medical terminology chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
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The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine1010thth edition edition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
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Chapter 2Terms Pertaining to the
Body as a Whole
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Chapter Goals
• Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.
• Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.
• Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.
• Locate and name the anatomical divisions of the back.
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Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.
• Identify the meanings for new word elements and use them to understand medical terms.
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Chapter 2 Lesson 2.1
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Structural Organization of the Body
• CELLS• TISSUES• ORGANS• SYSTEMS
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Structural Organization of the Body
Cells—The fundamental unit of all living things
• Major parts of a cell include:– Chromosomes– Nucleus– Cell membrane– Cytoplasm– Mitochondria– Endoplasmic reticulum
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Structural Organization of the Body
• CELL—The fundamental unit of all living things
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Study Section 1
• Anabolism• Catabolism• Cell membrane• Chromosomes• Cytoplasm• DNA
• Endoplasmic reticulum• Genes• Karyotype• Metabolism• Mitochondria• Nucleus
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Structural Organization of the Body
• Cells are specialized to carry out individual functions.
• Identify the following in the image– Epithelial cell– Fat cell– Nerve cell– Muscle cell
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Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d)
Types of cells
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Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d)
Tissues • Different tissue types include:
Epithelial tissueMuscle tissueConnective tissueNerve tissue
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Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d)
• Organs: Different types of tissue combine to form an organ
• Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
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Study Section 2
• Adipose tissue• Cartilage• Epithelial cells• Histologist• Larynx• Pharynx• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland• Trachea• Ureter• Urethra• Uterus• Viscera
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Body Cavities and Organs
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Spinal
Brain
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta
Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
Portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters; uterus and vagina in female
Nerves of the spinal cord
Cavity Cavity Organ(s)Organ(s)
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Body Cavities
• Label the body cavities in the figure
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Body Cavities (cont’d)
• Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?A. CranialB. PelvicC. SpinalD. Thoracic
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which body cavity contains the peritoneum?A. AbdominalB. PelvicC. SpinalD. Thoracic
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities (cont’d)
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Study Section 3
• Abdominal cavity
• Cranial cavity
• Diaphragm
• Dorsal (posterior)
• Mediastinum
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneum
• Pleura
• Pleural cavity
• Spinal cavity
• Thoracic cavity
• Ventral (anterior)
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Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
Regions Right hypochondriac regionLeft hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar regionLeft lumbar region Umbilical region Right inguinal regionLeft inguinal regionHypogastric region
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Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)
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Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)
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Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
• Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants (cont’d)
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Chapter 2Lesson 2.2
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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
• Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacral • Coccygeal
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Anatomical Divisions of the Back (cont’d)
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Anatomical Divisions of the Back (cont’d)
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Study Section 4• Abdominopelvic
Regions: Hypochondriac Epigastric Lumbar Umbilical Inguinal Hypogastric
• Abdominopelvic Quadrants:RUQLUQRLQLLQ
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Study Section 4 (cont’d)
• Divisions of the Back:CervicalThoracicLumbarSacralCoccygeal
• Related Terms:VertebraVertebraeSpinal columnSpinal cordDisk (disc)
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel.A. InguinalB. UmbilicalC. LumbarD. Hypochondriac
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
4. Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the lower middle below the umbilical region.A. InguinalB. EpigastricC. LumbarD. Hypogastric
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Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body
•Positional and Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Deep Superficial Proximal Distal
Inferior Superior Medial Lateral Supine Prone
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Positional and Directional Terms
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Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)
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Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body (cont’d)
• Planes of the Body Frontal (coronal) Sagittal (lateral) Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)
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Positional and Directional Terms
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Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)
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Study Section 5
• Anterior (ventral)• Deep• Distal• Frontal (coronal) plane• Inferior (caudal)• Lateral• Medial• Posterior (dorsal)
• Prone• Proximal• Sagittal (lateral) plane• Superficial• Superior (cephalic)• Supine• Transverse (axial) plane
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
abdomin/o __________
adip/o __________
anter/o __________
bol/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
abdomin/o abdomen
adip/o fat
anter/o front
bol/o to cast (throw)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
cervic/o __________
chondr/o __________
chrom/o __________
coccyg/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus)
chondr/o cartilage
chrom/o color
coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
crani/o __________
cyt/o __________
dist/o __________
dors/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
crani/o skull
cyt/o cell
dist/o far, distant
dors/o back portion of the body
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes (cont’d)
hist/o, histi/o __________
ili/o __________
inguin/o __________
kary/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes (cont’d)
hist/o, histi/o tissue
ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone)
inguin/o groin
kary/o nucleus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
later/o __________
lumb/o __________
medi/o __________
nucle/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
later/o side
lumb/o lower back
medi/o middle
nucle/o nucleus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
pelv/i __________
poster/o __________
proxim/o __________
sacr/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
pelv/i pelvis
poster/o back, behind
proxim/o nearest
sacr/o sacrum
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
sarc/o __________
spin/o __________
thel/o, theli/o __________
thorac/o __________
trache/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
sarc/o flesh
spin/o spine, backbone
thel/o, theli/o nipple
thorac/o chest
trache/o trachea, windpipe
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
umbilic/o __________
ventr/o __________
vertebr/o _____________
viscer/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
umbilic/o navel, umbilicus
ventr/o belly side of the body
vertebr/o vertebra(e),
backbone(s)
viscer/o internal organs
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
ana- __________
cata- __________
epi- __________
hypo- __________
inter- __________
meta- __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
ana- up
cata- down
epi- above
hypo- below
inter- between
meta- change
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
-eal __________-iac __________-ior __________-ism __________-ose __________-plasm __________-somes __________-type __________
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
-eal pertaining to-iac pertaining to-ior pertaining to-ism process, condition-ose pertaining to, full of-plasm formation-somes bodies-type picture, classification
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
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QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means process of cutting the skull?A. ThoracotomyB. CraniotomyC. DiskectomyD. Arthroscopy
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Pronunciation Guide Review
• ā as in āpe• ē as in ēven• ī as in īce• ō as in ōpen• ū as in ūnit
• ă as in ăpple• ĕ as in ĕvery• ĭ as in ĭnterest• ŏ as in pŏt• ŭ as in ŭnder
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Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 66
Pronunciation
Examples:
adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōscaudal KĂW- dăldistal DĬS-tăltrachea TRĀ-kē-ă