India, 200, 4, Cricket, Wicket

Information is meaningful and arranged form of dataex: India’s score in Cricket is 200 for 4 wickets.

Hardware refers to physical components that can be seen and touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O devices.

HARDWAREHARDWARE

SOFTWARESOFTWARESoftware is a set of programs that make the Hardware of the computer run.

Program is a set of instructions.

FIRMWAREFIRMWARE

LIVEWARELIVEWARE

Firmware is like prewritten program that is permanently stored in read-only memory. BIOS ( Basic Input Output Services ) instructions are an example of firmware.

It is the term generally used for the people associated with and benefited from the computer system.

Classification of Computer Systems•On the basis of Technology

•Generations of computers

•On the basis of Purpose•General Purpose, special Purpose computers

•On The basis of size & Speed•Micro, Mini & Super Computers

•On the basis of how it functions•Analog, Digital & Hybrid Computers

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly

Technology Based Classification of Computer Systems

•smaller,

•cheaper,

•more powerful

•more efficient and

•reliable devices.

TIME PERIOD : 1940's-1950's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes

SIZE AND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire

rooms, Slow speed

LANGUAGE USED : Machine language

COST : System and

working cost very high.

OTHER FEATURES :

•Used a great deal of electricity.

•Generated a lot of heat.

•Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC and ENIAC

Structure of a Vaccum

Tube

UNIVAC

ENIAC

FIRST GENERATION

SECOND GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1950's- 1960's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Transistors

SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed

LANGUAGE USED : Assembly language and languages like

COBOL and FORTRAN

COST : Cost decreased

OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable.

Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.

Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604

UNIVAC 1108

IBM 1401

TRANSISITORS

THIRD GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : late 1960's-1970's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit

SIZE AND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased

LANGUAGE USED : Operating System was developed.

COST : Cost decreased further

OTHER FEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell – 6000 series, CDC – 1700.

IBM 360/50

FOURTH GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1970's-today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGE USED : High Level Languages like PASCAL, • COBOL, C, C++, JAVA

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHER FEATURES : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.•As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.•Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh, was the first

commercially successful personal computer to use images, rather

than text, to communicate.

Intel 4004D microprocessor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K

FIFTH GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1990's -today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGE USED : Based on Artificial intelligence

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHER FEATURES : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

EXAMPLE : Parallel Inference Machine

Note• Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.•Voice Recognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can recognize spoken words.

The current classifications of computers place them into four

categories:

Super Computers,

Mainframes,

Minicomputers,

Microcomputers (Personal Computers)

Size and Speed Based Classification of Computer Systems

SUPER COMPUTERSUPER COMPUTERThe fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed

for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.

For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer.

Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, , nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

Characteristics

Powerful Expensive Dedicated to one purpose - weather, satellites,

military Used by large governments or very large

companies Can be used by thousands of people at the same

time Very large - fill rooms

Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7

trillion calculations per second, making it the fastest machine known so far.

MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME In the early days of computing, mainframes

were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor.

As the size of computers has decreased while the power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll still hear the term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines processing millions of transactions every day.

Characteristics: Expensive Powerful and fast Is not limited to one job Used by business and small government

organizations

The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs simultaneously.

MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER Another term rarely used anymore,

minicomputers fall in between microcomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers).

Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.

Characteristics: Smaller than mainframe Can do several jobs at once Can be used by many people at one

time Used by small companies

PERSONAL COMPUTERPERSONAL COMPUTER The term microcomputer, also known as

personal computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor.

A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (read-only memory and random access memory), placed on a motherboard.

Example: desktop, notebook, laptop, handheld devices.

Charcteristics: developed in 1980 designed for single user not very powerful or expensive found in homes

The current classifications of computers place them into four categories:

Analog Computer

Digital Computer

Hybrid Computers

Classification of Computers of On the basis of How It Functions

Digital Computers

Analog Computers

Classification of Computers of On the basis of How It Functions

• Operate on continuous data, like measuring temp. changes

• Faster• Accuracy of an analog

computer is restricted to the accuracy with which physical quantities can be sensed and displayed.

• Specific Purpose computers

• Digital computers work on discrete data.

• digital computer can process data with greater accuracy

• We generally use digital computers for business and scientific data processing.

Digital Computers

• Hybrid computers are computers that comprise features of analog computers and digital computers.

• The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equations.

