meghan ellis
DESCRIPTION
Meghan Ellis. Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Reptiles. Clinical Importance. More than 3.9 million US households with 1+ reptile pets Ca and P derangements are common in pet reptiles Preventable with proper husbandry Treatable with early intervention. Calcium Importance. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Meghan Ellis
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Reptiles
Clinical Importance
• More than 3.9 million US households with 1+ reptile pets
• Ca and P derangements are common in pet reptiles
• Preventable with proper husbandry
• Treatable with early intervention
Calcium Importance
• Cell signaling
• Neural transmission
• Muscle function
• Blood coagulation
• Enzymatic co-factor
• Membrane and cytoskeletal functions
• Bone mineralization
Calcium Regulation
Parathyroid Gland
PTH Regulation
• Decreased serum ionized calcium increased synthesis and secretion of PTH from chief cells
• Increased serum ionized calcium negative feedback loop
• Increased phosphorus decreased serum Ca stimulation of PTH increased renal excretion of phosphorus
Metabolic Functions of PTH
• Activate osteoclasts mobilizes calcium from bone
• Increase renal tubular reabsorption of calcium
• Increases conversion of vitamin D to active dihydroxy form in kidneys
• Augments GI calcium absorption
Metabolic Functions of Calcitonin
• Promotes absorption of calcium by skeletal system
• Inhibits resorption of bone by osteoclasts
Calcitonin Regulation
• Increased serum ionized calcium increased synthesis and secretion of calcitonin by C cells of thyroid gland
• Decreased serum ionized calcium negative feedback loop
Thyroid Gland
Phosphorus Importance
• Bone mineralization
• Phospholipid in cellular membranes
• Cellular respiration
• Component of DNA and RNA
• Post-transcriptional modification of proteins
Phosphorus Regulation
Vitamin D3
• Stimulates calcium and phosphorus absorption by intestinal mucosa
• Maintains calcium and phosphorus balance for optimal bone mineralization
Calcium Clinical Pathology
• Normal total serum calcium: 8-11mg/dL in most reptiles
• Normal ionized calcium in Green Iguana: 1.47 +/- 0.104 mmol/L
Hypocalcemia (<8.0 mg/dL)
• Dietary deficiency
• Excessive dietary phosphorus
• Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism
• Vitamin D3 deficiency (dietary or lack of UV light)
• Hypoablbuminemia
• Hypoparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia (>20mg/dL)
• Excessive dietary calcium and vitamin D3
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Pseudohyperparathyroidism
• Osteolytic bone disease
• Vitellogenesis (physiologic)
Phosphorus Clinical Pathology
• Normal serum phosphorus: 1-5mg/dL
Hypophosphatemia
• Starvation
• Nutritional deficiency
Hyperphosphatemia (>5mg/dL)
• Excessive dietary phosphorus
• Hypervitamintosis D3
• Renal disease
• Severe tissue trauma
• Osteolytic bone disease
• Sample handling error
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
• Cause: diet low in calcium or vitamin D3, diet high in phosphorus, lack of exposure to UV-B light
• Pathogenesis: Low serum Ca PTH secretion increased bone resorption, increased renal absorption of Ca and increased excretion of PO4, stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol which increases GI absorption of Ca increase serum calcium and decrease serum PO4
NSHP Effects
• Hypocalcemia neural hyperexcitability twitching digits, hyperreflexia, ataxia, disorientation, cloacal prolapse
• Increased osteoclastic osteolysis demineralization of bone fractures of long bones and spine, thickening and swelling of long bones and mandibles, “rubber jaw”
NSHP Effects continued
• Effects on reproduction: decreased calcification of egg shells weak rubbery eggs
• Clinical Pathology: low normal serum calcium; increased PTH
NSHP
NSHP Treatment
• Correct hypocalcemia
• Rehydrate
• Correct Husbandry
Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
• Cause: chronic renal disease- degenerative nephroses due to inadequate husbandry, poor nutrition, NSHP
• Pathogenesis:failure of kidneys to excrete excess phosphorus decreased serum Ca due to Ca X P rule PTH secretion
• Hyperphosphatemia renal tubular cells cannot hydroxylate 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to active vitamin D3 increased PTH secretion
• Decreased vitamin D3 no GI absorption of Ca
RSHP Effects
• Crispy critters: Ca x P >9 mineralization of kidneys; >12 mineralization of other soft tissues especially GI and cardiorespiratory systems
• Ischemic necrosis of tail, vomiting, passing poorly digested food, congestion of peripheral blood vessels especially obvious in sclera
• All the signs of hypocalcemia
RSHP
RSHP Clinical Pathology
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Low or low normal serum calcium
• Dehydration
• Nonregenerative anemia
• Inverted Ca:P ratio (should be 1.2-2:1)
• Increased PTH
• Iohexol clearance study for GFR estimate
Other Methods • Renal biopsy
• Ultrasound
• Radiograph
RSHP Treatment
• Usually present in end-stage renal failure• Reduce dietary protein• Correct hyperphosphatemia • Correct hypocalcemia• Correct and prevent dehydration• Supplement vitamin B complex• Omega-6: Omega-3 = 3:1 • Correct husbandry
The End
References
• Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 7th ed
• Nelson and Couto Small Animal Internal Medicine 3rd ed
• Mader Reptile Medicine and Surgery
• Hernandez-Divers, Stephen et al “Renal evaluation in healthy green iguanas (Iguana iguana): assessment of plasma biochemistry, glomerular filtration rate, and endoscopic biopsy.” Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine June 2005; 36(2):155-168