Meeting 6

What is it?What should be there?How to develop the chapter?

An account of what has been published on our topic by accredited scholars and researchersA body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge related to our topic Writing a literature review requires you to demonstrate:The ability to seek informationThe ability to be critical identifying unbiased and valid studies/information related to your topic

An overview and a critical evaluation of a body of literature (theories, previous research findings) related to your topic / research problemClassification or categorization of themes related / supporting your topicThe purpose of your literature review:Provide theoretical background of your studyShow that you are familiar with previous and relevant research related to your topicEvaluate the depth and breath of previous and relevant research related to your topicDetermine remaining questions, which become your topic

Synthesize and evaluate informationIndicate important ideas and trends in the literature and explain their significance. Identify the main ideas of the literatureOnce you synthesize and evaluate information, you will begin to identify some main ideas, and these main ideas can be used as the main topics of your discussionIdentify the main argument of the literatureOrganize the main points of the literature reviewWrite literature review

PlanningReading and ResearchAnalyzingDraftingRevising

PlanningSearch any information (books, journals, research reports, thesis) related to your topic)Sort and categorize the information (theory, methodology, research findings)Reading and Research Read the materials and summarizeWho is the author and what is his/her main purpose?What is the principal point, thesis statement, research questionWhat does this study relate to your topic? Eliminate irrelevant information

AnalyzingIn your own words, summarize the key points related to your study (what are the key arguments? What theories and methods are used? What are the findings?)Joko (year) has demonstrated that .David and Norman (year) investigate the effectiveness of story telling in teaching reading through an experimental study in BLABLA. The findings show that..While Joko (year) finds that story telling is effective in teaching reading, David and Norman (year) indicate that it is not. (Then explain your analysis why it is effective in Jokos and not in David and Normans.

IntroductionProvide some background information to the topics you are going to discuss in your lit. reviewIndicate the scope / topics you are going to discussDemonstrate the importance of the topics you are going to discussBodyDiscuss / review each topic comprehensivelyConclusionSummarize the main findings of your literature reviewExplain so what implication for your future research (your study)

Title: is it consistent with the content?Introduction: do I appropriately and clearly introduce my topic?Body: is the organization clear? Have I provided headings?Topic sentences: have I indicated the major idea(s) of each paragraph?Transition: does my writing flow smoothly?Spelling and grammar: are there major spelling and grammatical errors?

If it is not your own idea, be HONEST. Write the sourcesHOW?Paraphrase the ideasUse direct quotation only when it is necessaryKeep accurate bibliographic records

Re-write a phrase or sentences with the same meaning but using different wordsExample: paraphrasing is a very important skill for most English test For many tests of English, being skilful at paraphrasing is extremely importantCan you try to make it?

Use different vocabulary with the same meaningEx: It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn EnglishChange the order of wordsEx: If they have some help, most people can paraphrase effectively. However, practice is important because paraphrasing is difficult People can paraphrase effectively when they have some help. However, paraphrasing is difficult, and therefore practice is important.Use different grammatical structureEx: To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis

What is it?A shorter version of a longer piece of writingThe most important part of a text expressed in a (much) shorter spaceAn overview of a textWhy do we have to summarize?Testing your understanding and your ability to re-state the message of a textA useful skill in gathering information or doing research

ParaphrasingKeeping the same meaning with different wordsUsed with short section of a text, such as phrases and sentencesMay result in a longer version of the originalQuotationsAn exact reproduction of spoken or written words including punctuation and capital lettersAppear between quotation mark ( ) Provide strong evidence

Determine your focusIf it is to later remind yourself about the article, you can write a longer summaryIf it is to include it in a paper you are writing, the summary should focus on how the articles relate to your paperSkim the entire articlePay attention to the title and sub-headings, highlight the main ideasRead the abstractRead the article and allow enough time. Note the topic and the relationship among the parts of the article. Also look atResearch question and reason for the study (introduction)Hypotheses (introduction) and how they are tested (method)Findings (results) and how they are interpreted (discussion)

Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leave out examples, evidence etc.Report in a brief but accurate manner the main gist, not an evaluationWhat are the key points, terms, claims, ideas?What is the purpose of the writer?Read the draft of your summaryExpress your summary in a scholarly styleIntroduce your sourceDescribe what kind of writing your source isDescribe the main findings/ideas

Take notes in your own words. You can take notes but you have to force yourself to re-write the ideas into your own wordsIf you find yourself sticking closely to the original language and making only minor changes to the wording, then you probably do not really get the ideas