Hybrid Computers

General Purpose

Computers

Special Purpose

Computers

Purpose Based Classification of Computer

Systems

The First Real Computers:

1939: Konrad Zuse completed the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer

Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks Controlling the temperature and humidity Monitoring your heart rate Monitoring your house security

system

Types of Types of SoftwareSoftware

Software

( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer )

System Software

( Software that controls internal computer

operations )

Application Software

( Set of programs to carry out operations for a

specified application )

Operating System

( Software which acts

as an interface between user and

the hardware )

Language Processor

( Software which

converts HLL

progran into

machine language )

Packages

( General

utility softwar

e )

Utilities

( perform

house keepin

g )

Customized

Software

( Tailor made

software accordin

g to user’s

needs )

Anti Virus e.g., Norton,

File Management tools

Compression tools

Disk Management tools ( Disk Cleanup, Disk Fragmentor, Backup)

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Word ProcessorPresentation toolsSpreadsheet PackageDatabase Management SystemBusiness Software ( ex: School Management System, Inventory Management System, Payroll System, Financial Accounting, Hotel Management, Reservation System)

Language Language ProcessorsProcessors

Assembler: This language processor converts the program written in Assembly language into machine language.

Compiler: This converts HLL program into machine language in one go.After the compiler is not needed. It is removed from the memory.Therefore, better memory utilization.

Interpreter: This converts HLL program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line.It must be present In memory every time program is executed. Therefore, unnecessary usage of memory.

There are three types of Language Processors:

Low Level Language

Fifth Generation

Fourth Generation

Third Generation(High Level Language)

Second Generation(Assembly Language)

First Generation(Machine Language)

Need For Operating System To make computer system convenient to use To use computer hardware in an efficient manner It decides

How to do? What to do? When to do?

Functions of Operating System• Processor Management

– Keep track of processor– Decide which job should use the processor– Allocate Processor– Deallocate Processor

• File Management– Keep track of files– Decide which job should use the file and for

what purpose– Allocate the file for use– Deallocate file after use

Functions of Operating System• Device Management

– Keep track of devices– Decide which job should use the processor– Allocate Processor– Deallocate Processor

• Memory Management– Keep track of processor– Decide which job should use the processor– Allocate Processor– Deallocate Processor

Types of Operating System

• Interactive (GUI)• Time Sharing• Real Time• Distributed

FIRST GENERATION : Machine language

i.e. language of 0 and 1

SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language

Similar to English

Uses mnemonics codes

THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language

Very close to English

E.g. C, C++, Java, VB

FOURTH GENERATION : Languages for accessing databases

FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is

usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler Used

mainly in artificial intelligence research E.g. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER

BASIC COMPONENTS of COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Secondary Memory

(Block Diagram)

Input/Output


Secondary Memory

INPUT UNIT

• Accepts data from outside world.• Converts data into binary form

acceptable to the machine.• Send data in binary form to computer

for further processing.

INPUT DEVICES

SCANNERLIGHT PEN

Input/Output

Page 28

Terminal– Simpler than a PC– Designed strictly for input and output– Has keyboard and screen– Does not have a processor– Connected to computer with

telecommunication line– Allows user to key data directly into computer


Input/Output

• Common input methods:– Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) –

used to process bank checks– Optical character recognition (OCR) – directly

scans typed, printed, or handwritten material– Imaging – inputs digital form of documents

and photos– Bar code labeling – scans bar codes on

packages or products, and reads into computer

Page 29


Input/Output

• Common output methods:– Print – output to paper using various types of

printers– Computer output microfilm (COM) – microfilm

generated for archive copies in small space– Voice response units – computer recognizes

input, generates verbal response messages

Page 29


Input/Output

Page 29

Multimedia – relatively new term for computer input and output in the form of text, graphics, sound, still images, animations, and/or video

Of interest …


Computer Memory


Secondary Memory

Computer Memory

Page 31

Memory– All data flows to and from memory

– Divided into cells:• Each has a unique address• Memory cell types:

– Byte – stores one character of data– Word – stores two or more characters of data


Bits and Coding Schemes

Page 32

• Each memory cell is a set of circuits• Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0)• Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit)• Most computers – 8 bits (circuits) represents a

character (byte)• 2 common bit coding schemes used today:

– ASCII– EBCDIC


Bits and Coding Schemes

Page 32 Figure 2.4 Computer Coding Schemes

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Arithmetic/Logical Unit


Secondary Memory

• Consists of VLSI circuits on a silicon chip

• Carries out: – arithmetic – add, subtract,

multiply, divide …– logical operations –

comparing two numbers

Arithmetic/Logical Unit

Page 33


Computer Files(Secondary Memory)


Secondary Memory

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

• When power is off, everything stored in Main memory is lost

• Computer files are used to store data for long term

• File storage devices (Secondary Memory) :– Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives– Optical CD or DVD drives

Computer Files (Secondary Memory)

Page 33

• Types of DASD– Fixed (hard) drives

Computer Files

Page 34 Figure 2.7 Diagram of a Magnetic Disk Drive


• Types of DASD– Removable:

• Floppy drives• Zip drives• Newest: portable

DASD for PCs – keychain drive

Computer Files (Secondary Memory)


meljun cortes computer_system_history_evolution_of_computer

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